5. Christopher Codringon’s last will and testament, 1702, also see his wills of 1700 and 1710, PROB 20/540, National Archives, United Kingdom; William Gordon, A Sermon Preach’d at the Funeral of the Honourable Colonel Christopher Codrington, Late Captain General and Governor in Chief of Her Majesty’s Carribbee Islands; Who Departed Life at His Seat in Barbadoes, on Good-Friday the 7th of April 1710. and Was Interr’d the Day Following in the Parish Church of St. Michael (London: G. Strahan, 1710), 3–4, 20–23; Frank J. Klingberg, Codrington Chronicle: An Experiment in Anglican Altruism on a Barbados Plantation, 1710–1834 (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1949), 24–35; Sylvester Hovey, Letters from the West Indies: Relating Especially to the Danish Island St. Croix, and to the British Islands Antigua, Barbadoes and Jamaica (New York: Gould and Newman, 1838), 110–12.
6. J. M. Hone and M. M. Rossi, Bishop Berkeley: His Life, Writings, and Philosophy (London: Faber and Faber, 1931), 165; A. A. Luce, The Life of George Berkeley, Bishop of Cloyne (London: Thomas Nelson and Sons, 1949), 131–32; George Berkeley, A Proposal for the Better Supplying of Churches in Our Foreign Plantations, and for Converting the Savage Americans to Christianity (London: H. Woodfall, 1724), 8–9.
7. Samuel E. Morison, “The Letter-Book of Hugh Hall: Merchant of Barbados, 1716–1720,” Transactions, 1933–1937: Publications of the Colonial Society of Massachusetts (Boston: By the Society, 1937), XXXII: 514–21; New-England Weekly Journal, 27 May 1728.
8. “Hugh Hall Account Book, 1728–1733,” 5–36, Hugh Hall Papers, Massachusetts Historical Society; Elizabeth Donnan, ed., Documents Illustrative of the History of the Slave Trade to America (Washington, DC: Carnegie Institution, 1930–35), III:50; John Langdon Sibley, Biographical Sketches of Graduates of Harvard University, in Cambridge, Massachusetts (Cambridge, MA: Charles William Sever, 1873–), IV:120–28; Ebenezer Turell, The Life and Character of the Reverend Benjamin Colman (Boston: Rogers and Fowle, 1749), esp. 53–59.
9. Sibley’s Harvard Graduates, esp. I:597–98, V:432; Andrew P. Peabody, Memoir of John Langdon Sibley (Cambridge, MA: John Wilson and Son, 1886).
10. Sibley’s Harvard Graduates, IV:128, 359, V:341–68; entries for 12 June 1709, Thomas Prince, “Journal of Voyages to Barbados, 1709–1711,” Massachusetts Historical Society; “Hugh Hall Account Book,” 29.
11. The intervention of Spanish ships destroyed Woodbridge’s scheme and left the company with thousands of enslaved black people whom he sold at a significant loss in a weak market. L. Vernon Briggs, History of Shipbuilding on North River, Plymouth County, Massachusetts, with Genealogies of the Shipbuilders, and Accounts of the Industries upon Its Tributaries, 1640–1872 (Boston: Coburn Brothers, 1889), 261, 285; Josiah Quincy, The History of Harvard University (Cambridge, MA: J. Owen, 1840), I:421–22; Sibley’s Harvard Graduates, IV:318–20; Morison, “Letter-Book of Hugh Hall,” 517–18.
12. Dudley Woodbridge to Benjamin Colman, 10 July 1711, 10 April 1718, Benjamin Colman Papers, Massachusetts Historical Society; Franklin Bowditch Dexter, Biographical Sketches of the Graduates of Yale College with Annals of the College History, October, 1701–May, 1745 (New York: Henry Holt, 1885), 520; last will and testament of Timothy Woodbridge, 1 April 1732, The Woodbridge Record: Being an Account of the Descendants of the Rev. John Woodbridge of Newbury, Mass. Compiled from the Papers Left by the Late Louis Mitchell, Esquire (New Haven: Privately printed, 1883), 10–24, 234; Ebenezer Baldwin, Annals of Yale College in New Haven, Connecticut, from Its Foundation, to the Year 1831 (New Haven: Hezekiah Howe, 1831), 308.
13. Hugh Hall Jr., Barbados, to Benjamin Colman, 30 March 1720, Benjamin Colman Papers; Klingberg, Codrington Chronicle, 24–35.
14. Nathaniel Saltonstall, A Continuation of the State of New-England; Being a Farther Account of the Indian Warr, and the Engagement betwixt the Joynt Forces of the United English Collonies and the Indians, on the 19th of December, 1675, with the True Number of the Slain and Wounded, and the Transactions of the English Army since the Said Fight. With All Other Passages That Have Hapned from the 10th of November, 1675 to the 8th of February 1676. Together with an Account of the Intended Rebellion of the Negroes in Barbadoes (London: T.M., 1676), reprinted in Charles H. Lincoln, ed., Narratives of the Indian Wars, 1675–1699 (New York: Charles Scribner’s Sons, 1913), 71–74; David Eltis, The Rise of African Slavery in the Americas (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2000), 243; Winthrop D. Jordan, White over Black: American Attitudes Toward the Negro, 1550–1812 (New York: Norton, 1977), 156; Hugh Hall Jr. to Benjamin Colman, 30 March 1720, Benjamin Colman Papers; Mr. Sharpe to the Secretary, 23 June 1712, vol. VII, no. 33, Archives of the Society for the Propagation of the Gospel in Foreign Parts.
15. Several years later, Gore died of smallpox. Cotton Tufts became a physician and a founder of the Massachusetts Medical Society. Boston News-Letter, 2 July 1711; Harvard Graduates’ Magazine, March 1914, 555–56; William Cooper, A Sermon Concerning the Laying the Deaths of Others to Heart, Occasion’d by the Lamented Death of the Ingenious & Religious Gentleman, John Gore M.A. of Harvard College in Cambridge, N.E., Who Died of Small-pox, November 7, 1720, in the 38th Year of His Age (Boston: B. Green, 1720); Morison, “Letter-Book of Hugh Hall,” 514–21; “Instructions to Captain Pollipus Hammond, 1746,” in Donnan, ed., Documents Illustrative of the History of the Slave Trade, III:138–39; entries dated 30 January 1749 at the back of Cotton Tufts’s diary in Ames’ Almanac, 1748, “Cotton Tufts Diaries, 1748–1794,” Massachusetts Historical Society.
16. S. D. Smith, Slavery, Family, and Gentry Capitalism in the British Atlantic: The World of the Lascelles, 1648–1834 (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2006), 11–26; William Vassall to James Wedderburn, 8 January 1770, 22 April 1771, William Vassall to Dear Gentlemen, 2 January 1770, “Letter Book 1, November 27th, 1769–July 24th, 1786,” 5–6, 23–24, Vassall Letter Books, 1769–1800, Boston Public Library.
17. William M. Fowler Jr., “Marine Insurance in Boston: The Early Years of the Boston Marine Insurance Company, 1799–1807,” in Conrad Edick Wright and Katheryn P. Viens, eds., Entrepreneurs: The Boston Business Community, 1700–1850 (Boston: Massachusetts Historical Society, 1997), 162–78; Edward Everett, “Peter Chardon Brooks,” in Freeman Hunt, Lives of American Merchants (New York: Hunt’s Merchants’ Magazine, 1856), I:133–83; New England Historic Genealogical Society, Proceedings of the New England Historic Genealogical Society at the Annual Meeting, 1 February 1922 with Memoirs of Deceased Members, 1921: Supplement to the April Number, 1922 (Boston: By the Society, 1922), lxv–lxvii; S. D. Smith, “Gedney Clarke of Salem and Barbados: Transatlantic Super-Merchant,” New England Quarterly, December 2003, 499–549.
18. Richard S. Dunn, Sugar and Slaves: The Rise of the Planter Class in the English West Indies, 1624–1713 (New York: Norton, 1973), 110–16, 239; Peter H. Wood, Black Majority: Negroes in Colonial South Carolina from 1670 Through the Stono Rebellion (New York: Norton, 1974), 13–28.
19. Alan Gallay, The Indian Slave Trade: The Rise of the English Empire in the American South, 1670–1717 (New Haven: Yale University Press, 2002), esp. 48–49; Patrick Minges, “Beneath the Underdog: Race, Religion, and the Trail of Tears,” American Indian Quarterly, Summer 2001, 453–56; W. L. McDowell, Journals of the Commissioners of the Indian Trade, September 20, 1710–August 29, 1718 (Columbia: South Carolina Archives Department, 1955), esp. 160–61, 233, 263, 269; Wood, Black Majority, 35–62.
20. Gallay, Indian Slave Trade, 74–79, 129–54, 299–301.
21. McDowell, Journals of the Commissioners of the Indian Trade, 5–16, 27–33, 49–50, 103.
22. Sibley’s Harvard Graduates, IV:101–5, 121, 168, 297, 322–25.
23. Ibid., IV:446–48, V:528, VII:575–80.
24. Josiah Quincy, Edenton, North Carolina, to Samuel Quincy, Boston, 6 April 1773, Quincy, Wendell, Holmes, Upham Papers, Massachusetts Historical Society; “Journal of a Voyage to South Carolina, &c.,” in Josiah Quincy, Memoir of the Life of Josiah Quincy Jun. of Massachusetts, b
y His Son, Josiah Quincy (Boston: Cummings, Hilliard, 1825), 74–125; S. Max Edelson, Plantation Enterprise in Colonial South Carolina (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 2006), 153–56; Arney R. Childs, ed., Rice Planter and Sportsman: The Recollections of J. Motte Alston, 1821–1909 (Columbia: University of South Carolina Press, 1999), 143–44; Robert Olwell, Masters, Slaves, and Subjects: The Culture of Power in the South Carolina Low Country, 1740–1790 (Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press, 1998), 33–34.
25. Deed of sale from Joseph and Sarah Whipple to George Berkeley, D.D., 18 February 1728, Berkeley Papers, 1724–1801, Whitehall and Berkeley Scholarship Folder, Beinecke Rare Book and Manuscript Library, Yale University; Berkeley, Proposal for the Better Supplying of Churches in Our Foreign Plantations, and for Converting the Savage Americans to Christianity, 6–7; John Wild, George Berkeley: A Study of His Life and Philosophy (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1936), 280–330; Hone and Rossi, Bishop Berkeley, 130–63; Luce, Life of George Berkeley, 94–135; Alice Brayton, George Berkeley in Newport (Newport: Privately printed, 1954), 3–30.
26. By the Author of American Fables [William Smith], Indian Songs of Peace with a Proposal, in a Prefatory Epistle, for Erecting Indian Schools, and a Postscript by the Editor, Introducing Yariza, an Indian Maid’s Letter, to the Principal Ladies of the Province and City of New-York (New York: J. Parker and W. Wayman, 1752), 3–12; Samuel Davies, Letters from the Rev. Samuel Davies, &c. Shewing the State of Religion in Virginia, Particularly among the Negroes … (London, 1757), 39–40.
27. Berkeley, Proposal for the Better Supplying of Churches in Our Foreign Plantations, and for Converting the Savage Americans to Christianity, 3–16; Bertha Borden Davis, Bishop Berkeley: Notes Compiled from Many Sources (1946), 8–9.
28. Wheelock and Benjamin Pomeroy, his future brother-in-law, shared the first award. Deed of transfer from George Berkeley to Yale College, 26 July 1732, Berkeley Papers, 1724–801, Beinecke Library, Yale; Hone and Rossi, Bishop Berkeley, 163–65; Luce, Life of George Berkeley, 136–52; Wild, George Berkeley, 308–30; James Dow McCallum, Eleazar Wheelock: Founder of Dartmouth College (Hanover, NH: Dartmouth College Publications, 1939), 5–7; Edwin S. Gaustad, George Berkeley in America (New Haven: Yale University, 1979), 83–87; Boston News-Letter, 1–8 March 1733; Rhode Island Gazette, 25 October 1732.
29. The July 1751 letter and the catalogue of books are reprinted in Daniel C. Gilman, “Bishop Berkeley’s Gifts to Yale College: A Collection of Documents Illustrative of ‘The Dean’s Bounty,’” Papers of the New Haven Colony Historical Society (New Haven: For the Society, 1865), I:147–70; Thomas Clap, The Annals or History of Yale-College, in New-Haven, in the Colony of Connecticut, from the First Founding thereof, in the Year 1700, to the Year 1766; with an Appendix, Containing the Present State of the College, the Method of Instruction and Government, with the Officers, Benefactors and Graduates (New Haven: John Hotchkiss and B. Mecom, 1766), 59–60, 97; Jonathan F. Stearns, Historical Discourses, Relating to the First Presbyterian Church in Newark; Originally Delivered to the Congregation of that Church During the Month of January, 1851 (Newark: Daily Advertiser Office, 1853), 151–52.
30. Gilman, “Bishop Berkeley’s Gifts to Yale College,” 157; Ezra Stiles, A Funeral Sermon, Delivered Thursday, July 26, 1787, at the Internment of the Reverend Chauncey Whittelsey, Pastor of the First Church in the City of New-Haven, Who Died July 24th, 1787 in the LXXth Year of His Age, and XXXth of His Ministry (New Haven: T. and S. Green, 1787), 26.
31. Entries for 2 October 1759, 15 April 1762, and 20 May 1773, in “Minutes of the Governors of King’s College,” vol. I, Rare Book and Manuscript Library, Columbia University.
32. Samuel Johnson to William Samuel Johnson, 1 February 1762, Samuel Johnson Papers, Letter Books, vol. II, Rare Book and Manuscript Library, Columbia University; Catalogue of the Governors, Trustees, and Officers, and of the Alumni and Other Graduates, of Columbia College (Originally King’s College), in the City of New York, from 1754 to 1867 (New York: D. Van Nostrand, 1868), 41; David C. Humphrey, From King’s College to Columbia, 1746–1800 (New York: Columbia University Press, 1976), 126–30; John B. Pine, “King’s College and the Early Days of Columbia College,” Proceedings of the New York State Historical Association (1919), XVII:118.
33. Walter Barrett, The Old Merchants of New York City (New York: Carleton, 1864), 61–63.
34. Scott Bryant, The Awakening of the Freewill Baptists: Benjamin Randall and the Founding of an American Religious Tradition (Macon, GA: Mercer University Press, 2011), 57–58; see the broadside from the convention in New Jersey recommending the Reverend Eleazar Wheelock and his academy, dated September 5, 1765; New-Hampshire Gazette, 21 June 1765; W. DeLoss Love, Samson Occom and the Christian Indians of New England (Boston: Pilgrim Press, 1899), 130–34; Alden T. Vaughan, Transatlantic Encounters: American Indians in Britain, 1500–1776 (New York: Cambridge University Press, 2006), 190–94; Frederick Chase, A History of Dartmouth College and the Town of Hanover, New Hampshire, ed. John K. Lord (Cambridge, MA: John Wilson and Son, 1891), I:32–33, 300–301.
35. George B. Wood, Early History of the University of Pennsylvania from Its Origin to the Year 1827 (1833; Philadelphia: J. B. Lippincott, 1896), 57–58.
36. William Smith, “A General Evening Prayer,” in Prayers, For the Use of the Philadelphia Academy (Philadelphia: B. Franklin and D. Hall, 1753), 14–17.
37. Pennsylvania Chronicle, 9–16 March 1772; David Hosack, Biographical Memoir of Hugh Williamson, M.D., LL.D., … Delivered on the First Day of November, 1819, at the Request of the New-York Historical Society (New York: C. S. Van Winkle, 1820), 18–23; Whitfield J. Bell Jr., “Some American Students of ‘That Shining Oracle of Physic,’ Dr. William Cullen of Edinburgh, 1755–1766,” Proceedings of the American Philosophical Society, 20 June 1950, 281; Hugh Williamson, “To the Human and Liberal, Friends of Learning, Religion and Public Virtue, in the island of Jamaica. The Memorial and Humble Address of Hugh Williamson, M.D. One of the Trustees of the Academy of New-Ark, in Behalf of That Institution,” Philadelphia Packet, 15 June 1772.
38. Hugh T. Lefler and William S. Powell, Colonial North Carolina: A History (New York: Scribner’s Sons, 1973), 208–12; Joseph Caldwell, 1791 salutary address in Latin, Joseph Caldwell Papers, Folder 1, Manuscripts Department, Wilson Library, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill; Indenture from Col. Benjamin Smith to the Trustees of the University, 18 December 1789, Folder 3, letter from Joseph Caldwell, June 1796, Folder 9, and records of lands, stocks, assets, and donations, and slave inventories, Folders 1–10, UNC Papers, Box 1, Wilson Library, UNC; David Ker and Mary Boggs Ker Papers, Wilson Library, UNC; George Dames Burtchaell and Thomas Ulick Sadleir, Alumni Dublinenses: A Register of the Students, Graduates, Professors and Provosts of Trinity College in the University of Dublin (1593–1860) (Dublin: Alex. Thom, 1935), 464.
39. Franklin W. Knight, The Caribbean: The Genesis of a Fragmented Nationalism (New York: Oxford University Press, 1990), 284; Walter Pilkington, ed., The Journals of Samuel Kirkland: 18th-Century Missionary to the Iroquois, Government Agent, Father of Hamilton College (Clinton, NY: Hamilton College Press, 1980), 280.
40. John Witherspoon, New York City, to Benjamin Rush, 8 September 1768, John Witherspoon Collection, Box 1, Folder 14.
41. John Witherspoon, Address to the Inhabitants of Jamaica, and other West-India Islands, in Behalf of the College of New-Jersey (Philadelphia: William and Thomas Bradford, 1772), 6–27; entries from 11 March to 30 September 1772, “The Minutes of the Proceedings of the Trustees of the College of New Jersey,” vol. I, Seeley G. Mudd Manuscript Library, Princeton University; Varnum Lansing Collins, President Witherspoon: A Biography (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1925), I:143–45.
42. Richard Stockton, a signer of the Declaration of Independence, was also invested in Nova Scotia lands. Last will and testament of Richard Stockton (signer), 20 May 1780, Stockton Family Additional Papers, Box 2, Folder 22, Manuscripts and Archiv
es, Princeton University. After the New York Gazette published Witherspoon’s Address to the Inhabitants of Jamaica, “Causidicus” objected to the minister’s negative comments on the colleges in New York and Philadelphia, which the respondent saw as part of a pattern of self-interest and duplicity. “A Wellwisher to Old Scotland” replied to Witherspoon’s advertisements in Scotland with similar concerns, accusing the proprietors of rent gouging and hiding the actual cost of settlement. The lands were not cleared, a considerable expense that would fall upon the tenants. Renters would have to fend for themselves while preparing and planting farms. Moreover, if and when these farms became productive, there were no local markets for surpluses. Emigrants, this critic concluded, would need considerable capital to execute such an agreement, would lose much of what they produced to rents, and would fare better if they remained in Scotland. J. M. Bumsted, The People’s Clearances: Highland Emigration to British North America (Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press, 1982), 20–21, 61–65, 72; Winthrop Pickard Bell, The “Foreign Protestants” and the Settlement of Nova Scotia: The History of a Piece of Arrested British Colonial Policy in the Eighteenth Century (Toronto: University of Toronto Press, 1961), 9–17; New-York Gazette; and the Weekly Mercury, 7 December 1772, with Witherspoon’s reply appearing on 28 December 1772; David Walker Woods Jr., John Witherspoon (London: Fleming H. Revel, 1906), 185–89.
43. C. Vann Woodward, ed., Mary Chesnut’s Civil War (New Haven: Yale University Press, 1981), 195–212; Ben Ames Williams, ed., A Diary from Dixie by Mary Boykin Chesnut (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1980), 138–48; C. Vann Woodward and Elisabeth Muhlenfeld, eds., The Private Mary Chesnut: The Unpublished Civil War Diaries (New York: Oxford University Press, 1984), 162–67.
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