dismantling their defences See Harry Stack Sullivan, ‘The Modified Psychoanalytic Treatment of Schizophrenia’, American Journal of Psychiatry 11 (1930), pp. 519–49, esp. p. 533. Also Shorter, History of Psychiatry, pp. 204–5
fill up your life Bryer and Barks (eds), p. 87 (Letter number 57, June 1930)
she would fall into it Quoted from an interview with Mary Porter by Milford, Zelda, p. 373
with intractable patients Shorter, A History of Psychiatry, pp. 210–12; Showalter, The Female Malady, pp. 205–6
9 Disturbances of Love
commotion in the asylum Elisabeth Roudinesco, Jacques Lacan and Co., A History of Psychoanalysis in France, trans. Jeffrey Mehlman (London: Free Association Books, 1990), pp. 27–8
woman becomes nothing Jean Doléris, Néo-malthusianisme. Maternité et féminisme. Education sexuelle (Paris, 1918), p. 14
and slapped him Gaëtan Gatian de Clérambault, L’Erotomanie (Paris: Le Seuil, 2002), pp. 43–64
a criminology journal Gaëtan Gatian de Clérambault, Passion érotique des étoffes chez la femme (Paris: Le Seuil, 2002)
on the escalator Terry Eagleton, Literary Theory (Oxford: Blackwell, 1983), p. 7
nor a rapist Cf. the case of Zuma, in which he was accused and exonerated of rape. See, for example, The Guardian, 9 May 2006
make the language evolve Elisabeth Roudinesco, Jacques Lacan (Paris: Fayard, 1993), pp. 49–50
given way to psychosis Elisabeth Roudinesco, A History of Psychoanalysis in France (London: Free Association Books, 1990), pp. 114–15
earned a good living Le Journal, 19 Apr. 1931, quoted in ibid., p. 57
delusions of grandeur Jacques Lacan, De la psychose paranoïaque dans ses rapports avec la personnalite (Paris: Le Seuil, 1975), p. 158. For the full case, see 151ff.
made her special According to later revelations, it seems that Marguerite bore the same name as an earlier child who had died before her parents’ eyes when her party frock had caught fire. The mother had never fully recovered
doesn’t want her home Lacan, De la psychose paranoïaque, p. 234
theme of persecution Ibid., p. 261
in a closed clinic Ibid., pp. 279–80
or some say eighty-nine The full story is told in Francis Dupré, La ‘solution’ du passage à l’acte: le double crime des soeurs Papin (Toulouse: Eres, 2003)
10 Mother and Child
proportionately significant numbers See Appignanesi and Forrester, Freud’s Women, for a fuller discussion of all this, and also for a fuller picture of Hermine Hug-Hellmuth
6.5 per cent of doctors Eli Zaretsky, Secrets of the Soul (New York: Knopf, 2004), p. 195
of healthy children SE XX, pp. 69–70
development of character Melanie Klein, ‘The Development of a Child’, International Journal of PsychoAnalysis 4 (1923), pp. 419–74; see pp. 419–20
troubling and intelligible For a fine analysis of what becoming psychological means, see Nicholas Rose, ‘Power and Subjectivity’, available at http://www.academyanalyticarts.org/rose1.htm
to its integrity Anna Freud, The Ego and the Mechanisms of Defence, trans. Cecil Baines from 1937 edn (London: Hogarth Press and the International Psychoanalytic Library, 1968), p. 4
anxiety in children Anna Freud, ‘Reports on the Hampstead Nurseries 1939–1945’, Writings, vol. III (New York: International Universities Press, 1966–81), p. 169
hard to bear Ibid., p. 189
bright imaginative eyes Virginia Woolf, The Diaries, vol. V, 1936–41 (London: Hogarth Press, 1984), p. 209
tolerating real deprivations Melanie Klein, ‘The Psychological Principles of Infant Analysis’, International Journal of PsychoAnalysis 8 (1927), pp. 25–37; see pp. 25–6.
by internal persecutors Melanie Klein, ‘A Contribution to the Theory of Anxiety and Guilt’, International Journal of PsychoAnalysis 49 (1948), pp. 114–23; see p. 116
fear of death Ibid., p. 117
made babies interesting Adam Phillips, D.W. Winnicott (London: Fontana Modern Masters, 1988)
considered as a couple For biographical information I am indebted to Masud R. Khan, introduction to Through Paediatrics to Psychoanalysis (London: Hogarth Press, 1978); Phillips, D.W. Winnicott; and F. Robert Rodman, MD, Winnicott (Cambridge, Mass.: Perseus, 2003)
without his being aware Quoted by Zaretsky, Secrets of the Soul, pp. 174–5
early mothering D.W. Winnicott, ‘Primitive Emotional Development’(1945), in Through Paediatrics to Psychoanalysis, pp. 145–56
playing for time D.W. Winnicott, ‘Primary Maternal Preoccupation’(1956), in ibid., pp. 304–5
gets lost this way Anna Freud, letter to J.C. Hill, 21 Oct. 1974, quoted in Elisabeth Young-Bruehl, Anna Freud (London: Macmillan, 1988), p. 457
in evidence D.W. Winnicott, The Piggle (London: Hogarth Press, 1978), pp. 5–7
fact of development itself Ibid., p. 4
makes everything black Ibid., p. 119
childhood questions Ibid., p. 74
on his child patient Pearl King and Eric Rayner, ‘John Bowlby’, IJP 74(1993), pp. 1823–8; see p. 1824
things in her child J. Bowlby, ‘The Influence of Early Environment in the Development of Neurosis and Neurotic Character’, IJP 21 (1940), pp. 154–78; see p. 175
postwar displacement Denise Riley, War in the Nursery (London: Virago, 1983), p. 98
preventive mental hygiene John Bowlby, Maternal Care and Mental Health (Geneva: World Health Organization, 1951), pp. 13–14 and passim
parents was recommended John Bowlby, ‘Citation Classic: Bowlby J. Maternal care and mental health: a report prepared on behalf of the World Health Organization as a contribution to the United Nations programme for the welfare of homeless children’ (Geneva: World Health Organization, 1951), in Current Contents 50 (15 Nov. 1986)
no one else will do Riley, War in the Nursery, pp. 100–1
for economic provision Bowlby, Maternal Care and Mental Health, p. 24
re-enacted in the transference King and Rayner, ‘John Bowlby’, p. 1827
fear of domination D.W. Winnicott, ‘The Mother’s Contribution to Society’ (1957), republished in Clare Winnicott, Ray Shepherd, Madeleine Davis (eds), Home Is Where We Start From (London: Penguin Books, 1986), p. 125
11 Shrink for Life
ever critical analytic profession Stephen Farber and Mark Green, Hollywood on the Couch (New York: Morrow, 1993)
arrived in America In his work in progress, The Freudian Century, John Forrester gives this figure as 130, though the number grows significantly if lay analysts, who didn’t join American psychoanalytic societies, are included
vocational success Hale, The Rise and Crisis of Psychoanalysis in the United States, p. 299
feelings of guilt Quoted in ibid., p. 278
suicide and delinquency These statistics and the following ones come from ibid., pp. 246–8, and Zaretsky, Secrets of the Soul, pp. 280–1
of the talking cure Hale, The Rise and Crisis of Psychoanalysis in the United States, p. 289. Hale also notes that there were only 1400 practising analysts across the world in 1957, perhaps 14,000 people in analysis, and no more than 100,000 who had completed treatment. This nonetheless means that the USA had 67 per cent of the world’s analysts
psychiatry and criminology Ibid., p. 286
insufficiency and unhappiness Edward Strecker, Their Mothers’ Sons (New York, Philadelphia: Lippincott, 1946), pp. 52–9 and 31ff., quoted in Betty Friedan, The Feminine Mystique (New York: Dell, 1963), pp. 162–4
accept the premises See, for example, Brenda Webster, The Last Good Freudian (New York: Holmes & Meier, 2000)
increasingly clinging Hale, The Rise and Crisis of Psychoanalyis in the United States, pp. 259–62
displayed autistic features Lauren Slater, Opening Skinner’s Box (London: Bloomsbury, 2004), pp. 133–56
shrinks were always there Quoted by Farber and Green, Holllywood on the Couch, p. 75
damn right I’m not Hannah
Green, I Never Promised You a Rose Garden, reprinted from 1964 Victor Gollancz edn (London: Pan Books, 1991), pp. 141–2
level you are capable Ibid., pp. 10, 101
own self-enclosed world See Fromm-Reichmann, ‘Psychotherapy and Schizophrenia’, American Journal of Psychiatry 111 (Dec. 1954), p. 412; and Hale, The Rise and Crisis of Psychoanalysis in the United States, pp. 266–70
could afford them Alfred H. Stanton and Morris Schwartz, The Mental Hospital (New York: Basic Books, 1954), cited by Hale, The Rise and Crisis of Psychoanalysis in the United States, p. 269
rather than poems Quoted in Showalter, The Female Malady, p. 216
effect in some cases A recent figure from Mind puts this beneficial effect at 37 per cent of the patients given ECT
depression and schizophrenia Shorter, A History of Psychiatry, pp. 218–24
felt Father: why not Karen V. Kulik (ed.), The Journals of Sylvia Plath 1950–1962 (London: Faber & Faber, 2000), pp. 201, 204
most out of it Ibid., pp. 429ff.
best do with it Ibid., p. 435
intellectual rapport Ibid., p. 495
mind disintegrating again Diane Middlebrook, Her Husband (London: Bloomsbury, 2003), p. 207
of the clergy Norman Holland, at http://www.lists.ufl.edu/cgibin/wa?A2=ind0012c&L=psyart&P=758
new flowering life Kalik, The Journals of Sylvia Plath, pp. 513–14
and others echo Truman Capote, ‘A Beautiful Child,’ in Music for Chameleons (London: Hamish Hamilton, 1981), pp. 206–22; also Sarah Churchwell, The Many Lives of Marilyn Monroe (London: Granta, 2004) and ‘To Aristophanes and Back’, Time Magazine, 14 May 1956
wouldn’t go away ‘To Aristophanes and Back’, Time Magazine, 14 May 1956
reporter in an interview Laura Miller, ‘Norma Jeane’, New York Times, 2 Apr. 2002; see also Churchwell, The Many Lives of Marilyn Monroe
back into herself Donald Spoto, Marilyn Monroe: The Biography (London: Chatto & Windus, 1993), p. 475
how to love Arthur Miller, After the Fall (London: Secker & Warburg, 1965), pp. 122–3
too Freudian Susan Strasberg, Marilyn and Me (New York: Warner Books, 1992)
conscious memory Eric R. Kandel’s autobiographical Nobel Prize speech available at http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/ medicine/laureates/2000/ kandelautobio.html
Kris’s death Webster, The Last Good Freudian, pp. 47–8
which is not sleep Quoted in Farber and Green, Hollywood on the Couch, p. 93
concept of herself Anthony Summers, The Secret Lives of Marilyn Monroe (New York: Macmillan, 1986), p. 382
he’s not for me Quoted in Churchwell, The Many Lives of Marilyn Monroe, p. 267
womankind in herself Ibid., p. 268
but I did Quoted in Farber and Green, Hollywood on the Couch, p. 94, and in the letter (cited on p. 339) to Greenson
building techniques Ralph R. Greenson, ‘Transference: Freud or Klein’, International Journal of PsychoAnalysis 55 (1974), pp. 37–48
anxiety or bad luck Ralph R. Greenson, Explorations in Psychoanalysis (New York: International Universities Press, 1978)
sweet, wholesome way Farber and Green, Hollywood on the Couch, p. 103
said they preferred Appignanesi and Forrester, Freud’s Women, from the Foreword to the revised edn (London: Phoenix, 2005) pp. xxii–xxiii
way of living Quoted in Albert J. Solnit, ‘Ralph R. Greenson–1911–1979’, Psychoanalytic Quarterly 49 (1980), pp. 512–16
PART 4
12 Rebels
patient Maya R.D. Laing and A. Esterson, Sanity, Madness and the Family (London: Penguin Books, 1970), pp. 34–5 (1st edn, 1974)
by medical research Thomas S. Szasz, ‘The Myth of Mental Illness’, American Psychologist 15 (1960), pp. 113–18
first admission Andrew Scull, Madhouse (Yale and London: Yale University Press, 2005), pp. 241–5, 294–6
experiment showed David L. Rosenhan, ‘On Being Sane in Insane Places’, Science 179 (Jan. 1973), pp. 250–8
not be trusted R.D. Laing and A. Esterson, Sanity, Madness and the Family (London: Penguin Books, 1970), pp. 42–3
anybody’s mind Ibid., pp. 127–8
long as you live L. Bernikow, The American Women’s Almanac. An Inspiring and Irreverent Women’s History (New York: Berkeley Books, 1997), pp. 153–4
Anne Sexton See Diane Middlebrook’s fine biography, Anne Sexton (London: Virago, 1991)
is brought in R.D. Laing, Wisdom, Madness and Folly (London: Macmillan, 1985), p. 3
understand the patient R.D. Laing, The Divided Self (London: Penguin Books, 1965), pp. 29–31
from your writings Letter of 27 Apr. 1958, cited in F. Robert Rodman, MD, Winnicott (Cambridge, Mass.: Perseus, 2003), p. 243
have to interview J. Clay, R.D. Laing: A Divided Self (London: Sceptre, 1997), p. 70
of our age Ibid., p. 100
returned reason David Healy, The AntiDepressant Era (Harvard: Harvard University Press, 1998), pp. 58–9
things of the past Shorter, A History of Psychiatry, pp. 249–50
educational system From an unpublished lecture by John Forrester
depression and withdrawal Showalter, The Female Malady, p. 236
array of possibilities B. Mullan, Mad to be Normal: Conversations with R.D. Laing (London: Free Association Books, 1995), p. 326
the female patient Showalter, The Female Malady, p. 247
of the phallus Simone de Beauvoir, The Second Sex (London: Picador edn, 1988), p. 80 and passim
fine volcanic ash Friedan, The Feminine Mystique, pp. 114–15
off her nut See Kate Millett, ‘Sexual Politics’ (1968), available at http://www.marxists.org/subject/women/authors/millett-kate/sexualpolitics.htm
men exceed women Phyllis Chesler, Women and Madness (New York: Doubleday, 1972), pp. 150–69, 284–99
consciousness-raising Juliet Mitchell, Women’s Estate (London: Penguin, 1971), p. 60, and (below) p. 61
the patient’s needs S.A. Shapiro, ‘The History of Feminism and Interpersonal Psychoanalysis’, Contemporary Psychoanalysis 38 (2002), pp. 213–56
where the action is ‘Psychiatry on the Couch’, cover story, Time Magazine, 2 Apr. 1979
audiences of two thousand John Leo, ‘A Therapist in Every Corner’, Time Magazine, 23 Dec. 1985
13 Body Madness
or did not eat Grace Bowman, ‘My Years of Living Dangerously’, Independent, 28 Feb. 2006, pp. 40–1
in America and Europe J.C. Seidell and K.M. Flegal, ‘Assessing Obesity: Classification and Epidemiology’, British Medical Bulletin 53 (1997), pp. 238–52; and Journal of the American Medical Association 272(1994), pp. 205–11
300 pounds (136 kilos) Ian Hacking, ‘Kinds of People: Moving Targets’, British Academy Lecture, 11 Apr. 2006 (Web version), pp. 10–11; and American Sports Data, ‘US Population Dangerously Overweight’, available at http://www.americansportsdata.com/weightstats.asp
total identity Ian Hacking, ‘Making up People’, London Review of Books, 17 Aug. 2006, pp. 23–5
and social life http://www.rcplondon.ac.uk/news/news.asp?PR_id=201
fast food industry Sander L. Gilman, ‘Obesity, the Jews and Psychoanalysis’, in History of Psychiatry 17:1, no. 65 (Mar. 2006), pp. 55–65; see p. 56
time and place Richard A. Gordon, Eating Disorders, 2nd edn (London: Blackwell, 2000), pp. 6–13
rather than contact Maud Ellmann, The Hunger Artists (London: Virago, 1992), p. 14
altar of cuisine See, for example, Bill Buford’s masterly Heat (London: Jonathan Cape, 2006)
of eating disorders ‘Mental illness benefit claims up’, BBC News, 1 Feb. 2007
excess of resistance Charles Lasègue, ‘De l’Anorexie hystérique’, Archives Générales de médecine (Apr. 1873), quoted by Joan Brumberg, Fasting Girls: The History of Anorexia Nervosa (New York: Vintage, 2000), pp. 128–9
all sexual satisfaction SE XII, p. 182
enough milk SE XXI, p. 234
an insatiable nee
d For a brilliant account see Ellman, The Hunger Artists
hysterical anorexia See ‘On Psychotherapy’, SE VII, pp. 257–68; see p. 264
curable conditions Gilman, ‘Obesity, the Jews and Psychoanalysis’, pp. 63–5
with the world Susie Orbach, Fat Is a Feminist Issue (London: Paddington Press, 1978), p. 11
have been fat Germaine Greer, The Female Eunuch (London: Granada, 1971), pp. 14, 33
and eating disorders Jessica S. Ruffolo, Katharine A. Phillips, William Menard, Christina Fay and Risa B. Weisberg, ‘Comorbidity of Body Dysmorphic Disorder and Eating Disorders’, International Journal of Eating Disorders, vol. 39, issue 1 (Oct. 2006), pp. 11–19
the age of nine Marya Hornbacher, Wasted (London: Flamingo, 1998), pp. 6–7
contain herself Ibid., pp. 22–5
dimensions in the head Ibid., p. 170
acceptability of their bodies Susie Orbach, Hunger Strike (London: Penguin Books, 1993), p. 59
don’t need anymore Ibid., pp. 71–2
a masculine one See Marilyn Lawrence, ‘Body, Mother, Mind’, International Journal of PsychoAnalysis 83 (2002), pp. 837–50, for a discussion of the many positions analysts have taken on the origins of anorexia
points of starvation Gordon, Eating Disorders, pp. 32–5
their abused sexuality Anna Motz, The Psychology of Female Violence (London: Brunner-Routledge, 2001), pp. 153–9 and passim; preface by Estela Welldon
characteristic of the illness Lawrence, ‘Body, Mother, Mind’, p. 839
lack of responsibility H. Bruch, ‘Four Decades of Eating Disorders’, in David Garner and Paul Garfinkel (eds), Handbook of Psychotherapy for Anorexia Nervosa and Bulimia (New York/London: Guilford Press, 1985), p. 12
a call for help Robert Lindner, The Fifty-Minute Hour (London: Free Association Books, 1986), 1st edn 1955, pp. 115–16
body is inescapable Hornbacher, Wasted, p. 93
abuse features See Gordon, Eating Disorders, pp. 37–50
bingeing and purging Ibid., pp. 47–8
14 Abuse
rape in another’s Freud, ‘The Aetiology of Hysteria’, SE III, pp. 187–221; see pp. 200–1
Mad, Bad, and Sad: A History of Women and the Mind Doctors Page 60
