by David Barton
15. Thomas Jefferson, The Papers of Thomas Jefferson, ed. Julian P. Boyd, vol. 8 (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1953), 258–259.
16. Thomas Jefferson, Memoir, Correspondence, and Miscellanies, ed. Thomas Jefferson Randolph, vol. 1 (New York: G. & C. & H. Carvill, 1830), 268.
17. Ibid., 268.
18. Ibid., 268–269.
19. Ibid., 269.
20. Thomas Jefferson, The Works of Thomas Jefferson, ed. Paul Leicester Ford, vol. 11 (New York: G. P. Putnam’s Sons, 1905), 264.
21. W. O. Blake, The History of Slavery and the Slave Trade; Ancient and Modern (Ohio: J. & H. Miller, 1857), 374.
22. Ibid., 386.
23. George M. Stroud, A Sketch of the Laws Relating to Slavery in the Several States of the United States of America (Philadelphia: Henry Longstreth, 1856), 150.
24. “Virginia, ACT XXI. An act to authorize the manumission of slaves,” University of Virginia, May 1782, accessed October 25, 2011, http://www2.vcdh.virginia.edu/xslt/servlet/XSLTServlet?xsl=/xml_docs/slavery/documents/display_laws2.xsl&xml=/xml_docs/slavery/documents/laws.xml&lawid=1782-05-02.
25. Dumas Malone, Jefferson and His Time: The Sage of Monticello, vol. 6 (Boston: Little, Brown and Company, 1981), 319.
26. The Revised Code of the Laws of Virginia, vol. 1 (Richmond: Thomas Ritcher, 1819), 434.
27. Ibid. 435.
28. Ibid., 436. See also George M. Stroud, A Sketch of the Laws, 150–151.
29. Thomas Jefferson, The Works of Thomas Jefferson, ed. Paul Leicester Ford, vol. 11 (New York: G. P. Putnam’s Sons, 1905), 238.
30. William Cohen, “Thomas Jefferson and the Problem of Slavery,” Institute of Advanced Studies, accessed July 1, 2011, http://www.iea.usp.br/iea/english/journal/38/cohenjefferson.pdf.
31. Thomas Jefferson, The Works of Thomas Jefferson, ed. Paul Leicester Ford, vol. 11 (New York: G. P. Putnam’s Sons, 1898), 197.
32. Edward Ellis, Thomas Jefferson, A Character Sketch (Chicago: The University Association, 1898), 45–46.
33. Henry S. Randall, The Life of Thomas Jefferson, vol. 3 (New York: Derby & Jackson, 1858), 676.
34. “Jefferson and Slavery,” Monticello, accessed May 31, 2011, http://www.monticello.org/site/jefferson/jefferson-and-slavery.
35. Thomas Jefferson, The Papers of Thomas Jefferson, ed. Charles T. Cullen, vol. 22 (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1986), 49.
36. Ibid., 49–51.
37. Ibid., 51–52.
38. Ibid., 97–98.
39. Ibid., 98–99.
40. Franziska Massner, Thomas Jefferson and Slavery—Was He Really an Opponent of the Institution? (Norderstedt: Druck and Bindung, 2005), 7.
41. Oscar Reiss, Blacks in Colonial America (Jefferson, NC: McFarland & Company, 1997), 173.
42. Garry Wills, Augustine’s Confessions (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 2011), 7.
43. Joseph M. Hentz, The Real Thomas Paine (Bloomington: iUniverse, 2010), 67.
44. Thomas Jefferson, Notes on the State of Virginia (Philadelphia: Matthew Carey, 1794), 232, 239.
45. Ibid., 239.
46. Ibid., 232.
47. Thomas Jefferson, The Papers of Thomas Jefferson, ed. Charles T. Cullen, vol. 22 (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1986), 97–98, to Benjamin Banneker on August 30, 1791.
48. Ibid., 98–99, emphasis added.
49. Thomas Jefferson, The Works of Thomas Jefferson, ed. Paul Leicester Ford, vol. 11 (New York: G. P. Putnam’s Sons, 1905), 99–100.
50. Ibid., 121.
51. Thomas Jefferson, The Writings of Thomas Jefferson, ed. Andrew A. Lipscomb, vol. 1 (Washington, DC: The Thomas Jefferson Memorial Association, 1903), 4.
52. Thomas Jefferson, The Works of Thomas Jefferson, ed. Paul Leicester Ford, vol. 11 (New York: G. P. Putnam’s Sons, 1905), 417.
53. Jefferson, The Writings of Thomas Jefferson, ed. Lipscomb, 1:4.
54. Jefferson, The Works of Thomas Jefferson, ed. Ford, 1:474.
55. Thomas Jefferson, The Thomas Jefferson Papers: Jefferson’s Memorandum Books, eds. James Bear and Lucia Stanton, vol. 1 (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1997), 271.
56. Benjamin Franklin, The Works of Benjamin Franklin, ed. Jared Sparks, vol. 8 (Boston: Tappan, Whittemore, and Mason, 1839), 42.
57. Jefferson, The Papers of Thomas Jefferson, ed. Boyd, 1:130.
58. Ibid., 1:353.
59. Thomas Jefferson, “Rough Draft of the Declaration of Independence,” ushistory.org, accessed May 31, 2011, http://www.ushistory.org/declaration/document/rough.htm.
60. Thomas Jefferson, Memoir, Correspondence, and Miscellanies, ed. Thomas Jefferson Randolph, vol. 1 (New York: G & C. & H. Carville, 1830), 16.
61. “Declaration of Rights,”A Constitution or Form of Government Agreed Upon by the Delegates of the People of the State of Massachusetts-Bay (Boston: Benjamin Edes and Sons, 1780), 7; Collinson Read, ed., An Abridgment of the Laws of Pennsylvania, (Philadelphia: 1801), 264–266; The Public Statute Laws of the State of Connecticut, book 1 (Hartford: Hudson and Goodwin, 1808), 623–62; Rhode Island Session Laws (Providence: Wheeler, 1784), 7–8; “Declaration of Rights,” The Constitutions of the Sixteen States (Boston: Manning and Loring, 1797), 279; “New Hampshire Constitution, Bill of Rights,” The Constitutions of the Sixteen States (Boston: Manning and Loring, 1797), 50; Laws of the State of New York, Passed at the Twenty-Second Session, Second Meeting of the Legislature (Albany: Loring Andrew, 1799), 721–723; Laws of the State of New Jersey, Compiled and Published Under the Authority of the Legislature, ed. Joseph Bloomfield (Trenton: James J. Wilson, 1811), 103–105. See also the Dictionary of African American Slavery, eds. Randall Miller and John Smith (Westport: Praeger Publishers, 1997), 394, 820–821.
62. Thomas Jefferson, The Writings of Thomas Jefferson, ed. Henry A. Washington, vol. 1 (Washington, DC: Taylor & Maury, 1853), 38.
63. Thomas Jefferson, “Query XIV The Administration of Justice and Description of the Laws?” in Notes on the State of Virginia (Philadelphia: Matthew Carey, 1794), 228.
64. Thomas Jefferson, Memoir, Correspondence, and Miscellanies, ed. Thomas Jefferson Randolph, vol. 1 (New York: G. & C. & H. Carvill, 1830), 41–42.
65. Ibid.
66. Jefferson, Notes on the State of Virginia, 270–272.
67. Journals of the Continental Congress, ed. Gaillard Hunt, vol. 26 (Washington, DC: Government Printing Office, 1928), 118–119; Jefferson, The Papers of Thomas Jefferson, ed. Boyd, 6:604.
68. Jefferson, The Works of Thomas Jefferson, ed. Ford, 3:65.
69. Jefferson, The Works of Thomas Jefferson, ed. Ford, 5:71–72.
70. Jefferson, The Works of Thomas Jefferson, ed. Ford, 5:388.
71. Ibid., 5:388.
72. Ibid., 10:126.
73. Jefferson, The Writings of Thomas Jefferson, ed. Lipscomb, 16:290.
74. Willard Carey MacNaul, The Jefferson-Lemen Compact (Chicago: The University of Chicago Press, 1915), 10. Lemen’s records on December 11, 1782 and May, 1784, show Jefferson’s encouragement to Lemen to go to Illinois and Lemen’s decision to go.
75. Ibid., 30.
76. Jefferson, The Works of Thomas Jefferson, ed. Ford, 416–418.
77. Ibid., 11:418–419.
78. Ibid., 11:419–420.
79. Edward Coles, Governor Edward Coles, ed. Clarence Walworth Alvord (Springfield: Illinois State Historical Library, 1920), 28.
80. W. T. Norton, Edward Coles, Second Governor of Illinois (Philadelphia: J. B. Lippincott Co., 1911), 12, 24.
81. Jefferson, The Works of Thomas Jefferson, ed. Ford, 470–471.
82. “Missouri Compromise,” Teaching American History, March 6, 1820, accessed October 25, 2011, http://teachingamericanhistory.org/library/index.asp?document=841.
83. George Adams Boyd, Elias Boudinot (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1952), 290.
84. John Adams, The Works of John Adams, ed. Charles Francis Adams, vol. 10 (Boston: Little, Brown and Company, 1856), 386.
&nbs
p; 85. James Madison, The Writings of James Madison, ed. Gaillard Hunt, vol. 9 (New York: G. P. Putnam’s Sons, 1910), 12.
86. Jefferson, The Works of Thomas Jefferson, ed. Ford, 12:157.
87. Jefferson, Memoir, Correspondence, and Miscellanies, ed. Randolph 4:323–324.
88. Ibid., 324.
89. Jefferson, The Writings of Thomas Jefferson, ed. Lipscomb, 16:119–120.
90. Ibid., 16:162–163.
91. John Quincy Adams, An Oration Delivered Before the Inhabitants of the Town Of Newburyport at Their Request on the Sixty-First Anniversary of the Declaration of Independence, July 4, 1837 (Newburyport: Charles Whipple, 1837), 50.
92. Daniel Webster, The Writings and Speeches of Daniel Webster, ed. Edward Everett, vol. 15 (Boston: Little, Brown and Company, 1903), 205.
93. Abraham Lincoln, The Collected Works of Abraham Lincoln, ed. Roy P. Basler, vol. 2 (New Brunswick, NJ: Rutgers University Press, 1953), 249–250.
94. Fredrick Douglass, My Bondage and My Freedom (New York: Miller, Orton & Mulligan, 1855), 440.
95. Frederick Douglas, The Frederick Douglass Papers, Series One, Speeches, Debates, and Interviews, eds. John W. Blassingame and John McKivigan, vol. 4 (New Haven: Yale University Press, 1992), 307.
96. Frederick Douglass, Frederick Douglass: A Critical Reader, eds. Bill Lawson and Frank Kirkland (Malden, MA: Blackwell Publishers, 1999), 237.
97. Frederick Douglass, “Letter to Horace Greeley,” The Gilder Lehrman Center for the Study of Slavery, Resistance, & Abolition, April 15, 1846, accessed October 25, 2011, http://www.yale.edu/glc/archive/1096.htm; Douglas, in The Frederick Douglass Papers, ed. Blassingame3:180.
98. Henry Highland Garnet, Memorial Discourse (Philadelphia: Joseph M. Wilson, 1865), 80–81.
99. Martin Luther King, Jr., “Letter from a Birmingham Jail,” Bates College, April 16, 1963 (http://abacus.bates.edu/admin/offices/dos/mlk/letter.html), accessed June 2, 2011.
100. Colin Powell, “Acceptance Speech,” National Constitution Center, July 4, 2002, accessed October 25, 2011, http://constitutioncenter.org/libertymedal/recipient_2002_ speech.html.
LIE # 5: THOMAS JEFFERSON ADVOCATED A SECULAR PUBLIC SQUARE THROUGH THE SEPARATION OF CHURCH AND STATE
1. John E. Remsburg, Six Historic Americans (New York: The Truth Seeker Company, 1906), 81.
2. “Secularism,” Dictionary.com, accessed April 13, 2011, http://dictionary.reference.com/browse/secularism.
3. “Secularism,” Merriam-Webster, accessed April 12, 2011, http://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/secularism.
4. “Secularism,” The Free Dictionary, accessed April 13, 2011, http://www.thefreedictionary.com/secularist.
5. Deuce, “Our Religious Forefathers II,” Modern Ghana, November 15, 2007, accessed October 25, 2011, http://www.modernghana.com/blogs/147715/31/our-religious-forefathers-ii.html.
6. Sembj, “Humanism, Thomas Jefferson and the Constitution,” Hub Pages, accessed April 18, 2011, http://hubpages.com/hub/Humanism-Thomas-Jefferson-and-The-Constitution.
7. Tom Head, “The First Amendment: Text, Origins, and Meaning,” About.com, accessed May 10, 2011, http://civilliberty.about.com/od/firstamendment/tp/First-Amendment.htm.
8. Proposed Restriction of Immigration: Hearing before the Committee on Immigration and Naturalization. House of Representatives, Sixty-Sixth Congress Second Session on H.R.12320 (Washington, DC: Government Printing Office, 1921), 57. See also “A Few Words from the Father of the First Amendment,” KintaLake Blog, accessed June 13, 2011, http://kintlalake.blogspot.com/2010/03/few-words-from-author-of-first.html.
9. B. A. Robinson, “The First Amendment to the U. S. Constitution: Religious Aspects,” Religious Tolerance.org, accessed May 10, 2011, http://www.religioustolerance.org/amend_1.htm; “O’Reilly Ignored First Amendment, Misrepresented Jefferson’s Position,” Media Matters for America, December 15, 2006, accessed October 25, 2011, http://mediamatters.org/research/200612150010; Charles C. Haynes, “Farewell, Justice Souter, Defender of Mr. Jefferson’s Wall,” First Amendment Center, June 21, 2009, accessed October 25, 2011, http://www.firstamendmentcenter.org/farewell-justice-souter-defender-of-mr-jefferson%E2%80%99s-wall.
10. Everson v.Bd. of Educ. 330 U.S. 1, 13 (1947).
11. See Abington Sch. Dist. v. Schempp, 374 U.S. 203, 214, 234–235 (1963) and McDaniel v. Paty, 435 U.S. 618, 629, n9 (1978).
12. Forty-three major decisions on religion have been delivered since 1947, and Jefferson was cited authoritatively in sixteen: Everson v. Bd. of Educ. 330 U.S. 1, 13, 16 (1947); McCollum v. Bd. of Educ. 333 U.S. 203, 211 (1948); McGowan v. Maryland, 366 U.S. 420, 443 (1961); Torcaso v. Watkins, 367 U.S. 488, 493 (1961); Engel v. Vitale, 370 U.S. 421, 425 (1962); Sch. Dist. of Abington TP. v. Schempp, 374 U.S. 203, 234–235 (1963); Bd. of Educ.v. Allen, 392 U.S. 236, 251 (1968); Epperson v. Arkansas, 393 U.S. 97, 106 (1968); Comm. for Pub. Educ. v. Nyquist, 413 U.S. 756, 760–761, 771 (1973); Larkin v. Grende’s Den, Inc., 459 U.S. 116, 122–123 (1982); Marsh v. Chambers, 463 U.S. 783, 802 (1983); Lynch v. Donnelly, 465 U.S. 668, 673 (1984); Lee v. Weisman, 505 U.S. 577, 600–601 (1992); Capitol Square Rev. & Advisory Bd. v. Pinette, 515 U.S. 753 (1995); Mitchell v. Helms, 530 U.S. 793, 873 (2000); and Zelman v. Simmons-Harris, 536 U.S. 639, 711 122 S. Ct. 2460, 2485 (2002). Jefferson’s “wall of separation between Church and State” metaphor (or some slight modification thereof) was cited in an additional ten: Zorach v. Clauson, 343 U.S. 306, 317 (1952); Lemon v.Kurtzman, 403 U.S. 602, 614 (1971); Roemer v. Maryland Pub. Works Bd. 426 U.S. 736, 768 (1976); Wolman v. Walter, 433 U.S. 229, 236, 257 (1977); Comm. for Pub. Educ. v. Regan, 444 U.S. 646, 671 (1980); Aguilar v. Felton, 473 U.S. 402, 420 (1985); Bowen v. Kendrick, 487 U.S. 589, 617–618, 638 (1988); Texas Monthly, Inc. v. Bullock, 489 U.S. 1, 1, 43 (1989); Allegheny County v. Greater Pittsburgh ACLU, 492 U.S. 573, 650–651, 657–658 (1989); and Santa Fe Indep.Sch. Dist.v.Doe, 530 U.S. 290, 323 (2000). Of the remaining seventeen cases, all of them relied on a case in which Jefferson had already been invoked by the Court as a primary authority in reaching its decision to restrict or remove religious expressions: Walz v. Tax Comm’n, 397 U.S. 664 (1970); Tilton v. Richardson, 403 U.S. 672 (1971); Lemon v. Kurtzman, 411 U.S. 192 (1973); Levitt v. Comm.for Pub. Educ., 413 U.S. 472 (1973); Sloan v. Lemon, 413 U.S. 825 (1973); Norwood v. Harrison, 413 U.S. 455 (1973); Wheeler v. Barrera, 417 U.S. 402 (1974); Meek v. Pittenger, 421 U.S. 349 (1975); Stone v. Graham, 449 U.S. 39 (1980); Larson v. Valente, 456 U.S. 228 (1982); Wallace v. Jaffree, 472 U.S. 38 (1985); Sch. Dist. of the City of Grand Rapids v. Ball, 473 U.S. 373 (1985); Estate of Thornton v. Caldor, Inc. 472 U.S. 703 (1985); Edwards v. Aguillard, 482 U.S. 578 (1987); Zobrest v. Catalina Foothills Sch. Dist., 509 U.S. 1 (1993); Bd. of Educ. Kiryas Joel v. Grumet, 512 U. . 687 (1994); and Agostini v. Felton, 521 U.S. 203 (1997). Therefore, Jefferson has been evoked either directly or indirectly as the constitutional authority in all forty-three major Supreme Court cases on religion.
13. See the documentation of this trend by Professor Mark David Hall, “Jeffersonian Wall and Madisonian Lines: The Supreme Court’s Use of History and Religion Clauses Cases,” Oregon Law Review 85, no. 2 (2006), 563–614.
14. Thomas Jefferson, The Writings of Thomas Jefferson, ed. Andrew A. Lipscomb, vol. 10 (Washington, DC: The Thomas Jefferson Memorial Association, 1904), 325.
15. Ibid., 10:325.
16. Ibid., 10:325.
17. “The Veto Power. To the Editor of The Nation: Notes,” The Nation 46, no. 1196 (1888), 450; Thomas Jefferson, “The Thomas Jefferson Papers: to Martha Jefferson Randolph on April 25, 1803,” Library of Congress, accessed October 25, 2011, http://hdl.loc.gov/loc.mss/mtj.mtjbib012345; Thomas Jefferson, The Domestic Life of Thomas Jefferson, ed. Sarah N. Randolph (New York: Harper & Brothers, 1871), 292.
18. Charles B. Galloway, Christianity and the American Commonwealth (Nashville: Publishing House Methodist Episcopal Church, 1898), 144.
19. “The Legitimization of Authority,” Shelton Hall University, accessed May 16, 2011, h
ttp://pirate.shu.edu/~wisterro/coronation.htm.
20. See An Ordinance of the Lords and Commons Assembled in Parliament. Together with Rules and Directions concerning Suspension from the Sacrament of the Lords Supper in Cases of Ignorance and Scandal. Also the Names of Such Ministers and Others That are Appointed Triers and Judges of the Ability of Elders in the Twelve Classes Within the Province of London (London: John Wright, October 21, 1645); A Declaration of the Commons Assembled in Parliament Against all Such Persons as Shall Take Upon Them to Preach or Expound the Scriptures in any Church or Chapel, or any other Public Place, Except They be Ordained Either Here or in Some Other Reformed Church (London: Edward Husband, January 2, 1646); etc.
21. Richard Hooker, The Works of the Learned and Judicious Divine, Mr. Richard Hooker, vol. 2 (Oxford: University Press, 1845), 484.
22. “Anglicanism,” Catholic Encyclopedia, accessed May 19, 2011, http://www.newadvent.org/cathen/01498a.htm.
23. Frederick Greenwood, “The Execution of John Greenwood,” in Greenwood Genealogies, 1154–1914 (New York: The Lyons Genealogical Company, 1914), 30.
24. Ibid., 34.
25. Ibid., 35.
26. Claude H. Van Tyne, The Causes of the War of Independence (Boston: Houghton Mifflin Company, 1922), 3.
27. Roger Williams, The Bloudy Tenent of Persecution for Cause of Conscience Discussed: and Mr. Cotton’s Letter Examined and Answered (London: 1644, repr. London: J. Haddon, 1848), 1–2, 171.
28. John Wise, A Vindication of the Government of New-England Churches. And the Churches Quarrel Espoused, or a Reply to Certain Proposals (Boston: John Boyles, 1772), 35.
29. Thomas Clarkson, Memoirs of the Private and Public Life of William Penn (London: Richard Taylor and Co., 1813), 240–244.
30. See John Wise, A Vindication of the Government of New-England Churches. And the Churches Quarrel Espoused, or a Reply to Certain Proposals (Boston: John Boyles, 1772), 47–48; Reverend Isaac Backus, An Appeal to the Public for Religious Liberty Against the Oppressions of the Present Day (Boston: John Boyle, 1773), 19, 26; Frederick Converse Beach, ed., “Pennsylvania,” in The Americana, A Universal Reference Library, vol. 12 (New York: Scientific American Compiling Department, 1908), 312 Bishop Charles Galloway, Christianity and the American Commonwealth (Nashville: Publishing House Methodist Episcopal Church, 1898), 179; John Leland, The Writings of the Late Elder John Leland, Including Some Events in His Life, Written by Himself, with Additional Sketches, L. F. Greene, ed. (New York: G. W. Wood, 1845), 579–580; Roger Williams, The Bloudy Tenent of Persecution for Cause of Conscience Discussed: and Mr.Cotton’s Letter Examined and Answered (London: 1644; repr. London: J. Haddon, 1848), 1–2, 171; etc.
