by Bennet Omalu
10.Mark Maske, “Cowboys Owner Jerry Jones: ‘Absurd’ to Think Current Data Shows Clear Link between CTE, Football,” Washington Post, March 23, 2016, www.washingtonpost.com/news/sports/wp/2016/03/22/jerry-jones-does-not-believe-a-link-between-football-and-brain-disease-has-been-established (accessed February 1, 2017).
11.Zak Keefer, “Colts Owner Jim Irsay on Concussions: ‘No One Knew Anything,’” Indianapolis Star, March 28, 2016, www.indystar.com/story/sports/nfl/colts/2016/03/28/colts-owner-jim-irsay-concussions-no-one-knew-anything/82341376 (accessed February 1, 2017).
Chapter 16: “In the Name of Christ, Stop!"
1.The story is told by Theodoret of Cyrus in The Ecclesiastical History, Book V, Chapter XXVI (“Of Honorius the emperor and Telemachus the monk”), www.newadvent.org/fathers/27025.htm (accessed February 1, 2017).
2.Bennet I. Omalu et al., “Fatal Fulminant Pan-Meningo-Polioencephalitis Due to West Nile Virus,” Brain Pathology 13.4 (October 2003): 465–72, www.mailman.columbia.edu/sites/default/files/legacy/fatalfulminantpan-meningo-polio encephalitisduetowestnilevirus.pdf (accessed February 17, 2017).
3.H. B. Armah, G. Wang, B. I. Omalu et al., “Systemic Distribution of West Nile Virus Infection: Postmortem Immunohistochemical Study of Six Cases,” Brain Pathology 17.4 (October 2007): 354–62.
4.B. I. Omalu et al., “Chronic Traumatic Encephalopathy in a National Football League Player,” Neurosurgery 57.1 (July 2005): 132, www.jeannemarielaskas.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/10/CTE-NFL-part-1.pdf (accessed February 1, 2017).
5.Romans 8:28, 31, 35, 37–39.
Chapter 17: The Baton Is Passed
1.Ira R. Casson, Elliot J. Pellman, and David C. Viano, “Chronic Traumatic Encephalopathy in a National Football League Player: To the Editor,” Neurosurgery 58.5 (May 2006): E1003, http://journals.lww.com/neurosurgery/Fulltext/2006/05000/Chronic_Traumatic_Encephalopathy_in_a_National.35.aspx (accessed February 1, 2017).
2.Ed Bouchette, “Surgeon Disagrees with Wecht That Football Killed Long,” Pittsburgh Post-Gazette, September 15, 2005, www.post-gazette.com/sports/steelers/2005/09/15/Surgeon-disagrees-with-Wecht-that-football-killed-Long/stories/200509150517 (accessed February 1, 2017).
3.Bennet I. Omalu et al., “Chronic Traumatic Encephalopathy in a National Football League Player: To the Editor: In Reply,” Neurosurgery 58.5 (May 2006): E1003, http://journals.lww.com/neurosurgery/Fulltext/2006/05000/Chronic _Traumatic_Encephalopathy_in_a_National.36.aspx (accessed February 1, 2017).
4.Donald W. Marion, “Chronic Traumatic Encephalopathy in a National Football League Player: To the Editor: In Reply,” Neurosurgery 58.5 (May 2006): E1003, http://journals.lww.com/neurosurgery/Fulltext/2006/05000/Chronic _Traumatic_Encephalopathy_in_a_National.41.aspx (accessed February 1, 2017).
5.Robert Dvorchak, “Wecht: Long Died from Brain Injury: Had Head Trauma from NFL Days,” Pittsburgh Post-Gazette, September 14, 2005, www.post-gazette.com/sports/steelers/2005/09/14/Wecht-Long-died-from-brain-injury/stories/200509140347 (accessed February 1, 2017).
6.Quoted in Ed Bouchette, “Surgeon Disagrees with Wecht That Football Killed Long,” Pittsburgh Post-Gazette, September 15, 2005, www.post-gazette.com/sports/steelers/2005/09/15/Surgeon-disagrees-with-Wecht-that-football-killed-Long/stories/200509150517 (accessed February 1, 2017); Jonathan Silver, “Suicide Ruling in Long’s Death Hasn’t Ended Controversy,” Pittsburgh Post-Gazette, January 26, 2006, http://www.post-gazette.com/sports/steelers/2006/01/26/Suicide-ruling-in-Long-s-death-hasn-t-ended-controversy/stories/200601260352 (accessed February 1, 2017).
7.Paula Reed Ward, “Wecht Indicted by Grand Jury: Medical Examiner Accused of Public Use, Private Gain,” Pittsburgh Post-Gazette, January 21, 2006, 1,
8.Paula Reed Ward, “Wecht Charges Dropped: Forensic Pathologist Call Buchanan ‘a Sore Loser,’” June 3, 2009, Pittsburgh Post-Gazette, www.post-gazette.com/local/region/2009/06/03/Wecht-charges-dropped/stories/200906030214 (accessed February 1, 2017).
9.Steve Almasy and Jill Martin, “Judge Approves NFL Concussion Lawsuit Settlement,” CNN, April 22, 2015, www.cnn.com/2015/04/22/us/nfl-concussion-lawsuit-settlement (accessed February 1, 2017); Christian Red, “Supreme Court Ruling Paves Way for NFL Retirees to Receive Concussion Benefits,” New York Daily News, December 12, 2016, www.nydailynews.com/sports/football/nfl-1-billion-concussion-settlement-approved-supreme-court-article-1.2908003 (accessed February 1, 2017).
10.See Robert Dvorchak, “Steelers Doctor Says Concluding Football Led to Long’s Demise Is Bad Science,” Pittsburgh Post-Gazette, September 16, 2005, www.post-gazette.com/sports/steelers/2005/09/16/Steelers-doctor-says-concluding-football-led-to-Long-s-demise-is-bad-science/stories/200509160237 (accessed February 1, 2017).
11.“FDA Allows Marketing of First-of-Kind Computerized Cognitive Tests to Help Assess Cognitive Skills after a Head Injury,” FDA News Release, August 22, 2016, www.fda.gov/NewsEvents/Newsroom/PressAnnouncements/ucm517526.htm (accessed February 1, 2017).
12.Bennet I. Omalu et al., “Chronic Traumatic Encephalopathy in a National Football League Player: Part II,” Neurosurgery 59.5 (November 2006): 1086–93, https://www.researchgate.net/publication/6656243_Chronic_traumatic_ encephalopathy_in_a_National_Football_League_player_Part_II (accessed February 1, 2017).
13.David C. Viano, “Concussion in Professional Football: Performance of Newer Helmets in Reconstructed Game Impacts,” Neurosurgery 59.3 (September 2006): 591–606, https://www.researchgate.net/publication/6962379 _Concussion_in_Professional_Football_Performance_of_Newer_Helmets _in_Reconstructed_Game_ImpactsPart_13 (accessed February 1, 2017).
14.Alan Schwarz, “Expert Ties Ex-Player’s Suicide to Brain Damage,” New York Times, January 18, 2007, www.nytimes.com/2007/01/18/sports/football/18waters.html (accessed February 1, 2017).
Chapter 18: Marginalized, Minimalized, Ostracized
1.Luke 17:11–19.
2.Tom Gerencer, “How Much Money Do NFL Players Make?” Money Nation, January 5, 2016, http://moneynation.com/how-much-money-do-nfl-players-make (accessed February 1, 2017).
3.Cited in Ann McKee et al., “The Spectrum of Disease in Chronic Traumatic Encephalopathy,” Brain 136 (January 2013): 43–64.
4.Kurt Badenhausen, “Average MLB Player Salary Nearly Double NFL’s, But Still Trails NBA’s,” Forbes, January 23, 2015, www.forbes.com/sites/kurtbadenhausen/2015/01/23/average-mlb-salary-nearly-double-nfls-but-trails-nba-players/#6f38440d2d5d (accessed February 1, 2017).
5.Pablo S. Torre, “How (and Why) Athletes Go Broke,” Sports Illustrated, March 23, 2009, www.si.com/vault/2009/03/23/105789480/how-and-why-athletes-go-broke (accessed February 1, 2017).
Chapter 20: Finding Life in the Wilderness
1.Mark 4:1–20.
2.Romans 12:2.
3.David C. Viano, Ira R. Casson, and Elliot J. Pellman, “Concussion in Professional Football: Biomechanics of the Struck Player—Part 14,” Neurosurgery 61.2 (August 2007): 313–28, www.researchgate.net/publication/6077137_Concussion_in _profession_football_Biomechanics_of_the_struck_player_-_Part_14 (accessed February 1, 2017).
4.David C. Viano et al., “Concussion in Professional Football: Animal Model of Brain Injury—Part 15,” Neurosurgery 64.6 (June 2009): 1162–73, www.researchgate.net/publication/26258654_Concussion_in_professional_football _Animal_model_of_brain_injury_-_Part_15 (accessed February 1, 2017).
5.Bennet I. Omalu et al., “Chronic Traumatic Encephalopathy (CTE) in a National Football League Player: Case Report and Emerging Medicolegal Practice Questions,” Journal of Forensic Nursing 6.1 (Spring 2010): 40–46, http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/j.1939-3938.2009.01064.x/abstract (accessed February 1, 2017).
6.Jeanne Marie Laskas, “Game Brain: Bennet Omalu, Concussions, and the NFL: How One Doctor Changed Football Forever,” GQ, September 14, 2009, www.gq.com/story/nfl-players-brain-dementia-study-memory-concussions (accessed February 1, 2017).
Chapter 21: Omalu Goes Hollywood
1.Bennet I. Omalu et al., “Chronic Traumatic Encephalopathy in a Prof
essional American Wrestler,” Journal of Forensic Nursing 6.3 (Fall 2010): 130–36, http://muchnick.net/omalu_ journal_article.pdf (accessed February 1, 2017).
2.Bennet I. Omalu et al., “Chronic Traumatic Encephalopathy, Suicides and Parasuicides in Professional American Athletes: The Role of the Forensic Pathologist,” American Journal of Forensic Medicine and Pathology 31.2 (June 2010): 130–32, www.protectthebrain.org/documents/CTE_Suicides-and-Parasuicides _Orange-Journal_2009.pdf (accessed February 1, 2017).
3.Bennet I. Omalu et al., “Chronic Traumatic Encephalopathy in an Iraqi War Veteran with Posttraumatic Stress Disorder Who Committed Suicide,” Neurosurgical Focus 31.5 (November 2011): E3, www.researchgate.net/publication/51761867_Chronic_traumatic_encephalopathy_in_an_Iraqi_war _veteran_with_posttraumatic_stress_disorder_who_committed_suicide (accessed February 1, 2017).
4.Bennet I. Omalu et al., “Emerging Histomorphologic Phenotypes of Chronic Traumatic Encephalopathy in American Athletes,” Neurosurgery 69.1 (July 2011): 173–83, www.researchgate.net/publication/50227449_Emerging _Histomorphologic_Phenotypes_of_Chronic_Traumatic_Encephalopathy_in _American_Athletes (accessed February 1, 2017).
Chapter 22: Concussion
1.Luke 1:38.
2.Matthew 17:20–21.
Afterword: I Bet My Medical License That O. J. Simpson Has CTE
1.Romans 12:2.
2.Matthew 11:19.
3.1 John 4:7.
Index
Abiola, Moshood, 49–50
academic papers, 178–79
aggression, 280
AIDS, 93–95
Aikman, Troy, 167
alcohol abuse, 175, 280
Allegheny County medical examiner’s office, 100–107, 111, 119–28, 200–201, 219
ALS (amyotrophic lateral sclerosis), 274, 280
Alzheimer’s disease, 140, 145, 149, 278
America, contradictions in, 87–97
American Academy of Pediatrics, 166–67
American Association of Neuropathologists (AANP), 215–16
American Association of Physician Leadership, 217–18
American Journal of Forensic Medicine and Pathology, 234
American Medical Association, 217–18
amyloid proteins, 144, 145, 190, 236
Apuzzo, Michael, 180–81, 182–83, 184, 228, 235
attention, loss of ability, 280
autopsy pathology, 93–95
Babangida, General, 49, 50
Baggar, Amal, 238, 239
Bailes, Julian, 208–9, 210, 211, 234, 235, 236
Baldwin, Alec, 218
Baltimore Ravens, 182
baseball, 204
basketball, 204
behavioral symptoms, 280
Benoit, Chris, 208–10, 213, 228, 234
Biafra, 23–26, 28–30, 267
Bible reading, 226–27
biomechanical loading, 146–47
blows to the head, 146, 259, 272, 276, 280–81
as cause of brain damage, 169
recent discoveries about, 269
blunt force trauma to the head, 146, 148
BMX bikers, 277
Boston University, 211–12, 224–25, 231
boxing, 145, 146, 167, 169, 173, 190, 214, 235, 275, 277, 282, 283
brain, human, 122–23
and concussions, 281
damage caused by subconcussive hits to, 169, 263
fixing, 123–24
full development of, 276
inability to regenerate, 276–77, 279
neurodegenerative diseases of, 149
protecting, 267
repetitive injuries, 274–75
vulnerability of, 260
“brain crisis,” 16
brain trauma, 124, 144, 235. See also CTE (Chronic Traumatic Encephalopathy)
questions from parents about, 269–83
Canadian Pediatric Society, 167
Casson, Dr. Ira, 189, 190
Chicago Bears, 167
children
alternative sports to football, 270–71, 272
and CTE, 282–83
and football, 13, 166–67, 174–75, 203, 268–83
protecting brains of, 267
questions from parents about brain trauma, 269–83
risks when playing high-impact, high-contact sports, 258–59
cigarette industry, 172
civil war, Nigerian, 23–26, 27–36, 45–46
cognitive dissonance, 167, 266
cognitive symptoms, 266, 279–80
College of American Pathologists, 148, 217–18
College of Medicine, University of Nigeria, 38–44
Columbia University, 84–85, 88–97, 106–7
concentration, problems with, 166, 236
Concussion (movie), 16, 27, 109–10, 117, 149, 207–8, 218, 229
impact on moviegoers, 262–63
Omalu’s reaction to, 245–47
premier, 245–54
concussions, 147, 281–82
and brain damage, 269, 281
frequency in sports, 179
and helmets, 195, 273
imPACT (Immediate Post-Concussion Assessment and Cognitive Testing), 193–94
long-term effects of, 168
and NFL in 1994, 167
protocols, 230
reaction to, until recently, 263–64
research about dangers of, 165
conformational intelligence, 47–48, 50, 167, 173, 181, 185, 199, 214, 227, 266
Congress of Neurological Surgeons, 87, 167–68. See also Neurosurgery
Congressional Judiciary Committee, 218
contact sports, 235
and conformational intelligence, 47–48
questions from parents about, 269–83
research about concussions and head injuries, 165
Conyers, John, 218
criminal behavior, 175, 265–66, 280
CTE (Chronic Traumatic Encephalopathy), 15
cause of, 280–81
chance NFL players suffer from, 15
and children, 282–83
condition given a name by Omalu, 164–65
controversy about prevention of, 199
definitive diagnosis, 200, 235–37, 278
delayed symptoms, 174–75
diagnostic tool, 237
in military veterans, 228, 234, 237
no possibility of reversal, 277
number of football players affected by, 173, 203
as occupational disease, 164
and O. J. Simpson, 173, 265–68
Omalu writes first case study paper about, 163
in other sports besides football, 277
presumptive diagnoses, 277–78
prevalence in high-impact, high-contact sports, 173
and prisoners, 265–66
research denied by NFL, 87
research group at Boston University, 211–12, 224–25
symptoms, 229–30, 273–74, 279–80
treatment for, 278–79
Waters becomes third confirmed case of, 196
Dallas Cowboys, 167
D’Amico, Carmen, 132–33, 137, 157, 161
Daubert standard, 164
DeKosky, Steven, 149–50, 180, 184, 201
dementia, 140, 144, 149, 203, 278
dementia pugilistica, 145, 190, 214
depression, 175, 280
Bennet Omalu, 38–43, 69, 95, 127, 202
and Mike Webster, 41, 126
diffuse axonal injury, 171
disinhibition, 175, 265–66, 280
domestic violence, 175, 266, 275
drug abuse, 175, 280
election, Nigerian (1993), 49–50
Embassy, U.S., 56, 58–60, 62, 160
emotions, inability to control, 280
Enugwu-Ukwu, Nigeria, 17, 23, 25, 45–46
executive functioning, 266, 280
face masks, 166
Fainaru, Steve, 238
Fainaru-Wada, Mark, 238
faith,
39, 85
FBI, 192
FDA (Food and Drug Administration), 216–17
FDDNP, 236–37
Fitzsimmons, Bob, 193–94, 211, 234, 236
flag football, 273
football. See also NFL (National Football League)
alternative sports for children, 272
appropriate age for playing, 283
blows to the head, 259
brain and head injuries, 166–67
“brain crisis,” 16
changes resulting from Teddy Roosevelt’s intervention, 165–68
and children, 13, 166–67, 174–75, 203, 268–83
high school and college players, 170
junior, 269
Omalu’s first exposure to, 34
popularity of, 142–43, 167, 218
research about concussions and head injuries, 165
risk of brain injury, 271
what happens to body when playing, 146–47
forensic pathology, 99
forgetfulness, 202, 236
forgiveness, 263–64
ghost cells, 140, 143
Gifford, Frank, 191
God
as end of all knowledge, 77
importance to Omalu, 52, 54, 175
love for, 268
Omalu’s anger with, 83–84
and perfection, 33
trust in, 128, 161
Golden Rule, 122
GQ magazine, 231, 233
Hamilton, Ronald, 149, 180, 184
Hammers, Jennifer, 234
Harlem, NY, 91–92
Harlem Hospital Center, 84, 92, 100, 102, 106
Harpo Studios, 233, 238
Hausa people, 22, 45–46, 49
head injuries, 166, 167. See also concussions; CTE (Chronic Traumatic Encephalopathy)
headaches, 234, 280
helmets, 166, 229
and concussions, 273
lack of protection provided by, 271
MTBI concludes brain is protected by, 169
NFL claims better helmets are answer to concussion problem, 195
NFL collaborates to make concussion-proof, 168
high-impact, high-contact sports, 166–67, 235, 282, 283
and children, 267
