by Jones, Kaye;
20. J. Althaus, On Epilepsy, Hysteria, and Ataxy: Three Lectures, London John Churchill & Sons, 1866, p.39.
21. Maudsley & Sibbald, The Journal of Mental Science, p.104.
22. Althaus, On Epilepsy, pp.53–55.
23. Ibid, pp.65–67.
24. Ibid.
25. A. Tweedie, A System of Practical Medicine Comprised in a Series of Original Dissertations, London, Whittaker & Co., 1840, pp.228–229.
26. Quoted in I. Morus, Shocking Bodies: Life, Death and Electricity in Victorian England, Stroud, The History Press, 2011, pp.89–91.
27. R. P. Maines, The Technology of Orgasm: “Hysteria”, the Vibrator and Women’s Sexual Satisfaction, Baltimore, John Hopkins University Press, 1999, pp.1, 24.
28. Morning Post, 17 January 1872.
29. Maudsley & Sibbald, Journal of Mental Science, p.105.
30. Quoted in O. Temkin, The Falling Sickness: A History of Epilepsy From the Greeks to the Beginnings of Modern Neurology, www.books.google.co.uk, 2010, n.p.
31. G Davis, “The Cruel Madness of Love”: Sex, Syphilis and Psychiatry in Scotland, 1880–1930, Amsterdam, Rodopi, 2008, pp.199–200.
32. Wallace & Gach, History of Psychiatry, p.391.
33. M. Wilson Carpenter, Health, Medicine and Society in Victorian England, California, ABC-CLIO, 2010, p.90.
34. Ibid, p. 89.
35. C. Hutto & G. B. Scott, Congenital and Perinatal Infections: A Concise Guide to Diagnosis, New Jersey, Humana, www.books.google.co.uk, 2006, p.200.
36. Who Do You Think You Are, Series 6, Episode 11, BBC Television, London, Broadcast 2010.
37. J. MacIntyre & M. L. Newell, Congenital and Perinatal Infections: Prevention, Diagnosis and Treatment, Cambridge, Cambridge University Press, 2000, p.268.
38. J. Marazzo & C. Celum, ‘Syphilis in Women’, in M. Goldman, R. Troisi & K. Rexrode, Women and Health: Second Edition, London, Elsevier, 2013, p.469.
39. M. R. Khan & M. Ekhlasur Rahman, Essence of Pediatrics, London, Elsevier, www.books.google.co.uk, 2011, p.398.
40. Hutto & Scott, Congenital and Perinatal Infections, p.201.
41. ‘Hydrocephalus’, National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, http://www.ninds.nih.gov/disorders/hydrocephalus/detail_hydrocephalus.htm, 2015, n.p.
Chapter 4
1. The Times, March 26 1867.
2. C. M. Oslund, Disability Services and Disability Studies in Higher Education: History Contexts and Social Impacts, Basingstoke, Palgrave MacMillan, 2015, pp.43–44.
3. The Times, 22 June 1860.
4. Maudsley & Sibbald, The Journal of Mental Science, pp.104, 106.
5. ‘The Earlswood Asylum for Idiots’, Langdon-Down Museum of Learning Disability, http://langdondownmuseum.org.uk/dr-john-langdon-down-and-normansfield/the-earlswood-asylum-for-idiots/, n.p.
6. Maudsley & Sibbald, Journal of Mental Science, p.104
7. D. Barltrop & B. K. Sandhu, ‘Marasmus,’ Postgraduate Medical Journal, Volume 61, http://pmj.bmj.com/content/61/720/915.full.pdf+html, 1985, pp.919–920.
8. D. Marshall, Industrial England, 1776–1851, Abingdon, Routledge, 2006, pp.54–55.
9. Ibid, p. 55;, ‘The History of Brighton’s Tourism,’ Visit Brighton, https://www.visitbrighton.com/xsdbimgs/history%20of%20brighton%20tourism.pdf, p.2.
10. Morning Post, 25 August 1871.
11. N. P. Blaker, Sussex in Bygone Days: The Reminiscences of Nathaniel Paine Blaker, M. R. C. S., http://freepages.genealogy.rootsweb.ancestry.com/~blaker/reminiscences/contents.html, p.51.
12. E. Burke, The Annual Register, London, Rivingtons, 1873, p.197.
13. Maudsley & Sibbald, Journal of Mental Science, p.105.
14. Ibid, p.105.
15. J. Delaney, M. J. Lupton & E. Toth, The Curse: A Cultural History of Menstruation, Illinois, University of Illinois Press, 1988, p.220.
16. E. J. Tilt, The Change of Life in Health and Disease: A Practical Treatise on the Nervous and Other Affections Incidental to Women at the Decline of Life, Philadelphia, Lindsay & Blackiston, 1871, pp.26–27.
17. The Times, 14 September 1871.
18. A. Broomfield, Food and Cooking in Victorian England: A History, Westport, Greenwood Publishing Group, 2007, p. 117.; S. Morton, ‘A Little of What You Fancy Does You…Harm!’, in J. Rowbotham & K. Stevenson (eds.), Criminal Conversations Victorian Crimes, Social Panic and Moral Outrage, Ohio, Ohio State University, 2005, pp.161–162.
19. J, Emsley, The Elements of Murder: A History of Poison, Oxford, Oxford University Press, 2005, pp.100–101.
20. E. Burke, The Annual Register, London, Rivningtons, 1860, pp.198–199.
21. Broomfield, Food and Cooking, p.117.; Morton, ‘A Little of What You Fancy’, pp.161–162.
22. The Star, 14 September 1871.
Chapter 5
1. Daily News, 9 September 1871.
2. K. Watkins, Poisoned Lives: English Poisoners and Their Victims, Hambledon, London, 2004, p.33.
3. Ibid, p.34.
4. The Times, 22 July 1869, 6 August 1869.
5. R. N. Karmakar, Forensic Medicine and Toxicology, India, Academic Publishers, www.books.google.co.uk, 2010, pp.84, 122; J. C. Whorton, The Arsenic Century: How Victorian Britain was Poisoned at Home, Work & Play, Oxford, Oxford University Press, 2010, p.10.
6. J. Buckingham, Bitter Nemesis: The Intimate History of Strychnine, London, CRC Press, 2008, pp.67–69.
7. Watkins, Poisoned Lives, p.33.
8. The Times, 11 February 1859.
9. Manchester Times, 26 February 1871.
10. E. Cresy, On a Preliminary Enquiry into the Sewerage, Drainage and Supply of Water, and the Sanitary Condition of the Inhabitants of the Town of Brighton, London, William Clowes and Son, 1849, p.10.
11. J. M. Eyler, Sir Arthur Newsholme and State Medicine: 1885–1935, Cambridge, Cambridge University Press, 1997, pp.9–12.
12. Quoted in R. Collis, Death and the City: the Nation’s Experience, Told Through Brighton’s History, Brighton, Hanover Press, 2013, p.93.
13. Daily News, 16 January 1872.
14. Daily News, 25 August 1871; Buckingham, Bitter Nemesis, p.70. According to Buckingham, there are recorded instances of an adult dying after ingesting as little as one-half of a grain of strychnine.
15. The Times, 1 September 1871.
Chapter 6
1. Daily News, 16 January 1872.
2. The Times, 8 September 1871.
3. Ibid.
4. Daily News, 16 January 1872; ‘Poisoning By Strychnia in Sweetmeats,’ The Pharmaceutical Journal, London, J & A. Churchill, https://archive.org/stream/pharmaceuticaljo2187phar/pharmaceuticaljo2187phar_djvu.txt, 1872, p.16.
5. The Times, 8 September 1871.
6. Watkins, Poisoned Lives, p.167.
7. Brighton Gazette, 29 June 1871.
8. Ibid, p.27.
9. Daily News, 25 August 1871.
10. ‘Poisoning By Strychnia,’pp.16–18.
Chapter 7
1. The author has been unable to locate this letter.
2. Morning Post, 16 January 1872.
3. Nottinghamshire Guardian, 1 September 1871.
4. Morning Post, 17 January 1872; Maudsley & Sibbald, Journal of Mental Science, p.105.
5. T. Page, Folthorp’s General Directory for Brighton, Hove and Cliftonville, Brighton, Thomas Page, 1864.
6. Nottinghamshire Guardian, 1 September 1871.
Chapter 8
1. Daily News, 25 August 1871.
2. Morning Post, 17 January 1872.
3. Blaker, Sussex in Bygone Days, p.51.
4. Manchester Times, 2 September 1871.
5. Blaker, Sussex in Bygone Days, p.51.
6. Ibid.
7. Manchester Times, 2 September 1871.
8. This is based on a lethal dose of four to five grains of arsenic, equivalent to 259.2 mg, as quoted in Whorton, Arsenic Century, p.10.
9. Maudsley & Sibbald, Journal of Mental Science, p.105.
10. D
aily News, 25 August 1871.
11. The Times, 18 August 1871.
12. Manchester Times, 26 August 1871.
Chapter 9
1. Daily News, 25 August 1871.
2. Manchester Times 26 August 1871.
3. Evening Gazette, 25 August 1871.
4. Manchester Times, 26 August 1871.
5. Ibid.
6. Quoted in Whorton, Arsenic Century, p.1.
7. Watkins, Poisoned Lives, p.47.
8. Manchester Times, 26 Aug 1871.
9. Daily News, 25 August 1871.
10. Ibid.
11. ‘Experts in Handwriting’, The Cornhill Magazine, Vol. 4, London, Smith, Elder & Co., 1885, p.151.
12. Morning Post, 1 September 1871.
13. See Morning Post, 21 July 1863 for Netherclift’s testimony.
14. Morning Post, 1 September 1871.
15. Morning Post, 21 July 1863.
16. Morning Post, 1 September 1871.
17. Reynold’s Newspaper, 10 July 1870.
18. Belfast Newsletter, 22 November 1869.
19. Morning Post, 1 September 1871.
20. The Star, 5 September 1871.
21. Morning Post, 8 & 9 September 1871.
22. The Star, 14 September 1871.
23. Ibid.
24. The Star, 14 September 1871.
25. ‘The Brighton Poisoning Case,’ The Chemist and Druggist, 15 September 1871, p.298.
26. Evening Gazette, 2 January 1872.
27. Lancaster Gazette, 25 November 1871.
28. Evening Gazette, 2 January 1872.
29. Hastings and St Leonard’s Observer, 12 August 1871.
30. Ibid.
31. Ibid.
32. Ibid.
33. Lancaster Gazette, 25 November 1871.
Chapter 10
1. D. Defoe, The Fortunes and Misfortunes of the Famous Moll Flanders, Minneapolis, Lerner, 2014, p.281.
2. H. Mayhew & J. Binny, The Criminal Prisons of London and Scenes of Prison Life, London; Griffin, Bohn & Company, 1862, pp.593–594.
3. The Times, 30 December 1871.
4. ‘Eva Pierlo’, T. Hitchcock, R. Shoemaker, C. Emsley, S. Howard, & J. McLaughlin, et al., The Old Bailey Proceedings Online, 1674–1913, http://www.oldbaileyonline.org/browse.jsp?path=sessionsPapers%2F18720108.xml; Morning Post, 10 January 1872; The Times, 10 January 1872.
5. Pall Mall Gazette, 1 January 1872.
6. Mayhew & Binny, Criminal Prisons of London, pp.597–598, 604.
7. J. A. Hamilton, ‘Parry, John Humffreys (1816–1880), Oxford Dictionary of National Biography, Oxford, Oxford University Press, 2004.
8. C. Elliott, The Rules of Insanity: Moral Responsibility and the Mentally Ill Offender, New York, State University of New York, 1996, pp.10–11.
9. Morning Post, 17 January 1872.
10. The Times, 18 January 1872.
11. Prichard, Treatise on Insanity, pp.16, 28–29.
12. The Era, 14 January 1872.
13. Illustrated Police News, 20 January 1872.
14. Daily News, 16 January 1872.
15. Ibid.
16. Ibid.
17. Morning Post, 17 January 1872.
18. Ibid.
19. Ibid.
Chapter 11
1. Illustrated Police News, 20 January 1872.
2. Blaker, Sussex in Bygone Days, n.p.
3. The Times, 20 January 1872.
4. Morning Post, 5 February 1872.
5. Ibid.
6. Reynold’s Newspaper, 28 January 1872.
7. Huddersfield Chronicle and West Yorkshire Advertiser, 27 January 1872.
8. The Era, 21 January 1872.
9. Illustrated Police News, 20 January 1872.
10. See Pall Mall Gazette, 25 January 1872.
11. M. J. Wiener, Men of Blood: Violence, Manliness and Criminal Justice in Victorian England, Cambridge, Cambridge University Press, 2006, p.13
12. Information based on research carried out by Richard Clark, Dave Mossop & Matthew Spicer for the website Capital Punishment UK (www.capitalpunishmentuk.org).
13. Wiener, Men of Blood, p.133.
14. Manchester Times, 27 January 1872.
15. Pall Mall Gazette, 19 January 1872.
16. The Times, 17 January 1872.
17. Quoted in A. Mangham, Violent Women and Sensation Fiction: Crime, Medicine and Victorian Popular Culture, London, Palgrave, 2007, pp.36–37.
18. Derby Mercury, 31 January 1872.
19. Reynold’s Newspaper, 28 January 1872.
20. Morning Post, 31 January 1872.
21. Derby Mercury, 31 January 1872.
22. Bedford Times and Bedfordshire Independent, 27 January 1872.
23. L. Appignanesi, Trials of Passion: Crimes in the Name of Love and Madness, London, Virago, 2014, pp.116–117.
24. York Herald, 25 May 1872.
25. South Eastern Advertiser, 19 October 1872 & Whitstable Times and Herne Bay Herald, 27 November 1875.
26. Berkshire Record Office: D/H/14/D2/2/2/204/1
27. Berkshire Record Office: D/H14/D2/1/2/1
Chapter 12
1. The Times, 13 January 1865.
2. Reports From Committees: Sixteen Volumes, Volume XXII, 1860, p.xiv.
3. M. Stevens, Broadmoor Revealed: Victorian Crime and the Lunatic Asylum, Barnsley, Pen & Sword, 2013, p.7.
4. Ibid, p. 8.
5. See, for example, Lucia Zedner, Women, Crime and Custody in Victorian England, Oxford, Oxford University Press, 1991.
6. A. Cossins, Female Criminality: Infanticide, Moral Panic and the Female Body, Basingstoke, Palgrave Macmillan, 2015, pp.193,197.
7. Stevens, Inside Broadmoor, pp.119–122.
8. H. Deacon, ‘The Medical Institutions on Robben Island, 1846–1931,’ in H. Deacon (ed.), The Island: A History of Robben Island, 1488–1990, Claremont, David Philip, 1996, pp.66–67; ‘Dr William Edmunds,’ Biographical Database of South African Science, http://www.s2a3.org.za/bio/Biograph_final.php?serial=841, 2014.
9. Berkshire Record Office: D/H14/D2/1/2/1.
10. Berkshire Record Office: D/H14/D2/2/2/204/ p.3 & 5.
11. Berkshire Record Office: D/H14/D2/1/2/1.
12. Stevens, Broadmoor Revealed, pp.7,15–19.
13. Berkshire Record Office: D/H14/D2/1/2/1.
14. Quoted in Appignanesi, Trials of Passion, p.132.
15. Stevens, Broadmoor Revealed, pp.24–25.
16. Berkshire Record Office: D/H14/D2/1/2/1.
17. Yorkshire Telegraph and Star, 28 September 1907.
18. See, for example, Cheltenham Chronicle, 28 September 1907 and Manchester Courier, 28 September 1907.
Epilogue
1. Inside Broadmoor, Series 1, Episode 1, television programme, Channel 5, London, Broadcast 30 September 2013.
2. C. Malmquist, Homicide: A Psychiatric Perspective, Arlington, American Psychiatric Press, 2006, pp.177–179.
3. Ibid, p.179.
4. ‘Personality Disorders,’ Mental Health Foundation, http://www.mentalhealth.org.uk/help-information/mental-health-a-z/P/personality-disorders/, 2015.
5. A. Tomkins, ‘Mad Doctors? The Significance of Medical Practitioners Admitted as Patients to the First English County Asylums up to 1890,’ in History of Psychiatry, vol. 23(4), pp.437–453; A. Tomkins, ‘Case Notes and Madness,’ in M. Jackson (ed.), Routledge History of Disease, London, Routledge, Forthcoming.
6. Berkshire Record Office: D/H14/D2/1/2/1.
Bibliography
Primary Sources
Archives
For Willam Edmunds’ will, please see: The National Archives: PROB/11/2054/117.
For William Edmunds’ school record, please see the Archives of the King’s School, Canterbury.
For Christiana’s case file from Broadmoor, please see: Berkshire Record Office: D/H/14/D2/2/2/204 and D/H14/D2/1/2/1.
Newspapers
All newspapers consulted in this book are available to view on the British Newspaper Archives (w
ww.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk), The Times Digital Archive and 19th Century British Newspapers (www.gale.cengage.co.uk). The only exception is the Brighton Gazette which is available to view on microfiche in The Keep, Brighton.
Books
Please note the following books are freely available to view at Google Books (www.books.google.com) and Internet Archive (www.archive.org).
Althaus, J., On Epilepsy, Hysteria, and Ataxy: Three Lectures, London John Churchill & Sons, 1866.
Batcheller, William., A Descriptive Picture of Dover; Or, the Visitors New Dover Guide, Dover, W. Batcheller, 1838.
Bennet, H. & T. Wakley (eds.), The London Lancet, New York, Burgess, Stringer & Co., 1845.
Bonner, G. W., The Picturesque Pocket Companion to Margate, Broadstairs, and Parts Adjacent, London, William Kidd, 1831.
‘The Brighton Poisoning Case,’ The Chemist and Druggist, 15 September 1871.
Browne, W. A. F., What Asylums Were, Are, and Ought To Be, London, Longman, 1837.
Burke. E., The Annual Register, London, Rivingtons, 1873
Cobbe, F. P., Life of Frances Power Cobbe: By Herself, Cambridge, Riverside Press, 1894.
Conolly, J., The Treatment of the Insane Without Mechanical Restraint, London, Smith, Elder & Co., 1856.
Cresy, E., On a Preliminary Enquiry into the Sewerage, Drainage and Supply of Water, and the Sanitary Condition of the Inhabitants of the Town of Brighton, London, William Clowes and Son, 1849.
—— ‘Experts in Handwriting,’ The Cornhill Magazine, Vol. 4, London, Smith, Elder & Co., 1885, pp.148–162.
—— Further Report of the Metropolitan Commissioners in Lunacy, to the Lord Chancellor, London, Bradbury & Evans, 1847.
Hamilton, J. A., ‘Parry, John Humffreys (1816–1880), Oxford Dictionary of National Biography, Oxford, Oxford University Press, 2004.
Harnett Blanch, W., Ye Parish of Camerwell; A Brief Account of the Parish of Camberwell, its History and Antiquities, London, E. W. Allen, 1875.
Hitchcock, T, R. Shoemaker, C. Emsley, S. Howard, & J. McLaughlin, et al., The Old Bailey Proceedings Online, 1674–1913, http://www.oldbaileyonline.org, (accessed March 2015).
Maudsley, H. & J. Sibbald, The Journal of Mental Science: Volume 18, London, J. A. Churchill & Son, 1873.
Mayhew, H. & J. Binny, The Criminal Prisons of London and Scenes of Prison Life, London; Griffin, Bohn & Company, 1862.
Oulton, Walley Chamberlain, Picture of Margate and Its Vicinity, London, Baldwin, Cradock & Joy, 1820.
Page, T., Folthorp’s General Directory for Brighton, Hove and Cliftonville, Brighton, Thomas Page, 1864.
