by Manjit Kumar
6 Brian (1996), quoted p. 251.
7 Einstein (1950), p. 238.
8 Moore (1989), quoted p. 305, Letter from Einstein to Schrödinger, 8 August 1935.
9 Jammer (1985), quoted p. 142.
10 Reprinted in Wheeler and Zurek (1983), pp. 138–41.
11 New York Times, 7 May 1935, p. 21.
12 Einstein et al. (1935), p. 138. References to paper reprinted in Wheeler and Zurek (1983).
13 Einstein et al. (1935), p. 138. Italics in the original.
14 Einstein et al. (1935), p. 138. Italics in the original.
15 EPR resisted the temptation to use the two-particle experiment to challenge Heisenberg’s uncertainty principle. It is possible to measure the exact momentum of particle A directly and determine the momentum of particle B. While it is not possible to know the position of A, because of the measurement already performed on it, it is possible to determine the position of B directly, since no previous measurement has been directly performed on it. Therefore it may be argued that the momentum and position of particle B can be determined simultaneously, thereby circumventing the uncertainty principle.
16 Einstein et al. (1935), p. 141. Italics in the original.
17 Einstein et al. (1935), p. 141.
18 BCW, Vol. 7, p. 251. Letter from Pauli to Heisenberg, 15 June 1935.
19 BCW, Vol. 7, p. 251. Letter from Pauli to Heisenberg, 15 June 1935.
20 Fölsing (1997), quoted p. 697.
21 Rosenfeld (1967), p. 128.
22 Rosenfeld (1967), p. 128.
23 Rosenfeld (1967), p. 128.
24 Rosenfeld (1967), p. 128.
25 Rosenfeld (1967), p. 129. Also in Wheeler and Zurek (1983), quoted p. 142.
26 See Bohr (1935a).
27 See Bohr (1935b).
28 Bohr (1935b), p. 145.
29 Bohr (1935b), p. 148.
30 Heisenberg (1971), p. 104.
31 Heisenberg (1971), p. 104.
32 Heisenberg (1971), p. 104.
33 Heisenberg (1971), p. 105.
34 Bohr (1949), p. 234.
35 Bohr (1935b), p. 148.
36 Bohr (1935b), p. 148. Italics in the original.
37 Bohr (1935b), p. 148.
38 Fölsing (1997), quoted p. 699. Letter from Einstein to Cornelius Lanczos, 21 March 1942.
39 Born (2005), p. 155. Letter from Einstein to Born, 3 March 1947.
40 Petersen (1985), quoted p. 305.
41 Jammer (1974), quoted p. 161.
42 Niels Bohr, AHQP interview, 17 November 1962.
43 Moore (1989), quoted p. 304. Letter from Schrödinger to Einstein, 7 June 1935.
44 Moore (1989), quoted p. 304. Letter from Schrödinger to Einstein, 7 June 1935.
45 Schrödinger (1935), p. 161.
46 Schrödinger (1935), p. 161.
47 Fine (1986), quoted p. 68. Letter from Einstein to Schrödinger, 17 June 1935.
48 Murdoch (1987), quoted p. 173. Letter from Einstein to Schrödinger, 19 June 1935.
49 Moore (1989), quoted p. 304. Letter from Einstein to Schrödinger, 19 June 1935.
50 Fine (1986), quoted p. 78. Letter from Einstein to Schrödinger, 8 August 1935.
51 Fine (1986), quoted p. 78. Letter from Einstein to Schrödinger, 8 August 1935.
52 Schrödinger (1935), p. 157.
53 Mehra and Rechenberg (2001) Vol. 6, Pt. 2, quoted p. 743. Letter from Einstein to Schrödinger, 4 September 1935.
54 Fine (1986), quoted pp. 84–5. Letter from Einstein to Schrödinger, 22 December 1950.
55 Fine (1986), quoted pp. 84–5. Letter from Einstein to Schrödinger, 22 December 1950.
56 Moore (1989), quoted p. 314. Letter from Schrödinger to Einstein, 23 March 1936.
57 Fölsing (1997), quoted p. 688.
58 Fölsing (1997), quoted p. 688.
59 Born (2005), p. 125. Letter from Einstein to Born, undated.
60 Born (2005), p. 127.
61 Fölsing (1997), quoted p. 704.
62 Brian (1996), quoted p. 305.
63 Brian (1996), quoted p. 305.
64 Petersen (1985), quoted p. 305.
65 Einstein (1993), p. 119. Letter from Einstein to Maurice Solovine, 1 January 1951.
66 Fine (1986), quoted p. 95. Letter from Einstein to M. Laserna, 8 January 1955.
67 Einstein (1934), p. 112.
68 Einstein (1993), p. 119. Letter from Einstein to Maurice Solovine, 1 January 1951.
69 Heisenberg (1989), p. 117.
70 Heisenberg (1989), p. 117.
71 Heisenberg (1989), p. 116.
72 Einstein (1950), p. 88.
73 Heisenberg (1989), p. 44.
74 Przibram (1967), p. 31. Letter from Einstein to Schrödinger, 31 May 1928.
75 Fölsing (1997), quoted p. 704.
76 Fölsing (1997), quoted p. 705.
77 Mehra (1975), quoted p. xxvii. Letter from Einstein to Queen Elizabeth of Belgium, 9 January 1939.
78 Pais (1994), quoted p. 218. Letter from Einstein to Roosevelt, 7 March 1940.
79 Clark (1973), quoted p. 29.
80 Heilbron (2000), quoted p. 195.
81 Heilbron (2000), quoted p. 195.
82 Fölsing (1997), quoted p. 729. Letter from Einstein to Marga Planck, October 1947.
83 Pais (1967), p. 224.
84 Pais (1967), p. 225.
85 Heisenberg (1983), p. 121.
86 Holton (2005), quoted p. 32.
87 Einstein (1993), p. 85. Letter from Einstein to Solovine, 10 April 1938.
88 Brian (1996), quoted p. 400.
89 Nathan and Norden (1960), pp. 629–30. Letter from Einstein to Bohr, 2 March 1955.
90 Pais (1982), quoted p. 477. Letter from Helen Dukas to Abraham Pais, 30 April 1955.
91 Overbye (2001), quoted p. 1.
92 Clark (1973), quoted p. 502.
93 Bohr (1955), p. 6.
94 Pais (1994), quoted p. 41.
CHAPTER 14: FOR WHOM BELL’S THEOREM TOLLS
1 Born (2005), p. 146. Letter from Einstein to Born, 7 September 1944.
2 Stapp (1977), p. 191.
3 Petersen (1985), quoted p. 305.
4 Przibam (1967), p. 39. Letter from Einstein to Schrödinger, 22 December 1950.
5 Goodchild (1980), quoted p. 162.
6 Bohm (1951), pp. 612–13.
7 Bohm (1951), p. 622.
8 Bohm (1951), p. 611.
9 Bohm (1952a), p. 382.
10 Bohm (1952a), p. 369.
11 Bell (1987), p. 160.
12 Bell (1987), p. 160.
13 The German title of von Neumann’s book was Mathematische Grundlagen der Quantenmechanik.
14 Von Neumann (1955), p. 325.
15 Maxwell (1860), p. 19.
16 Maxwell (1860), p. 19.
17 Von Neumann (1955), pp. 327–8.
18 Bernstein (1991), quoted p. 12.
19 Bernstein (1991), quoted p. 15.
20 Bernstein (1991), quoted p. 64.
21 Bell (1987), quoted p. 159.
22 Bell (1987), quoted p. 159.
23 Bell (1987), quoted p. 159.
24 Bernstein (1991), quoted p. 65.
25 Bell (1987), p. 160.
26 Bell (1987), p. 167.
27 Beller (1999), quoted p. 213.
28 Born (2005), p. 189. Letter from Einstein to Born, 12 May 1952.
29 Bernstein (1991), quoted p. 66.
30 Bernstein (1991), quoted p. 72.
31 Bernstein (1991), quoted p. 72.
32 Bernstein (1991), quoted p. 73.
33 Born (2005), p. 153. Letter from Einstein to Born, 3 March 1947.
34 Bohm’s modification of EPR appeared in chapter 22 of his book quantum Theory. It involved a molecule with a spin of zero that disintegrates into two atoms, one with spin-up (+½) and the other with spin-down (–½), whose combined spin remains zero. Since its inception it has become standard practice to replace the atoms with a pair of electrons.
35 The mutually perpendicula
r axes x, y, and z are chosen only for convenience and because they are most familiar. Any set of three axes serves just as well for measuring the components of quantum spin.
36 Bell (1987), p. 139.
37 Bell (1987), p. 143.
38 Bell (1987), p. 143.
39 Also known as ‘Bell’s inequalities’.
40 Bell (1964). Reprinted in Bell (1987) and Wheeler and Zurek (1983).
41 Bell (1966), p. 447. Reprinted in Bell (1987) and Wheeler and Zurek (1983).
42 Bell (1966), p. 447.
43 Born (2005), p. 218. Letter from Pauli to Born, 31 March 1954.
44 Born (2005), p. 218. Letter from Pauli to Born, 31 March 1954.
45 Bell (1964), p. 199.
46 Clauser (2002), p. 71.
47 Clauser (2002), p. 70.
48 Redhead (1987), p. 108, table 1.
49 Aczel (2003), quoted p. 186.
50 Aczel (2003), quoted p. 186.
51 Aspect et al. (1982), p. 94.
52 Davies and Brown (1986), p. 50.
53 Davies and Brown (1986), p. 51.
54 Davies and Brown (1986), p. 47.
CHAPTER 15: THE QUANTUM DEMON
1 Pais (1982), quoted p. 9.
2 Einstein (1950), p. 91.
3 Pais (1982), quoted p. 460.
4 Pais (1982), p. 9.
5 Feynman (1965), p. 129.
6 Feynman (1965), p. 129.
7 Bernstein (1991), p. 42.
8 Born (2005), p. 162. Comment on manuscript from Einstein to Born, 18 March 1948.
9 Heisenberg (1983), p. 117. One example of Einstein using his famous phrase.
10 Born (2005), p. 216. Letter from Pauli to Born, 31 March 1954.
11 Born (2005), p. 216. Letter from Pauli to Born, 31 March 1954.
12 Born (2005), p. 216. Letter from Pauli to Born, 31 March 1954.
13 Born (2005), p. 216. Letter from Pauli to Born, 31 March 1954.
14 Stachel (2002), quoted p. 390. Letter from Einstein to Georg Jaffe, 19 January 1954.
15 Born (2005), p. 88. Letter from Einstein to Born, 4 December 1926.
16 Born (2005), p. 219. Letter from Pauli to Born, 31 March 1954.
17 Isaacson (2007), quoted p. 460. Letter from Einstein to Jerome Rothstein, 22 May 1950.
18 Rosenthal-Schneider (1980), quoted p. 70. Postcard from Einstein to Ilse Rosenthal, 31 March 1944.
19 Aspect (2007), p. 867.
20 Einstein et al. (1935), p. 141.
21 Einstein (1949b), p. 666.
22 Fine (1986), quoted p. 57. Letter from Einstein to Aron Kupperman, 10 November 1954.
23 Isaacson (2007), quoted p. 466.
24 Heisenberg (1971), p. 81.
25 Heisenberg (1971), p. 80.
26 Born (2005), p. 69.
27 Born (1949), pp. 163–4.
28 Clauser (2002), p. 72.
29 Blaedel (1988), p. 11.
30 Clauser (2002), p. 61.
31 Wolf (1988), quoted p. 17.
32 Pais (2000), quoted p. 55.
33 Gell-Mann (1979), p. 29.
34 Tegmark and Wheeler (2001), p. 61.
35 Among the 30 there were those who supported the ‘consistent histories’ approach that has its origins in the many worlds interpretation. It is based on the idea that out of all possible means by which an observed experimental result may have been caused, only a few make sense under the rules of quantum mechanics.
36 Buchanan (2007), quoted p. 37.
37 Buchanan (2007), quoted p. 38.
38 Stachel (1998), p. xiii.
39 French (1979), quoted p. 133.
40 Pais (1994) quoted p. 57.
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