‘And you are equally happy to lure a peaceful man to Oxford without confiding in him the truth of the matter.’
‘As long as the ends justify the means, and her majesty wishes it, I am. A pragmatic approach, I think. Pragmatism and humour. Both essential to a happy and fulfilled life on earth.’
‘I do hope that my happy life on earth is not about to be curtailed. Romsey has its faults but it’s a good deal safer than Oxford, by the sound of it.’
‘Have no worries, Thomas. You will be under the protection of the king, and quite safe.’
They avoided Newbury, where Simon had seen Parliamentary infantry on his way to Romsey, and arrived that evening at the village of Chieveley. To Thomas’s relief after forty miles in the saddle, they found there a simple inn with a room available for travellers, and a landlord who thought nothing of a pair of friars arriving at his door. He had no other customers, and fed and watered his visitors and their horses without enquiring as to their business. While they ate the landlord’s eel and oyster pie with purslane, Thomas tried to draw Simon out. ‘Why would Abraham recommend me when there must be others in Oxford quite capable of encoding and decoding messages?’ he ventured.
For a moment, Simon looked thoughtful. Then, ‘Now that we’re on our way, I think I can tell you that Erasmus Pole was murdered.’
‘Good God, Simon. So I’m to replace a man who was murdered? Very pragmatic of you not to tell me that before we left. You’d have returned alone.’
‘It was a little deceitful, I admit. I have prayed for forgiveness.’
‘Anything else you’d like to tell me? Why he was murdered, for instance?’
‘That is a question to which we do not yet have an answer. Abraham knows that you can be trusted, and he thinks you might find out the truth.’
‘Does he? Abraham was ever the optimist.’
Thomas slept little that night. Again and again his thoughts returned to what had persuaded him to leave Romsey, his family, his business. Vanity? To be sure, it was flattering to be summoned by the king, but what was really behind his decision to go to Oxford? Curiosity? What was he curious about? Could he really hope to bring the war to an end? It seemed far-fetched. And what was he going to find there? He had heard stories about the royal household. Only stories, mind you, nothing more. And now he had been told that he was to step into the shoes of a man who had been murdered. For the love of God, why had he not stayed at home?
They set off again at an early hour, intending to cover the twenty or so miles to Abingdon, a small town some ten miles from Oxford. Twice they left the road when they heard horses – both times horses of the king’s cavalry – but otherwise saw almost no one. Even the fields were deserted. ‘England has never been so quiet,’ remarked Simon, ‘at least away from the fighting. People are too frightened to venture out.’
In Abingdon, after a day of late-summer showers, they found another inn with a room, this one busy and noisy. They sat quietly in front of the fire drying themselves, eating onion soup and rough bread and listening to the talk around them. It was about little other than the war. Once their tongues were loosened, the drinkers spoke freely, ignoring the two friars in the corner. In some parts of England feared and abominated, here it seemed priests were simply ignored. Perhaps it was the queen’s influence. After all, a country from which priests had been banished but which had a catholic queen with catholic courtiers made little sense. ‘King or Parliament – do I have to choose?’ asked one. ‘How can I? Which one will put food on my table and clothes on my back? I don’t know.’
‘Better stay out of it then,’ replied another. ‘Keep mending shoes. It’s safer.’
‘I’d rather support the king,’ offered a third, ‘only not this king. A lame Scot who cares nothing for us. It’s Queen Bess’s fault. No heirs. We should find a better king.’
‘Hush, William,’ hissed the first man, ‘you could lose your head for saying such things. And anyway, where do we find another king? We don’t want a Frenchman or a Dutchman, do we?’
For the first time, a large man, black-bearded and deep-voiced, spoke. ‘We should do what they’re doing in Cornwall. Organize ourselves to defend our homes and families from both sides. Arm ourselves with whatever we can find and frighten off any who approach the town. Kill them if we have to.’
‘Jeb, do we really need another army? Aren’t two enough?’ asked the first man.
‘Maybe that’s just what we need. Show them what we really care about. Our wives, children, land, homes. Food to eat and ale to drink. Not who sits on his arse in Parliament, nor who wipes the king’s. That makes no difference to us. Fight fire with fire, I say.’
‘And I say we should keep quiet and wait for peace,’ said the one called William.
‘And what good will peace be if our women have been raped and our homes torched?’ demanded Jeb. ‘Tell me that.’
Thomas and Simon sat and listened until the drinkers had left. Then Thomas said, ‘This is a strange war, don’t you think? Who wins or loses seems less important than how long it goes on and what happens afterwards.’
‘Strange indeed, Thomas.’ Simon poured his companion a glass of wine, and went on, ‘Now this seems an excellent oppor tunity for you to enlighten me on the matter of codes, a subject about which I know next to nothing.’
Thomas feigned surprise. ‘Oh, come now, a man who can tell a shaggy inkcap from a poisonous fungus has surely studied cryptography. And you are a Catholic friar.’
‘How is my faith relevant to codes, Thomas?’
‘Hmm. If you really want to understand the subject, I shall have to start with a history lesson.’
‘I am listening, Thomas. Please begin the lesson.’
‘Very well. The use of codes and ciphers is almost as old as warfare itself. The Persians and Greeks used them, and a very well-known cipher is named after Julius Caesar, who used it frequently when he was on campaign. Would you like me to show you how it works? It’s very simple.’
‘I would.’
‘Then find paper and ink, and a quill.’
Simon disappeared and came back within a few minutes clutching them. ‘The landlord was surprisingly obliging once I’d put a sovereign in his hand.’ He put the things on the table.
Thomas took the quill and wrote two lines on the paper.
A B C D E F G H I J K L M N O P Q R S T U V W X Y Z
S I M O N A B C D E F G H J K L P Q R T U V W X Y Z
He turned the paper around for Simon to see. ‘This is a cipher encrypted with a Caesar shift, using SIMON as the keyword. The cipher begins with the letters of your name, which do not then appear where they should in the alphabet. In a message encrypted using this keyword, for example, the letter C would appear as M. As I said, simple. But also simple to decrypt, using routine techniques.’
‘Why is it a cipher, not a code?’
‘When an individual letter is replaced by something else, it is a cipher. When a word or phrase is replaced, it is a code. You will have already realized that any number of variations on this cipher are possible.’
‘Will I?’
‘I imagine so. The alphabet could continue where the keyword leaves off. In that case, the sequence would be S I M O N P Q R T U V W X Y Z A B C, and so on.’
‘And what, pray, is the relevance of Catholicism?’
‘The Vatican has used ciphers for centuries, and has produced some of the most important cryptographers. About two hundred years ago, a certain Leon Alberti thought up the idea of using two cipher alphabets at once, and alternating between them.’ Again Thomas took the quill and wrote on the paper, adding a third line of letters.
A B C D E F G H I J K L M N O P Q R S T U V W X Y Z
S I M O N A B C D E F G H J K L P Q R T U V W X Y Z
R O M S E Y A B C D F G H I J K L N P Q T U V W X Z
‘Using this cipher, the word THE would be encrypted as TBN.’
‘Looks devilish, even if he was a Christian.’
�
�Not so devilish. An experienced cryptanalyst will recognize a double or even a triple substitution without much difficulty. But Alberti’s work also led to the develop ment of the Vigenère cipher, which is so devilish that it has never been broken.’
‘How does the Vigenère cipher work?’
‘You’re not ready for that, Simon. Next time, perhaps.’
‘As you wish. What else should I know?’
‘You should know that messages are often encrypted using what are known as homophonic substitutions.’
‘Homophonic. Something that sounds the same as something else,’ said Simon with a grin.
‘Exactly. A number or a symbol which represents a letter. Numerical ciphers are common – each number representing a different letter. Encrypted texts may also include nulls, which are no more than meaningless symbols or letters designed to confuse. Deliberate variations in spelling are used for the same reason.’
‘Wouldn’t the recipient of the message also have to know about these?’
‘Well done, Simon, he would. If, for example, each letter in a text is replaced by a single number, no more than twenty-six numbers are needed. So if all the numbers between 0 and 49 appear, twenty-three of them will be nulls. However, those that are nulls must be memorized or written down, and that is also the weakness of codes, as opposed to ciphers. Codes are almost always written down somewhere. If they are easy enough to remember, they are also easy enough to decode, and therefore vulnerable.’
‘Keywords, double and triple alphabetic ciphers, homophonic ciphers, numerical substitutions, nulls, spelling mistakes, what else?’
‘Much else, Simon, including Monsieur Vigenère. Oh, and nomenclators, of course.’
‘What are they?’
‘A nomenclator is a mixture of code and cipher. The messages smuggled to and from the Queen of Scots when she was held prisoner were nomenclators. It was a priest who smuggled them in. His name was Gifford. Cunning fellows, priests. I can remember the numbers used.’ Again Thomas wrote on the paper.
2 = AND, 3 = FOR, 4 = WITH, 7 = X, 8 = Y, 9 = Z
‘And there were shapes and Greek letters for individual letters and words. It took an odd and very clever little man named Thomas Phelippes to decrypt it. If he hadn’t, who knows who would be on the throne now?’
‘How did he do it?’
‘It took him some time and much effort, but eventually he did it in the way most ciphers are decrypted. The Queen of Scots and her supporters did not know that their messages were being read, and with enough texts he was able to analyse how many times each symbol or number appeared and its position in relation to all the other symbols and numbers. In English, the most common letter, E, is about twice as common as S and six times as common as F. Each letter can be ranked according to the frequency of its usage. Despite the nulls and misspellings, Phelippes worked the cipher out, and proved that the Queen of Scots was plotting to murder Queen Elizabeth. It’s the way we cryptographers work. Much hard work, a little imagination and the occasional guess.’
Simon stood up and sighed. ‘Thank you, Thomas. An excellent first lesson. Tomorrow I shall reciprocate by teaching you about the life of St Francis.’
‘Thank you, Simon, that won’t be necessary.’
Again they left at dawn, riding side by side on a road that widened as they approached Oxford. Thankfully, the showers had cleared and the August sky was blue. ‘When were you last here, Thomas?’ asked Simon, when the city defences came into sight.
‘It must be eight years ago now. I went to visit Abraham and to attend a college feast.’
‘You’ll see much changed. The king is in Christ Church, the queen in Merton, and their households are billeted everywhere.’ He hesitated. ‘Their presence has sharpened the divide between university and town.’
‘In what way?’
‘Both the king and the queen have large households. And there are the soldiers. They all have to be housed and fed. The king urges restraint, but is not always heeded. And his nephews are not easily controlled when they’re here. If they weren’t royal princes, Rupert and Maurice would be highwaymen. They exert much influence over the young. The townspeople can be resentful.’
‘With good reason, no doubt. The town must be overflowing. And not just with bodies.’
‘It is. Humans and animals create waste. Much waste. The drains can’t cope.’
Two miles from the town, Thomas’s sensitive nose had already detected the stench of excrement and decay. He shuddered at the thought of what lay ahead. ‘And the town itself? Is there much damage to buildings or to the colleges?’
‘You’ll see for yourself. I thought it best to warn you.’
‘How pragmatic of you.’
Soon Thomas did begin to see for himself. They passed through the remains of three deserted villages burned to the ground as a precaution against siege, and rode around huge earthworks thrown up as defences. Long poles, sharpened to a wicked point, had been stuck into the earthworks to deter oncoming cavalry, and gangs of bare-chested labourers with shovels and picks worked frantically to build more. It was as if Fairfax, Waller, Ireton and their entire armies were all expected within the hour.
As they approached the ancient city wall, also strengthened by earthworks in the gaps where the stone had crumbled away, the stench of death hit Thomas in a wave so thick he could almost touch it. He put a hand to his face and tried to take shallow breaths. Just outside the wall, they came upon a heap of decaying corpses and a gang of women digging a large pit. ‘Plague, Simon?’ asked Thomas.
‘Morbus campestris. Too many people and too much foul water.’
Inside and outside the wall, the streets overflowed with people, and the open sewers with their waste. Damn my nose, thought Thomas, too sharp for its own good. They made their way slowly up St Aldate’s towards Pembroke. Soldiers and their horses blocked the way, beggars pleading for alms pulled at their habits, and pigs foraged among mounds of stinking refuse. There were even dung heaps on the street corners. It took them more than an hour to reach the entrance to Pembroke. There they dismounted and led their horses through a side gate and into a small paved courtyard, where a college servant took charge of them.
They walked through an arch into the main courtyard, and Thomas looked around at his old college. It was unrecognizable. What had once been a neat cobbled yard, surrounded by high stone walls and the arched entrances to staircases leading to the scholars’ rooms, was a mess of wrecked furniture, broken bottles, old clothes and rotting food. Most of the doors around the yard had been pulled off their hinges, windows had been shattered, and a chimney had fallen off a roof, scattering bricks below. Thomas saw no scholars. Three officers in dashing blue uniforms stood talking in one corner, while their swords were sharpened by a grinder with a whetstone. A woman with two small girls, all three wearing ribbons in their hair and fine lace aprons over their dresses, emerged from a doorway and picked their way across the yard to the main entrance. The officers swept off their feathered hats and bowed low. Courtly manners and high fashion amid squalor and decay. Soldiers for scholars, guns for gowns. Thomas stood and stared.
There was a tap on his shoulder. ‘Master Hill?’ Thomas turned and saw a familiar face, more lined now but as open and kindly as it had always been. ‘I thought it was you, sir. Master Fletcher told me to look out for you. He said you might be a monk.’ The man tipped his cap and held out a hand, which Thomas shook warmly.
‘A friar, Silas, and only pretending. Father de Pointz is the real priest. Simon, this is Silas Merkin, head servant of the college.’
‘Welcome, sirs. I’ll show you to your room, Master Hill. It’s a little small but it’s the best I can do. I had to get rid of a young captain to get it for you. Nasty beggar, he is. Made a great fuss. I couldn’t have shifted him without Master Fletcher’s help. We’ve over a hundred in college, including women and children. They’ve been throwing out the furniture and making beds on the floor.’ Silas had never been short of
a word or two.
‘Now you’re safely here, Thomas, I’ll say farewell,’ said Simon. ‘I’ll be at Merton with the queen. I’ll call on you soon.’
Silas showed Thomas to a room under a low arch at the opposite end of the courtyard to the one through which they had entered. It was indeed small – nothing like the comfortable room near the main entrance in which he remembered reading and rereading Plato and Aristotle, poring all night over Euclid’s geometry, and occasionally entertaining a young lady. He would have but a narrow bed, a low chest, a washstand with a jug of water, a small table and a hard chair for company. On the bed, two linen shirts, two pairs of breeches, three pairs of stockings, a plain brown coat and a pair of boots had been laid out. ‘Master Fletcher asked me to find these for you, sir. There’s clean water in the well by the chapel, and a new privy beside it. We dug the drain ourselves. It runs into the sewers, but now they’re blocked it won’t be long before it’s overflowing. Soldiers do seem to shit a lot. And here’s your key. Be sure to keep the door locked. I’ll tell Master Fletcher you’re here. He’s still in his old rooms, thank the Lord. It wouldn’t do to move him now, not with his eyes as they are.’
‘His eyes, Silas?’
‘Yes, sir. Didn’t you know? Master Fletcher sees very little now.’
‘I didn’t know. Thank you for telling me.’
When Silas had gone, Thomas got out of his habit, washed his face and hands, trimmed his new beard with the razor, and put on a clean shirt and breeches. He would call on Abraham immediately.
CHAPTER 3
ABRAHAM’S ROOMS WERE directly across the courtyard. Thomas climbed a narrow spiral staircase, knocked on the door, and entered at the familiar sound of his old friend’s voice. God’s wounds, he thought, I could be sixteen again. Abraham was sitting by the window in a high-backed oak chair. In profile against the light, he looked just as he had a dozen years ago. Hair swept back from a high forehead, Roman nose, back straight. But when he turned his face to the room, Thomas could see that his old friend had aged. His hair and beard were white, and he wore a shawl over his coat. His blue eyes were watery, his skin pale, and two deep lines ran from nose to mouth. The remains of a meal were on a table beside him. ‘Is that you, Thomas?’ Abraham asked, when he heard his visitor come in. His voice, too, had aged. The muscular baritone had lost much of its power.
The King's Spy (Thomas Hill Trilogy 1) Page 4
