44 “Am giving it” P. C. Knox to TR, 11 Dec. 1901 (TRB). For TR’s dispatch of his overworked Attorney General to Florida, see TR to Knox, 5 Dec. 1902 (PCK). “I am not dead,” Knox wrote a friend, “… but so far as attending to anything personal, might just as well have been.” To James S. Young, 15 Jan. 1902 (PCK).
45 Now, eight weeks Antitrust notes, Feb. 1902, in PCK.
46 Plunging deep into Memorandum, “Comment on ‘Underlying Laws’ (in all social and industrial movements), as suggested by Kidd’s Western Civilization,” ca. 1902, in PCK.
47 What, then, of Review of Reviews, Apr. 1902; P. C. Knox memo, 10 Feb. 1902 (PCK); McCurdy, “Knight Sugar Decision of 1895.” TR and Knox agreed that Kidd’s revisionist allowance seemed to apply to Knight, which had become the enabling bible of laissez-faire. The Attorney General advised that the best chance to “reverse” Knight’s effect would be to press a suit that challenged it technically, but not in principle. TR ordered him to go ahead. “This [reversal] I felt it imperative to secure.” TR to Charles G. Washburn, qu. in Washburn, Theodore Roosevelt: The Logic of His Career (Boston, 1916), 67–68.
48 Knox felt that Washburn, Theodore Roosevelt, 67–68.
49 For once in Eitler, “Philander Chase Knox,” 63–64.
50 Farther off, in See Henry Clay Frick to P. C. Knox, 11 Nov. 1901 and 5 Feb. 1902 (PCK).
51 a fourteen-page opinion Draft in PCK; New York Herald, 10 Feb. 1902. The actual delivered opinion is now lost. Eitler theorizes (although the Herald reports otherwise) that it was given to TR orally. “Philander Chase Knox,” 64.
52 “If you instruct” Qu. by Walter Wellman in Chicago Record-Herald, 16 Mar. 1904 (a leak of TR’s own telling of the story to his Cabinet, the day before).
53 “Mr. Hanna,” Martin, James J. Hill, 514.
54 Hanna, preoccupied with Ibid. The New York Times, 20 Feb. 1902.
55 “The government has” Mark Hanna to Charles E. Perkins, memorandum, 11 July 1904, qu. in Martin, James J. Hill, 515. Griggs was already representing Hill in Knox’s suit.
56 “Within a very” The New York Times, 20 Feb. 1902.
57 The statement was Thompson, Party Leaders, 312; Thorelli, Federal Antitrust Policy, 563. The Minnesota suit indeed was rejected. Review of Reviews, Apr. 1902; Martin, James J. Hill, 512.
58 Knox’s willingness Literary Digest, 1 Mar. 1902; New York Herald, The Washington Post, New York Sun, and New York World, 21 Feb. 1902.
59 It had been The New York Times and New York Herald, 21 Feb. 1902; Adams, Letters, vol. 5, 344–45; Knox qu. in Historical Register, 1921, 60.
60 Shortly afterward New York Tribune, New York World, and Washington Evening Star, 22 Feb. 1902.
61 BEFORE NIGHTFALL New York World, 22 Feb. 1902; New York Tribune, 24 Feb. 1902. For an account of the dinner, see Adams, Letters, vol. 5, 346.
62 If the purpose Adams, Letters, vol. 5, 346; New York Tribune, 24 Feb. 1902.
63 they stood shoulder The phrase is that of L. T. Michener to E. W. Halford, ca. 25 Mar. 1902 (copy in HKB).
64 The Secretary of War Adams, Letters, vol. 5, 345–47; William H. Taft to Mrs. Taft, 1 Mar. 1902 (WHT); Cleveland Plain Dealer, 25 Mar. 1902; William H. Taft qu. in Archibald Butt, Taft and Roosevelt: The Intimate Letters of Archie Butt (New York, 1930), 2, 690. Harbaugh, Life and Times, 160–61, discusses TR’s probable reasons for excluding Root.
65 Either that, or Adams, Letters, vol. 5, 347.
66 There was something See Edward Steichen’s famous 1903 portrait of Morgan, reproduced with another “take” in Strouse, Morgan, 496–97.
67 Yet interlocutors Ray Stannard Baker, “Morgan”; “J. P. Morgan,” bound obituaries file, 1913, NYPL. The definitive life is Strouse, Morgan.
68 “That is just” Bishop, Theodore Roosevelt, vol. 1, 184–85. For another interpretation of this famous dialogue, see Kolko, Triumph of Conservatism, 69.
69 “send your man” “Your man” is Knox; “my man” is Francis Lynde Stetson, Morgan’s personal attorney.
70 Alone with Knox Bishop, Theodore Roosevelt, vol. 1, 184–85.
71 THE HOUSE OF The New York Times, 31 Mar. 1913, in Knox scrapbooks (PCK); Knox qu. in New York American, 12 Jan. 1912, Knox scrapbooks (PCK).
72 Knox’s formal complaint The New York Times, 11 Mar. 1902; James Montgomery Beck, May It Please the Court (New York, 1930), 333.
73 OF THE THREE Martin, James J. Hill, 515–16; The New York Times, 21 Feb. 1902; Meyer, “The Northern Securities Case,” 246–47; Joseph G. Pyle, The Life of James J. Hill (New York, 1917), vol. 2, 171–72.
74 Roosevelt’s action Adler, Jacob H. Schiff, vol. 1, 111; Albert Shaw in Review of Reviews, Apr. 1902; Robert Wiebe, Businessmen and Reform (Cambridge, Mass., 1902), 44; Eitler, “Philander Chase Knox,” 67–68; Presidential scrapbook (TRP). TR was emphatic that his object was not to extend the applicability of Knight as to overturn it, and thus revitalize the necessity for some government control over business.
75 “I am rather” TR, Letters, vol. 3, 236.
76 He pretended to Lee, Good Innings, vol. 1, 261; TR, Letters, 3, 225, 237; Presidential scrapbook (TRP); TR, Letters, 3, 237, 239; Irwin Hoover, Forty-Two Years in the White House, (Boston, 1934), 293; Morris, Edith Kermit Roosevelt, 234; dinner plans and settings in J. E. Fenwick, compiler, “The White House Record of Social Functions” (NA). The last-named record, in thirteen volumes, offers documentary evidence of the splendor of White House entertainments in the Roosevelt Era, 1901–1909.
77 Alice Roosevelt—debutante Marguerite Cassini, Never a Dull Moment (New York, 1956), 168–89; Literary Digest, 12 Apr. 1902.
78 He regretted the Literary Digest, 12 Apr. 1902; Cassini, Never a Dull Moment, 194; Adams, Letters, vol. 5, 351; Morris, Edith Kermit Roosevelt. See also Rixey, Bamie, 196ff.
79 Previous Presidents Thorelli, Federal Antitrust Policy, 586–87. The adverb voluntarily emphasizes that all of Harrison’s, Cleveland’s, and McKinley’s antitrust suits were initiated outside their administrations, at the state or private level.
80 For these reasons Wister, Roosevelt, 209. See also Lamoreaux, Great Merger Movement, 166.
CHAPTER 6: TWO PILOTS ABOARD, AND ROCKS AHEAD
1 It looks to me “Mr. Dooley,” qu. in Sullivan, Our Times, vol. 3, 86.
2 “CHAOS! EVERYWHERE!” The Washington Post, 15 Mar. 1902.
3 “Both compass and” Ibid.
4 On the very day Washington Times, 15 Mar. 1902.
5 Hanna’s presidential Adams, Letters, vol. 5, 349; “The Hanna Presidential Boom,” Literary Digest, 7 June 1902, 23; The Washington Post, 10 Mar. 1901. “There is now in operation the most complete Bureau since 1896, and that Bureau is working day and night for Mark Hanna.” L. T. Michener to Eugene Hay, ca. 24 Dec. 1901 (copy in HKB).
6 They estimated Cleveland Plain Dealer, 13 Mar. 1902; The Washington Post, 15 Mar. 1902; Chairman of the New York Irish Republican League to Mark Hanna, 21 July 1902 (MHM). This last correspondent reported that in a recent poll of his membership, representing Manhattan and the Bronx, more than two thirds had expressed a preference for Hanna.
7 Hanna dismissed the Public Opinion, 27 Mar. 1902; Volnay W. Foster, assistant treasurer of the Republican National Committee, qu. in unidentified news clip (MHM); Toledo Blade news clip, ca. 15 Mar. 1902 (MHM). The dinner was held in New York on 5 Mar. 1902.
8 Deep in his Mrs. Hanna, interviewed by J. B. Morrow, 19 May 1905 (MHM); Robert C. Rhodes, interviewed by J. B. Morrow, 17 Apr. 1906 (MHM).
9 Yet Hanna’s web Croly, Marcus Alonzo Hanna, 375–76; Missouri Post-Dispatch, 5 Apr. 1902, news clip in MHM. Gould, Reform and Regulation, 40, discounts the strength of Hanna’s web, finding it “fragile.” That may have been the case later on, but contemporary sources are united in depicting the Senator as the GOP leader and likely nominee in 1904. He remained at this apex of power through the rest of the year.
10 It was understood John T. Flynn, “Mark Hanna—Big Business in Politics,” Scribner’s, Au
g. 1933; Croly, Marcus Alonzo Hanna, 272, 344–45, 373.
11 Such eminence A. B. Hough, interviewed by J. B. Morrow (MHM); The Washington Post, 29 Mar. 1902.
12 The Commanding General The Washington Post, 15 Mar. 1902.
13 “General Miles’s most” Boston Herald, 19 Mar. 1902.
14 Not content with TR to Nelson A. Miles, 17 Feb. 1902 (TRP; suppressed). See also TR, Letters, vol. 3, 245.
15 The letter was TR, Letters, vol. 3, 232, 240–42, 244–47.
16 He had hardly Washington Evening Star, 19 Feb. 1902.
17 Root wrote separately 57 Cong., 1 sess., 1902, S. Doc. 205, pt. 1, 1–3; Leopold, Elihu Root, 36; Jessup, Elihu Root, vol. 1, 338–39.
18 Root’s words masked 57 Cong., 1 sess., 1902, S. Doc. 24, pt. 1, 881–85. For racism among United States soldiers in the Philippines, see Richard E. Welch, Jr., Response to Imperialism: The United States and the Philippine-American War, 1899–1902 (Chapel Hill, 1979), chap. 8, and for their moral degeneration see Stuart Creighton Miller, “Benevolent Assimilation”: The American Conquest of the Philippines, 1899–1903 (New Haven, 1983), chap. 10.
19 So damning was Taft qu. in The Washington Post, 11 Apr. 1902. Attached to the report was the statement of a provincial official that one third of the population of Batangas—some one hundred thousand Filipinos—had died from war, disease, and famine. This document was not included in the final released text. Herbert Welsh to Moorfield Storey, 11 Apr. 1902 (MST).
20 Root was guilty Taft to Root, 8 Apr. 1902, in Jessup, Elihu Root, vol. 1, 340; John R. M. Taylor, ed., The Philippine Insurrection Against the United States: A Compilation of Documents (Pasay, Philippines, 1971–1973), 294–95; Literary Digest, 26 Apr. 1902.
21 This measure Jessup, Elihu Root, vol. 1, 240–60; William H. Carter, “Creation of the Army General Staff,” 68 Cong., 1 sess., 1923, S. Doc. 119. For a review of Root’s service as Secretary of War, see Leopold, Elihu Root, 38–46.
22 It sought to James B. Martin, “Irresistible Force”; Jessup, Elihu Root, 251; Report of the Secretary of War (Washington, D.C., 1902), 46–48. For an extended discussion of these changes, see Samuel P. Huntington, The Soldier and the Statesman: Theory and Politics of Civil-Military Relations (Cambridge, Mass., 1957). See also John A. Matzko, “President Theodore Roosevelt and Army Reform,” Proceedings of the South Carolina History Association, 1973.
23 Miles reminded the Washington Evening Star, 19 Apr. 1902; Washington Times, 21 Apr. 1902.
24 Senator Joseph Hawley The Washington Post, 25 (qu. Watterson) and 26 Feb. 1902.
25 Root’s expressionless Cleveland Plain Dealer, 30 Apr. 1902.
26 Roosevelt was struggling TR, Letters, vol. 3, 247–48, 271; Hale, Bull Moose Trails, 11–13; John C. Shaffer to TR, in Frederick S. Wood, Roosevelt As We Knew Him: The Personal Recollections of One Hundred and Fifty of His Friends and Associates (Philadelphia, 1927), 132–33.
27 Perhaps, after all Miller, “Benevolent Assimilation,” 258, erroneously states that Miles was sent to the Philippines “in the spring of 1902.” TR did not authorize a visit until much later, when it suited his political convenience to have Miles out of the United States.
28 “It is getting” TR, Letters, vol. 3, 248.
Chronological Note: TR visited Charleston, S.C., between 7 and 10 Apr. 1902. For accounts, see Rhodes, McKinley and Roosevelt, 231–32, and Wister, Roosevelt, 96ff. The trip was aimed at undoing some of the damage done to his Southern reputation by the Booker T. Washington dinner. Another purpose was to reconnoiter the extraordinarily complicated South Carolina patronage situation. From now until 1904, the state tested TR’s skill in negotiating the political tightropes among Conservative, Bryan, Commercial, and Gold Democrats, not to mention Black-and-Tan (Booker T. Washington) and Lily White (Mark Hanna) Republicans. For a lucid discussion, see Willard B. Gatewood, Jr., “Theodore Roosevelt and Southern Republicans: The Case of South Carolina, 1901–04,” South Carolina History Magazine 70.4 (1969).
29 LODGE’S COMMITTEE For extensive quotations, see Literary Digest, 26 Apr. 1902. 100 “Had you any” Major Littleton W. T. Walker court-martial, Manila, 8 Apr. 1902, transcript in NA.
30 Waller also quoted Ibid. For an account of the Waller case, see Miller, “Benevolent Assimilation,” 219–32.
31 “A man is thrown” 57 Cong., 1 sess., 1902 S. Doc. 331, vol. 25, no. 33, pt. 1, 1767. See Miller, “Benevolent Assimilation,” 213, on “this very mild form of torture,” from which, apparently, “very few died.”
32 Other reports spoke Alfonso, Theodore Roosevelt and the Philippines, 95; M. K. Sniffen to Carl Schurz, 22 May 1902 (CS).
33 Amid mounting cries 57 Cong., 1 sess., 1902, S. Doc. 331, pt. 2, 881–85. See, e.g., Literary Digest, 26 Apr. and 10 May 1902, and Robert W. McKee to Edward W. Carmack, 28 Apr. 1902: “A deep, half-sullen sense of mighty and most flagrant outrage against Americanism—[of] rape upon the holiest traditions of our land and its institutions” (EWC).
34 He met with Washington Evening Star, 14 Apr. 1902; The Washington Post, 15 Apr. 1902.
35 THE PRESIDENT DESIRES Full text: 57 Cong., 1st sess., 1902, S. Doc. 24, pt. 1, 1548–49. See also Jessup, Elihu Root, vol. 1, 342–43.
36 Roosevelt also ordered TR, Letters, vol. 3, 259; memorandum of the Secretary’s movements, 1902–1904 (ER).
37 “It is almost” Qu. in Literary Digest, 10 May 1902. General Adna R. Chaffee cabled the War Department on 5 May to say that Smith was “of unsound mind” (ER). Root’s final list of officers convicted or being disciplined for cruelty numbered as many as 350. Root to Henry Cabot Lodge, 4 May 1902 (ER). Although the Philippine insurrection was de facto President McKinley’s war, TR was at least partly responsible for the severity of its prosecution in the early months of his Administration. After the massacre at Balangiga (26–27 Sept. 1901), he had ordered General Chaffee to use “the most stern measures to pacify Samar” (Miller, “Benevolent Assimilation,” 206–7, 219). Like Root, TR was disposed to be tolerant of even culpable United States soldiers. When, e.g., Lieutenant Preston Brown was sentenced by a military court to dismissal and five years’ hard labor for killing a prisoner, TR commuted the sentence to loss of half pay for nine months, plus a slight downgrading of his place on the promotion list. Ibid., 218; 57 Cong., 1 sess., 1902, S. Doc. 205, pt. 1, 42–49.
38 Roosevelt again TR, Letters, vol. 3, 313–14; William H. Taft to Mrs. Taft, 1 Mar. 1902; Philadelphia North American, 5 May 1902; H. Welsh to Carl Schurz, 30 Apr. 1902 (CS).
39 Like all conservatives Jessup, Elihu Root, vol. 2, 503; Henry Cabot Lodge to TR, 11 July 1902 (ER); Alfonso, Theodore Roosevelt and the Philippines, 32; Taylor, Philippine Insurrection, vol. 3, 358–59; Rudyard Kipling in McClure’s, Feb. 1899.
40 He may be a Sullivan, Our Times, vol. 1, 7.
41 Filipinos, Taft wrote Alfonso, Theodore Roosevelt and the Philippines, 44–46. See also TR, Letters, vol. 3, 276, for Taft attempting to restrain the President on self-determination for Filipinos.
42 These sentiments, while See, e.g., Woodrow Wilson in Atlantic Monthly, Dec. 1901: Filipinos were but “children” in “matters of government and justice.” They should remain “in tutelage” to the United States, and so learn “the discipline of the law.” TR’s own prepresidential epithets regarding Filipinos, turned to embarrass him when Senator Edward Carmack of Tennessee wrote them into the record: “Savages, barbarians, wild and ignorant, Apaches, Sioux” (Congressional Record, 57 Cong., 1 sess., 1901, vol. 35, pt. 1, 4673).
43 THE PRESIDENT REMAINED David Healy, The United States in Cuba: 1898–1902 (Madison, 1963), 202–3; Washington Evening Star, 29 Apr. 1902. The rumors regarding the beef trust proved accurate. Because of rising food prices, Knox’s injunction, announced in May, won further popular support for the Administration, and further recriminations from corporate conservatives. Gould, Presidency of Theodore Roosevelt, 53; Adams, Letters, vol. 5, 368; Allan Nevins, ed., Selected Writings of Abram S. Hewitt (Port Washington, N.Y., 1965 [1937]), 402.
44 “Theodore is a” Adams, Letters, vol. 5, 378.
45 On 24 April TR, Letters, vol. 3, 242. See Review of Reviews, Apr. 1902, on the changeover.
46 The little white Clips in Presidential scrapbook (TRP); The Washington Post, 26 Apr. 1902. USS Dolphin is listed in Jane’s Fighting Ships, 1901 as a 240-foot cruiser (sixth class), commissioned in 1884.
47 The appointments of Gould, Presidency of Theodore Roosevelt, 48; TR, Letters, vol. 3, 242; Review of Reviews, Apr. 1902. Long had noticed within weeks of TR’s arrival that the President intended to take personal charge of Navy policy.
48 “big navy man” Paul T. Heffron, “William H. Moody,” in Paolo E. Coletta, ed., American Secretaries of the Navy (Annapolis, 1980), vol. 1, 464. Moody’s service as Secretary began on 1 May 1902.
49 SPRING CAME TO Adams, Letters, vol. 5, 376; Thomas Fleming, Around the Capitol (New York, 1902), 112; TR to Joel Chandler Harris, 9 June 1902 (TRP). TR and EKR were regularly seen dining alfresco on the White House portico. Their “pleasant Continental habit of eating in the open air” soon became the vogue in Washington. New York World, 26 Oct. 1902.
50 An especial closeness Morris, Edith Kermit Roosevelt, 237; Rep. James Slayden in New York World, 30 May 1902.
51 ELIHU ROOT RETURNED Welch, Response to Imperialism, 142; Alfonso, Theodore Roosevelt and the Philippines, 103.
52 When Lodge rose The Washington Post, 5 May 1902.
53 He began to read Ibid.; Henry Cabot Lodge to George H. Lyman, 15 Feb. 1902 (MHS). Another imaginative Filipino technique included the slitting open of American bodies and stuffing them with United States Army mess provisions. Miller, “Benevolent Assimilation,” 204.
54 Over the next Welch, Response to Imperialism, 144; Some senators, notably Henry Cabot Lodge, were unenthusiastic about the bill’s assembly clause, but with Taft’s powerful encouragement they eventually accepted it. Gould, Presidency of Theodore Roosevelt, 58.
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