by H. W. Brands
13. John D. Rockefeller, Random Reminiscences of Men and Events (New York: Doubleday, Doran, 1937), 81.
14. Chernow, Titan, 106–10. Flagler, who would gain greater fame for making Florida a tourist destination, is the subject of David Leon Chandler, Flagler: The Astonishing Life and Times of the Visionary Robber Baron Who Founded Florida (New York: Macmillan, 1986), and the somewhat more restrained Edward N. Akin, Flagler: Rockefeller Partner and Florida Baron (Kent: Kent State University Press, 1988).
15. Rockefeller, Random Reminiscences, 81; Brands, Masters of Enterprise, 85–86.
16. Joseph Frazier Wall, Andrew Carnegie (New York: Oxford University Press, 1970), 65. A more recent biography is Peter Krass, Carnegie (New York: John Wiley, 2002). Burton J. Hendrick, The Life of Andrew Carnegie, 2 vols. (Garden City: Doubleday, Doran, 1932), remains valuable. Harold C. Livesay, Andrew Carnegie and the Rise of Big Business (Boston: Little, Brown, 1975), and Louis M. Hacker, The World of Andrew Carnegie: 1865–1901 (Philadelphia: Lippincott, 1968), sketch his world and significance.
17. Wall, Andrew Carnegie, 67–71.
18. Andrew Carnegie, Autobiography of Andrew Carnegie (1920; Boston: Houghton Mifflin, 1948), 33.
19. Ibid., 67–69.
20. Wall, Andrew Carnegie, 138.
21. Ibid., 189; Hendrick, Life of Andrew Carnegie, 1:123–24.
22. Carnegie, Autobiography, 136–37.
23. Ibid., 170–71; Wall, Andrew Carnegie, 197.
24. Henrietta M. Larson, Jay Cooke: Private Banker (New York: Greenwood Press, 1968), 177. A brief account of Cooke’s Civil War career is H. W. Brands, The Money Men (New York: Norton/Atlas, 2006), ch. 3.
25. Josephson, Robber Barons, 94–98.
26. Ellis Paxson Oberholzer, Jay Cooke: Financier of the Civil War, 2 vols. (Philadelphia, 1907), 2:421–22.
27. Edwin F. Burrows and Mike Wallace, Gotham: A History of New York City to 1898 (New York: Oxford University Press, 1999), 1020–21. An insightful and engaging account of the causes and manifestations of the Panic of 1873 is Robert Sobel, Panic on Wall Street (New York: E. P. Dutton, 1988), ch. 5. Other Sobel chapters detail other panics.
28. Josephson, Robber Barons, 187.
29. Chernow, House of Morgan, 43–44; Strouse, Morgan, 197–99.
30. Ibid., 248–49; Brands, Masters of Enterprise, 68–69.
31. Ibid., 69–70; George Wheeler, Pierpont Morgan and Friends: The Anatomy of a Myth (Englewood Cliffs: Prentice-Hall, 1973), 178; New York Times, Jan. 11, 1889.
32. Nevins, Study in Power, 1:93–94; Chernow, Titan, 117.
33. Chernow, Titan, 132.
34. Brands, Masters of Enterprise, 84–85.
35. Nevins, Study in Power, 1:104.
36. Flynn, God’s Gold, 401; Chernow, Titan, xxi–xxii; Nevins, Study in Power, 1:141.
37. Yergin, The Prize, 52.
38. Chernow, Titan, 153.
39. Ibid., 226–27; Nevins, Study in Power, 1:385–402.
40. Chernow, Titan, 228–29.
41. Nevins, Study in Power, 2:101; Yergin, The Prize, 51–54.
42. Carnegie, Autobiography, 167.
43. Ibid., 129–30.
44. Hendrick, Life of Andrew Carnegie, 1:211–13; Wall, Andrew Carnegie, 331–32.
45. Brands, Masters of Enterprise, 58–59.
46. Ibid., 59; Wall, Andrew Carnegie, 337.
47. Hendrick, Life of Andrew Carnegie, 1:202–03.
48. Brands, Masters of Enterprise, 63.
CHAPTER 4: TOIL AND TROUBLE
1. Kevin Kenny, Making Sense of the Molly Maguires (New York: Oxford University Press, 1998), 181–82.
2. Ibid., 57–60; The Story of Anthracite (New York: Hudson Coal Company, 1932), ch. 7.
3. Story of Anthracite, 168; Kenny, Making Sense of the Molly Maguires, 126–27; Priscilla Long, Where the Sun Never Shines: A History of America’s Bloody Coal Industry (New York: Paragon House, 1989), 31–32; Andrew Roy, A History of the Coal Miners of the United States (Columbus: J. L. Trauger Printing Company, 1906), 81–85.
4. Marvin W. Schlegel, Ruler of the Reading: The Life of Franklin B. Gowen, 1836–1889 (Harrisburg: Archives Publishing Company of Pennsylvania, 1947), is the only biography of Gowen.
5. Kenny, Making Sense of the Molly Maguires, 61–62; Long, Where the Sun Never Shines, 105–06.
6. Perry K. Blatz, Democratic Miners: Work and Labor Relations in the Anthracite Coal Industry, 1875–1925 (Albany: State University Press of New York, 1994), 18–20; Kenny, Making Sense of the Molly Maguires, 127.
7. Kenny, Making Sense of the Molly Maguires, 176; Roy, History of the Coal Miners, 95–96; Long, Where the Sun Never Shines, 108–09.
8. Allan Pinkerton, The Mollie Maguires and the Detectives (New York: G. W. Dillingham, 18870), 16–17.
9. Wayne E. Broehl Jr., Molly Maguires (Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 1964), 152–55, 202–03, 225–26, 235; Kenny, Making Sense of the Molly Maguires, 155–56.
10. Kenny, Making Sense of the Molly Maguires, 269–74.
11. Ibid., 290–94; Edward Winslow Martin, The History of the Great Riots … Together with a Full History of the Mollie Maguires (Philadelphia: National Publishing Company, 1877), 511–12.
12. Broehl, Molly Maguires, 299–300.
13. Kenny, Making Sense of the Molly Maguires, 219–20; New York Times, May 14, 1876.
14. Broehl, Molly Maguires, 337–39; Kenny, Making Sense of the Molly Maguires, 250–56; Anthony Bimba, The Molly Maguires (New York: International Publishers, 1932), 116–21.
15. Long, Where the Sun Never Shines, 109.
16. Robert V. Bruce, 1877: Year of Violence (Indianapolis: Bobbs-Merrill, 1959), 40.
17. Ibid., 39–42; New York Times, April 9, 1877.
18. H. W. Brands, Masters of Enterprise: Giants of American Business from John Jacob Astor and J. P. Morgan to Bill Gates and Oprah Winfrey (New York: Free Press, 1999), 88; Allan Nevins, Study in Power: John D. Rockefeller, Industrialist and Philanthropist, 2 vols. (New York: Scribner, 1953), 1:237. George H. Burgess and Miles C. Kennedy, Centennial History of the Pennsylvania Railroad Company (Philadelphia: Pennsylvania Railroad Company, 1949), gives the company’s view. James A. Ward, “Power and Accountability on the Pennsylvania Railroad, 1846–1878,” Business History Review 49 (1975): 37–59, focuses on top corporate leadership of the Penn, including Tom Scott.
19. Bruce, 1877, 50–52.
20. Ibid., 57–62.
21. Ibid., 76–85; Samuel Yellen, American Labor Struggles (New York: Harcourt, Brace, 1936), 9–11; Edward Winslow Martin, The History of the Great Riots, Being a Full and Authentic Account of the Strikes and Riots on the Various Railroads (Philadelphia: National Publishing Company, 1877), 17–49.
22. Barton C. Hacker, “The United States Army as a National Police Force: The Federal Policing of Labor Disputes, 1877–1898,” Military Affairs 33 (1969): 255–64, shows how Hayes’s decision became a precedent. Jerry M. Cooper, The Army and Civil Disorder: Federal Military Intervention in Labor Disputes, 1877–1900 (Westport: Greenwood Press, 1980), covers the same ground in much greater detail.
23. Bruce, 1877, 90–114; Yellen, American Labor Struggles, 12; Martin, History of the Great Riots, 50–75.
24. Bruce, 1877, 118–36.
25. Ibid., 141–57; Yellen, American Labor Struggles, 15–18; Martin, History of the Great Riots, 76–124.
26. Bruce, 1877, 159–64.
27. Ibid., 135–36, 226; New York Times, July 21 and 25, 1877.
28. Bruce, 1877, 188–201; Martin, History of the Great Riots, 125–88.
29. Bruce, 1877, 128, 203–08, 239–70; Martin, History of the Great Riots, 369–430; Philip Taft, Organized Labor in American History (New York: Harper & Row, 1964), 76–83.
30. Bruce, 1877, 279; Ari Hoogenboom, The Presidency of Rutherford B. Hayes (Lawrence: University Press of Kansas, 1988), 79–92.
31. Walter Nelles, “A Strike and Its Legal Consequences: An Examination of the Receivership Precedent fo
r the Labor Injunction,” Yale Law Journal 40 (1931): 507–54. For context and consequences, see Gerald G. Eggert, Railroad Labor Disputes: The Beginnings of Federal Strike Policy (Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Press, 1967).
32. Diary and Letters of Rutherford Burchard Hayes, ed. Charles Richard Williams, 5 vols. (Columbus: Ohio State Archaeological and Historical Society, 1922–26), 3:440–41.
CHAPTER 5: THE CONQUEST OF THE SOUTH
1. Booker T. Washington, Up from Slavery: An Autobiography (1901; New York: Dover, 1995), 9–10. For context and a check on Washington’s memory, see Louis R. Harlan, Booker T. Washington: The Making of a Black Leader, 1856–1901 (New York: Oxford University Press, 1972), ch. 1. John W. Blassingame, ed., Slave Testimony: Two Centuries of Letters, Speeches, Interviews, and Autobiographies (Baton Rouge: Louisiana State University Press, 1977), sec. 5, contains recollections of other former slaves of their moments of emancipation.
2. William Tecumseh Sherman and John Sherman, The Sherman Letters: Correspondence between General and Senator Sherman from 1837 to 1891, ed. Rachel Sherman Thorndike (New York: C. Scribner’s Sons, 1894), 55; John E. Marszalek, Sherman: A Soldier’s Passion for Order (New York: Vintage Civil War Library, 1994), 109; Lloyd Lewis, Sherman: Fighting Prophet (New York: Harcourt, Brace & Co., 1932), 119.
3. William Tecumseh Sherman, Memoirs of General W. T. Sherman (New York: Library of America, 1990), 727–28.
4. Ibid., 725–27.
5. Ira Berlin et al., eds., The Wartime Genesis of Free Labor: The Lower South (New York: Cambridge University Press, 1990), 338–40. This volume is part of the series Freedom: A Documentary History of Emancipation, 1861–67, based on documents from the National Archives.
6. Ella Gertrude Clanton Thomas, The Secret Eye: The Journal of Ella Gertrude Clanton Thomas, ed. Virginia Ingraham Burr (Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 1990), 253–54. Clarence L. Mohr, On the Threshold of Freedom: Masters and Slaves in Civil War Georgia (Athens: University of Georgia Press, 1986), provides the background for Thomas’s story. James L. Roark, Masters without Slaves: Southern Planters in the Civil War and Reconstruction (New York: Norton, 1977), depicts the travails of the class to which the Thomas family belonged.
7. Thomas, Secret Eye, 257–58.
8. Ibid., 261–65.
9. W. E. Burghardt Du Bois, Black Reconstruction in America (New York: Russell & Russell, 1935), 601–04.
10. Claude F. Oubre, Forty Acres and a Mule: The Freedmen’s Bureau and Black Land Ownership (Baton Rouge: Louisiana State University Press, 1978), 52–54; Steven Hahn, A Nation under Our Feet: Black Political Struggles in the Rural South from Slavery to the Great Migration (Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 2003), 143–44.
11. Thomas, Secret Eye, 267–72.
12. J. T. Trowbridge, A Picture of the Desolated States; and the Work of Restoration (Hartford: L. Stebbins, 1868), 454.
13. Ibid., 361. George R. Bentley, A History of the Freedmen’s Bureau (New York: Octagon Books, 1970), offers a concise account of the work of the bureau.
14. Trowbridge, Desolated States, 363–65.
15. Ibid., 423–24, 442–44.
16. Leon F. Litwack, Been in the Storm So Long: The Aftermath of Slavery (New York: Knopf, 1979), 333–35.
17. U.S. Congress, Senate Executive Document 6, 39th Cong., 2nd sess., 1867, 193–95, 208–09.
18. Ibid., 218–19. Theodore Brantner Wilson, The Black Codes of the South (University: University of Alabama Press, 1965), characterizes the origins, essence, and effects of the black codes.
19. U.S. Congress, Senate Executive Document 6, 39th Cong., 2nd sess., 1867, 194, 211.
20. Litwack, Been in the Storm So Long, 366; Robert W. Johannsen, ed, Reconstruction, 1865–1877 (New York: Free Press, 1970), 41.
21. Litwack, Been in the Storm So Long, 369.
22. Heather Cox Richardson, The Death of Reconstruction: Race, Labor, and Politics in the Post–Civil War North, 1865–1901 (Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 2001), 17.
23. Washington, Up from Slavery, 19.
24. Ibid., 20–23.
25. Ibid., 23–25.
26. Ibid., 28–29, 35. Washington’s Hampton years are covered in Harlan, Booker T. Washington, 52–77.
27. Henry Lee Swint, The Northern Teacher in the South, 1862–1870 (Nashville: Vanderbilt University Press, 1941), 89.
28. Trowbridge, Desolated States, 427–28.
29. Litwack, Been in the Storm So Long, 387.
30. Ibid., 416, 437; Whitelaw Reid, After the War: A Southern Tour (Cincinnati: Moore, Wilstach & Baldwin, 1866), 447.
31. Reid, After the War, 561.
32. Litwack, Been in the Storm So Long, 390.
33. John Richard Dennett, The South as It Is: 1865–1866, ed. Henry M. Christman (New York: Viking, 1965), 53.
34. Trowbridge, Desolated States, 386.
35. Crop-lien laws, and the emergence of sharecropping in general, are discussed in Charles S. Aiken, The Cotton Plantation South since the Civil War (Baltimore: Johns Hopkins Press, 1998), chs. 1 and 2.
CHAPTER 6: LAKOTA’S LAST STAND
1. H. W. Brands, The First American: The Life and Times of Benjamin Franklin (New York: Doubleday, 2000), 598; Jon Kukla, A Wilderness So Immense: The Louisiana Purchase and the Destiny of America (New York: Knopf, 2003), 231; H. W. Brands, Andrew Jackson: His Life and Times (New York: Doubleday, 2005), 217–70; James M. McPherson, Battle Cry of Freedom: The Civil War Era (New York: Oxford University Press, 1988), 638.
2. Henry G. Waltmann, “Sioux Indians” (revised by Kathryn Abbott), in Howard R. Lamar, ed., The New Encyclopedia of the American West (New Haven: Yale University Press, 1998), 1051–54. See Richard White, The Middle Ground: Indians, Empires, and Republics in the Great Lakes Region, 1650–1815 (New York: Cambridge University Press, 1991), for details and context.
3. Andrew C. Isenberg, The Destruction of the Bison: An Environmental History, 1750–1920 (New York: Cambridge University Press, 2000), 41; Richard White, “The Winning of the West: The Expansion of the Western Sioux in the Eighteenth and Nineteenth Centuries,” Journal of American History 65 (1978): 323. White expands on this theme and others in It’s Your Misfortune and None of My Own: A History of the American West (Norman: University of Oklahoma Press, 1991).
4. White, “Winning of the West,” 322.
5. George Catlin, Letters and Notes on the Manners, Customs, and Conditions of the North American Indians (1844; New York: Dover, 1973), 256.
6. White, “Winning of the West,” 321.
7. Ibid., 325, 329–30; White, It’s Your Misfortune, 25–26. Jared M. Diamond, Guns, Germs, and Steel: The Fates of Human Societies (New York: Norton, 1997), has much to say on this subject and related ones.
8. White, “Winning of the West,” 337.
9. Ibid., 337–41; Remi A. Nadeau, Fort Laramie and the Sioux Indians (Englewood Cliffs: Prentice-Hall, 1967), 66–82.
10. Dee Brown, Bury My Heart at Wounded Knee: An Indian History of the American West (New York: Holt, Rinehart & Winston, 1970), 79, 83, 90.
11. Ibid., 89–90; Stan Hoig, The Sand Creek Massacre (Norman: University of Oklahoma Press, 1961), 145–62, 177–92; Elliot West, The Contested Plains: Indians, Goldseekers, and the Rush to Colorado (Lawrence: University Press of Kansas, 1998), 299–307.
12. Hoig, Sand Creek Massacre, 162–76.
13. Brown, Bury My Heart at Wounded Knee, 95–96.
14. Ibid., 97, 130. Perhaps needless to say, this is a translation into English of Red Cloud’s actual words. Brown’s book is based largely on such translations, which vary in faithfulness and eloquence according to the translators.
15. Mike Sajna, Crazy Horse: The Life behind the Legend (New York: John Wiley, 2000), 196.
16. Ibid., 200–02; Stephen E. Ambrose, Crazy Horse and Custer: The Parallel Lives of Two American Warriors (Garden City: Doubleday, 1975), 222–25.
17. Lloyd Lewis, Sherman: Fighting Prophet (New York: Harcourt, Brace, 1932),
575, 585.
18. Ibid., 577–78; H. W. Brands, The Age of Gold: The California Gold Rush and the New American Dream (New York: Doubleday, 2002), 409–10.
19. Lewis, Sherman, 596; Brands, Age of Gold, 429.
20. Lewis, Sherman, 597; David Haward Bain, Empire Express: Building the First Transcontinental Railroad (New York: Viking, 1999), 312.
21. Sherman, Memoirs, 926; Lewis, Sherman, 598; Brands, Age of Gold, 431–32.
22. Ambrose, Crazy Horse and Custer, 281.
23. Dee Brown, Bury My Heart at Wounded Knee, 170–72.
24. Sajna, Crazy Horse, 217–19.
25. Ibid., 223–24.
26. Robert M. Utley, The Lance and the Shield: The Life and Times of Sitting Bull (New York: Ballantine Books, 1993), 88–92.
27. Ambrose, Crazy Horse and Custer, 346.
28. Sajna, Crazy Horse, 251.
29. Ibid., 253–54; Ambrose, Crazy Horse and Custer, 350; Donald Jackson, Custer’s Gold: The United States Cavalry Expedition of 1874 (New Haven: Yale University Press, 1966), 87–89.
30. Ambrose, Crazy Horse and Custer, 363–64; Sajna, Crazy Horse, 255.
31. Ambrose, Crazy Horse and Custer, 372–74.
32. Black Elk, Black Elk Speaks, as told through John G. Neihardt (1932; New York: Pocket Books, 1972), 6–12. This most celebrated Sioux memoir has troubled scholars and other readers for decades, on account of their inability to tease out how much of the tale, and especially the language, is Black Elk’s and how much John Neihardt’s. Yet the issue is hardly peculiar to Indian memoirs, characterizing countless “as told to” recollections by famous persons of various ethnicities and backgrounds. And whatever questions the text raises, the work remains a classic. The fullest consideration of the Black Elk–John Neihardt collaboration can be found in The Sixth Grandfather: Black Elk’s Teachings Given to John G. Neihardt, ed. Raymond J. DeMallie (Lincoln: University of Nebraska Press, 1984).
33. Black Elk Speaks, 18–29.
34. Ibid., 70–72.
35. Ambrose, Crazy Horse and Custer, 384; Sajna, Crazy Horse, 277–78.
