Aegospotamoi, battle of, 139–40; Spartan dedication to victory at, 129, 137, 147, 156, 219
Aemilius Paullus, 190–91, 196, 299–300; column, frieze, and statue erected by, 191, 299; location of statue and column of, 16
Aeschines, 71, 160–61
Aeschylus, 33–34, 126, 277
Aesop, 85
Aethiopica (Heliodorus), 1–2, 6, 236
Aetion, 57
Aetolia, 165–66; Aetolian style, 176; Attalids as ally of, 177, 180; control over Delphi, 169–76, 179, 180, 183, 185, 186; dedications from, 172, 176, 351n17; as enemy of Macedon, 178, 180; and manumissions at Delphi, 200; military victories, 171–74; murder of Delphi’s ambassadors to Rome, 187; Prusias II and, 351n17; Soteria festival and, 175–76; statue of the personification of, 172; withdrawal from Delphi, 188
Afghanistan, visitor from, 184
Against Ctesiphon (Aeschines), 71
Agamemnon, 318n57
Agesilaus of Sparta, 142
Agis of Sparta: dedication by, 141
Aglaus of Psophias, 321n21
agonothetes (president of games), 213, 214, 229, 358n22, 362n15; Plutarch as, 216
agora, Roman, 129, 226, 236, 241–42, 246, 292, Plate II
agriculture: cultivation of sacred land, 71–72, 73, 75, 80, 151, 161, 169; grazing on sacred land, 353n42; near Delphi, 143; at site during W.W.II, 280
Agrippina Major, 207, 209–10
Agrippina Minor, 210
Ai Khanoum, visitor from, 184
aire, 173, 294, 297, Plate II
Alcaeus, 33
Alcesippeia, 188, 220
Alcesippus of Calydon, 188, 220
Alcetas, 219
Alcmaeon, 72
Alcmaeonids, 75, 98–100, 109, 113; and reconstruction of temple, 100; and Second Sacred War, 131–32
Alexander I of Macedon, 122, golden statue of, 151
Alexander the Great of Macedon, 164–65; death of, 166; Delphi and defiance of, 165–66; relationship of Amphictyony with, 165–66
Alexandrus, 197
Altar of Chians, 176, 272, 294, 332n19, 333n42; discovery and excavation of, 272; dismantled, 246; location of, 16; reconstruction of, 276–77; repair and inscription of, 173
Alyattes of Lydia, 58, 83; dedications by, 151
Amandry, Pierre, 277, 281, 281–82
Amasis, pharaoh of Egypt, 96
ambiguity of oracle, 110, 120–21, 179, 201, 314n58; Christian criticism of, 233; as defense against powerful consultants, 29, 84–85; and deliberation or interpretation, 28–30; and differing reports in literary sources, 60; Nero’s consultations and, 210–11; and Persian war, 114, 116–17; and reputation, 30; in response to Croesus, 28–29, 83–85, 328n43; and retroactive interpretation of response, 163–64; unambiguous responses to consultations, 134
American excavations at Delphi, 266
American School of Classical Studies, 264
Ammon, chariot sculpture of, 160
Ammon, sanctuary in Egypt, 165
Amphictyony, 15, 71–72, 75, 337n25; and access to the oracle, 90; Aetolia and the, 171–72, 175, 178; and Alexander the Great, 165; as arbitrator in conflicts, 192; and Asclepieion shrine, 226; Attalids and the, 177; Augustus and reorganization of, 203, 205–6, 207; and city of Delphi, 159, 186–87; composition of, 77, 235; and construction at Delphi, 75, 92, 94, 103, 113, 146, 157, 159, 162; control and management of Delphi by, 73, 77–80, 95, 180, 184, 186–87, 286, 288–89, 350n12; currency minted by, 159, 159, 199; declining power and influence of, 132, 192–93, 238–39; dedications by, 120, 155, 185, 188, 207–10, 214, 238, 349n3, 350n12; and defense of Delphi, 78, 150, 161, 178; and Delian league, 122; First Sacred War and, 144–45; as “general council of Greece,” 205–6; Hadrian’s reorganization and, 226–27; internal conflict at Delphi and, 148; legal decrees by, 144; membership in, 77, 82, 154–55, 171–72, 175, 178, 210, 216, 226–27, 235, 351n24; members honored with dedications, 350n12; military force organized by, 161; Nero and the, 209–10; Phocia and, 154–55, 171; Phocians fined by, 149–50, 154, 156, 159; Plutarch as member of, 216; and political independence of Delphi, 130; purpose of, 77–78, 144, 205–6; Pythian games and, 123–24; and rebuilding of Delphi, 94, 103, 146, 157, 159, 162, 340n16; responsibilities of, 144; Romans and role of, 226–28, 286–87; and scandal at Delphi, 195–96; Thessaly and, 82, 210, 227; and war against Crisa, 71–72, 75
Amphipolis, 133
Amphissa, 52, 152, 161–62, 170, 186, 188, 215; dedications at Delphi, 162
Anaxandridas, 219
Ancyra, 229
Andos, 132
Andromache (Euripides), 135
Androsthenes, 153
Anecdota Delphica (Curtius), 261
Anthony, 201–2; and political value of Delphi, 201–2
Antigonus II of Macedon, 178
Antinous, 233, 272, 299; cult at Delphi, 104, 224, 299; dedication of statue of, 224, 225, 272, 299; discovery and excavation of statue dedication, 272
Antiocheia: dedications from, 184
Antiochus III: dedications honoring, 184; “liberation” of Delphi by, 185; Roman defeat of, 185–86, 192
Antipatrus of Eleuthernai, 197, 206
Antoninus Pius, 228, 233
Apollas, 219
Apollo: ambiguity and Apollo Loxias, 29; divination and, 29, 40; and establishment of Delphi, 31–33; as god of colonization, 63; linked to Imperial cult of Rome, 237–38; and order vs. chaos, 39–40; purification of, 35; sites considered for oracle of, 32, 51. See also Apollo sanctuary at Delphi; Temple of Apollo
Apollo, or The Oracle at Delphi (1891), 22
Apollonia in Illyria: dedications from, 110–11 Apollonius, 219
Apollo Patroos, 175
Apollo Ptoios, sanctuary of, 96, 99, 104, 116, 178
Apollo Pythios: dual nature of, 41–42
Apollo sanctuary at Delphi, 69; Asclepieion shrine within, 226; Cleisthenes and dedication of, 82; entrances to, 294; evidence of cult activity buried in, 48; habitation at site of, 366n3; location of, Plate I; perimeter wall and boundary of, 74–75, 87, 293; photos of location, 3; reconstruction depicting dedications at entrance to, 129; reconstruction of, 16, 278; Roman agora adjacent to, 292; “sacred way” in, 246; Temple Terrace, 16, 102, 295, Plate II. See also Pythia; Temple of Apollo
Apollo’s arrival via chariot, pedimental sculpture, 101
Appius Claudius Censorinus, 200
apples, Delphic, 259n40, 359n40
Aratus of Achea, 179
arbitration: by the Amphictyony, 192; Pythia and, 58, 135–36, 138, 140, 174; by Roman corrector at Delphi and, 215
Arcadia: Arcadian confederacy, 135–36, 146; dedications by, 146–47; Sparta as enemy of, 57, 146
archaeological excavation: “big dig” (1892–1901), 42, 267–74, 277; at Corycian cave, 283–84; De le Coste-Messelière and, 275–76; and European appropriation of antiquities, 255–56; French, 43, 251, 263–67, 275–78 (See also “big dig” under this heading); German scholarship and, 252, 257, 261, 263; Greek support of, 257–58, 261–67, 274, 276–77; Homolle and, 265–66, 266–71, 273–75, 313n36; Leake’s maps and, 254; literary sources and expectations, 42, 233–34, 254, 256–57, 274; mudslide over excavated area, 277; Müller’s, 258; of oldest buildings at site, 294–95; Pomtow and, 265–66, 273, 275; in progress, 270, 271; Raike’s maps and, 254; relocation of Castri and, 259–60, 267, 269–70; Replat and site reconstruction, 274–75; Spon and Wheler expedition, 251, 253; Stuart and Revett expedition, 251; war and interruption of, 272, 275, 278–82
Archesilaus III of Cyrene, 97
Archesilaus IV of Cyrene, 123, 125
Archilochus of Paros, 320n12
architecture: Corinthian-style elements, 295; cultural homogeneity and temple, 77; and definition of community identity, 133; development of style vocabulary, 82, 342n44; domestic residences, 214; Doric style, 113; evolution of Greek architectural vocabulary, 82; Ionic style, 87, 105, 224, 226; mythology and identification of earliest structure at site, 41–42; style expe
rimentation and Delphic identity, 133, 288; terracing and engineering, 16, 45, 94, 102
archives: at Temple of Cybele, 141
Argive twins, 67, 296; discovery and excavation of, 268
Argos, 48, 133; Agesilaus and Spartan attack on, 142; Argive statues, Plate II; consultation of the oracle by, 114; dedications by, 67, 129, 133, 146, 362n15; divination at, 24; and purification of Apollo, 35
Arioborzanes, 147
Aristaineta, 176
Aristocles of Carystus, 156
Aristocrates, 197
Aristonice, 116–17, 310n5
Aristophanes, 25, 135, 136
Aristotle, 159, 167, 316n28, 343n48
Arkadia: dedications by, 129, 340n18 Artemis, 103
Artemisium, 120
Asclepiads, 17, 141–42; shrine within Apollo sanctuary, 226
Asclepius, 154, 169, 226, 320n8, 339n7; Amphictyony and shrine within Apollo sanctuary, 226; cult in Rome, 169; cult practices at Delphi, 154; inscription of the Aesclepiads, 17, 104, 141–42, 339n7
Aspis (Hesiod), 72
Astycrates, 148, 154
asylia (religious sanctuary), 168, 174–75, 178, 188, 345n17; Delphi and declarations of, 188
ateleia (exemption from consultation tax), 174
Athena: dedications depicting, 128. See also Athena sanctuary
Athena Nikephoros, sanctuary in Pergamon, 188
Athena sanctuary, 94–95, 159; 4th c. Temple in, Plate III; 6th c. Temple in, Plate III; altars in, Plate III; Amphictyony and, 103; Doric treasury, Plate III; and gymnasium at Delphi, 158–59; Hadrian statue dedication in, 224; location of, Plate I; Massalian treasury, 105, Plate III; rebuilding of, 103, 278, 292; reconstruction of, 278, Plate III; repurposing of treasury, 159; tholos in, 149, 278, 292, Plate III
Athenian dedications, 128–29, 166, 336n23; acanthus column, 166, 299, 344n10; palm tree, 16, 128; reconstruction depicting entrance to Apollo sanctuary, 129; spatial monopolization and, 128–30; statue groups, 113, 120, 129, 174, 293; stoa, Plate II; updating of, 172–73, 178. See also Athenian treasury
Athenian treasury, 115; architectural style of, 112–13; discovery and excavation of, 272; inscriptions on, 194, 293–94; as pawnshop, 239; rebuilding of, 293; site and construction, 293
Athens, 66, 75, 81, 100, 109; Aegospotamoi, battle of, 139–40; and Aetolian Soteria festival, 176; Alcmaeonids and rule of, 98–101, 109–10; Amphictyony and honors for, 194–95; boycott of Pythian games, 155–56, 166; Chaeroneia, defeat at, 161–62; consultation of the Pythia by, 136, 178; control of Delphi, 126–27; Crisans, war with, 71–72; dedications at Delphi (see Athenian dedications; Athenian treasury); Delian league and, 126; and domination of sanctuary space, 130, 132; First Fruits Decree, 133; independence of, 178; interpretation of “wooden wall” oracle, 117; and Marathon, 112–13, 129, 137, 293–94; Parthenon in, 251–52; peace agreements, 135; and Philip II of Macedon, conflict with, 155, 160; Philip V’s plan to annex, 184; political structure of, 98; preeminence of, 129–30; Pythia and protection of, 137; and rebuilding of Delphi, 156; relationship with Delphi, 81, 102, 134–36, 174–75, 178, 193–94, 204; Rome and, 204; Sparta as political/military rival of, 100–102, 111, 130–32, 134–35, 137, 139–40, 147; Sulla’s siege of, 198–99; symbolic association with Delphi, 102; Thebes as rival, 148
athletic competitions, 4, 72, 73, 364n34; Capitoline games in Rome, 213; dedications honoring victories, 123, 188, 197, 214, 238, 300; at Delphi (see Pythian games); funding of, 72, 83; Isthmain games, 184; Nero as competitor in, 209–10; Nikephoria games, 188; Olympics, 204, 207; periodos circuit of, 76, 209, 229, 288, 324n7, 339n7; and reputation of Delphi, 287; revival of Olympics during 19th century, 272; at Sicyon, 83; of Soteria festival, 173, 175–76; at Thessalonike, 237; women as competitors in, 209; as worship of Emperor, 237
Attaleia, 192, 220
Attalus I, 186–87
Attalus II, 192; and First Macedonian War, 180; statue of, location, 16; stoa dedicated by, 177
Attica, 66; pottery from, 53
Augustus, 220; dedications to sanctuary at Delphi, 203–4; herm dedicated by Athens in honor of, 206–7; and oversight of Delphi, 203
Aulus Gellius, 229
Aurelia Julia Sotia, 240
Aurelius Niciadas, M., 207, 363n31
Aurelius Ptolemaius, M., 362n15
Avidius Nigrinus, C., 215–16
Avidius Quietus, T., 214
Bassae, Temple of, 254
baths, Roman, 213–14, 236, 238, 240, 246, 336n2, 361n6, 365n43, 366n2, Plate II; location of, 158
battles: Actium, 203; Aegospotamoi, 137, 139–40, 147, 156, 219; Chaeroneia, 155, 161–62, 165; Magnesia, 186; Mantinea, 147; Marathon, 112–13, 129, 137, 160, 178, 293–94; Philippi, 201; Plataea, 117; Pydna, 190, 193, 299–300; Salamis, 117, 120
bias: and consultation via sealed jars, 151–52; Delphic oracle as biased, 151, 161
“big dig” (1892–1901), 42, 267–74; online records of, 269
Birds (Aristophanes), 25
bison, statue portrait of, 174
Bithynia, 251n17
“Black house” (maison noire), 45, 49, 51, 64, 74 Black Sea settlements, 132
Boeotia: and access to Delphi, 136; Athens as enemy of, 110, 136; cauldrons from, 67; consultation of the oracle, 86; dedications by, 160, 174, 177, 207–8; Perseus of Macedon and, 189; pottery from, 53; proxenia and, 344n6; sanctuaries in, 178
border disputes, 188; and community identity, 59; Delphi’s boundaries and, 193–94, 215; Roman arbitration of, 215
bouleuterion, 87, 143, 326n23
boundaries: Delphi’s, 59, 186; of sanctuary in Delphi, 64, 66, 195–96. See also border disputes; walls
Bourguet, Emilie, 275
Bousquet, Jean, 277
Brennus, 170
bribes, 25, 100–101, 111–12, 114–16, 134, 141
British School, 264
bronze: Antiocheian dedications, 184; bull, 67–68, 300; Charioteer, 123, 272, 300; colossal Apollo statue in sanctuary, 132; “E,” 204, 217; embellishment on Gigantomachy frieze, 107; palm trees, 107, 128, 137; serpents on Plataean column, 121; temple, legendary, 36; tripods, 45, 48; value in ancient world, 300; vessels used in oracle consultation, 151–52; weapons, 44; wolf, 131
Brutus, 201
bulls, statues of, 122; bronze, 68; silver, 88, 89, 297
burial: of cult objects during rituals, 221; of dedications, 44, 88–90, 89, 123, 278–79, 297, 300, 328n36, Plate V; dromos tomb, 44; Meleager sarcophagus, 231–32, 257; Mycenaean cult figures as funerary items, 44; necropolis of Delphi, 230–32; of oracle responses, 310n2; in sanctuary as honor, 119, 339n7
Byron, George Gordon Lord, 256–57; graffiti signature at Delphi, 256
Caesar (Julius), 200, 201
calendar, 173, 220, 226. See also festivals at Delphi
Caligula, 207–8
Callinus of Ephesus, 62–63
Callisthenes, 159
Camillus, 168, 175
Caphis, 197
Caracella, 235
Caristanius Julianus, 214
Carthage, 170, 179–80, 184, 190, 193
Carus, 238, 239
caryatids, 106, 106–7
Carystus: dedications, 122, 156
Cassius, 201
Castalian fountain, 13, 245, 277, 292; location of, Plate I; photos of location, 3; statuary dedications at, 132
Castri, 249; earthquake damage at, 262–63; before excavation, 259, 260; Gell’s drawing of, 254; museum proposed at, 257; negotiations with residents, 262–64, 266–67, 269–70; relocation and archaeological excavation, 259–60, 267, 269–70
ceramics: Athenian vase painting, 135; cultural homogeneity and, 77; as dedications, 66; depictions of Delphi in, 135; krater depicting murder of Neoptolemus at Delphi, 125; lamps found in Corycian cave, 219; Neolithic shards, 43; shift from Thessalian to Corinthian style, 45; Thapsos ware, 47
Chaeroneia: battle of, 155, 161–62, 165; as Plutarch’s home city, 215, 216
Chalcis, 56, 59
Chandler, Richard, 253
Chapel of Gaia, 68
Chapel of St. George, 248
Charila festival, 221
Charioteer of Delphi, 123, 300, Plate VI; buried with earthquake rubble, 156; discovery and excavation of, 272; location of, 16
chariots: Ammon depicted in, 160; chariot racing during Pythian games, 124–25; as dedications, 123, 160. See also Charioteer of Delphi
Charixenus, 176
chasm, 20, 22, 23
Chersonesus, 86
Chios, 15; altar dedication by, 16, 173, 176, 246, 272, 276–77, 294, 332n19, 333n42; and promanteia, 173, 294; updating of dedications by, 172–73
chresmographeion (waiting area), 17
chresmologoi (oracle-tellers or seers), 25
Christianity, 6, 11; basilicas at Delphi, 247–48; Christian period artifacts, 248, 300; Church on gymnasium site, 292; and decline of Delphi, 239–40; Julian the Apostate and, 243; oracles as continuing institution during, 236, 243–44; and prohibition of paganism, 245; research on Christian-era Delphi, 372n34; schism of, 250; statues of Christian emperors in pagan sanctuary, 242–43; and tolerance of paganism, 243–44; use of pagan motifs or symbols, 247, 248
Chrysostom Dios, 214
Chyselephantine sculpture, 205; dedication by Corinth, 88, 90, 297, Plate V
Cicero, 199–200
Clarke, Edward, 253
Claudian, 245
Claudius, 207; as archon of Delphi, 208–9; correspondence with Delphi, 208; dedications honoring, 208
Claudius Callippianus, Tib., 364n31
Claudius Gothicus, 238, 239
Claudius Leonticus, Cn., 235
Claudius Marcellus, 175
Clazomenae, 108, 140
Clearchus, 184
Clearistus of Carystus, 156
Cleisthenes of Athens, 98–99
Cleisthenes of Sicyon, 72, 75, 82–83
Cleisthenes the Alcmaeonid, 109–10
Clement of Alexandria, 236
Cleobis and Biton (Argive twins), 67, 296
Cleomenes of Sparta, 109, 111–12
Cnidian lesche, 128, 160, 192, Plate II; houses built on site of, 246
Cnidos, 87, 97–98, 128; lesche dedication by, 128, 160, 192, Plate II; statue of Dionysus dedicated by, 153; treasury, 212, 272
Cobon, 112
coins, 77, 123, 199; Amphictyony and minting of, 159, 159, 199
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