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Prairie Page 30

by Candace Savage


  Bird, Ralph D. Ecology of the Aspen Parkland of Western Canada in Relation to Land Use. Ottawa: Research Branch, Canada Department of Agriculture, 1961.

  Black Elk. Black Elk Speaks: Being the Life Story of a Holy Man of the Ogalala Sioux, as Told Through John G. Neihardt. New York: Morrow, 1932.

  Bradley, Cheryl E., and Derald G. Smith. “Plains Cottonwood Recruitment and Survival on a Prairie Meandering River Floodplain, Milk River, Southern Alberta and Northern Montana.” Canadian Journal of Botany 64 (1989): 1433–42.

  Bragg, Thomas B., and Annehara K. Tatschi. “Changes in Flood-Plain Vegetation and Land Use Along the Missouri River from 1826 to 1972.” Environmental Management 1 (1977): 343–48.

  Cable, Ted T. “Windbreaks, Wildlife, and Hunters.” In Wildlife and Habitats in Managed Landscapes. Washington, D.C.: Island Press, 1991.

  Campbell, B.D., et al. “A Synthesis of Recent Global Change Research on Pasture and Rangeland Production: Reduced Uncertainties and Their Management Implications.” Agriculture Ecosystems and Environment 82 (2000): 39–55.

  Droze, Wilmon H. Trees, Prairies, and People: A History of Tree Planting in the Plains States. Denton: Texas Woman’s University, 1977.

  Elliott, Phillip F. “Cowbird Parasitism in the Kansas Tallgrass Prairie.” Auk 95 (1978): 161–67.

  Fitch, L., and B.W. Adams. “Can Cows and Fish Co-Exist?” Canadian Journal of Plant Science 78 (1998): 191–98.

  Fox, L. B., et al. Habitat Guidelines for Mule Deer: Great Plains Ecoregion. Mule Deer Working Group, Western Association of Fish and Wildlife Agencies, 2009.

  Houston, C. Stuart. “The Spread of the Western Kingbird Across the Prairies.” Blue Jay 37 (1979): 149–57.

  ———, and Mary I. Houston. “Saskatchewan Bird Species Which Increased with Settlement.” Blue Jay 55 (1997): 90–97.

  Johnsgard, Paul A. “Cranes of the World in 2008: a Supplement to Crane Music.” Papers in Ornithology, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, 2008. http//:digitalcommons.unl.edu/biosciornithology/45.

  Johnson, W. Carter. “Woodland Expansion in the Platte River, Nebraska: Patterns and Causes.” Ecological Monographs 64 (1994): 45–84.

  Kauffman, J. Boone, and W.C. Krueger. “Livestock Impacts on Riparian Ecosystems and Streamside Management Implications: A Review.” Journal of Range Management 37 (1984): 430–38.

  Kaul, Robert B., et al. “The Niobrara River Valley: A Postglacial Migration Corridor and Refugium of Forest Plans and Animals in the Grasslands of Central North America.” Botanical Review 54 (1998): 44–75.

  Reily, Peggy W., and W. Carter Johnson. “The Effects of Altered Hydrologic Regime on Tree Growth Along the Missouri River in North Dakota.” Canadian Journal of Botany 60 (1982): 2410–23.

  Ripple, William J., and Robert L. Beschta. “Hardwood Tree Decline Following Large Carnivore Loss on the Great Plains, usa.” Frontiers in Ecology and the Environment 5 (2007): 241–46.

  Rood, Stewart B., and John M. Mahoney. “Collapse of Riparian Poplar Forests Downstream Dams in Western Prairies: Probable Causes and Prospects for Mitigation.” Environmental Management 14 (1990): 451–64.

  Streng, D.R., and P.A. Harcombe. “Why Don’t East Texas Savannas Grow Up to Forest?” American Midland Naturalist 108 (1982): 287–94.

  Svejcar, Tony. “Riparian Zones: 1) What Are They and How Do They Work?” Rangelands 19 (1997): 4–7.

  ———. “Riparian Zones: 2) History and Human Impacts.” Rangelands 19 (1997): 8–12.

  Webster, R.P., and M.C. Nielsen. “Myrmecophily in the Edward’s Hairstreak Butterfly Sattyrium edwardsii (Lyncaenidae).” Journal of the Lepidopterists’ Society 38 (1984): 124–33.

  Wells, Philip V. “Scarp Woodlands, Transported Grassland Soils, and Concept of Grassland Climate in the Great Plains Region.” Science 148 (1965): 246–49.

  Wilson, Roger E. “Succession in Stands of Populus deltoides Along the Missouri River in Southeastern South Dakota.” American Midland Naturalist 83 (1970): 331–42.

  Winter, Maiken. “Nesting Biology of Dickcissels and Henslow’s Sparrows in Southwestern Missouri Prairie Fragments.” Wilson Bulletin 111 (1999): 515–27.

  ———, and John Faaborg. “Patterns of Area Sensitivity in Grassland-Nesting Birds.” Conservation Biology 13: 1424–36.

  CHAPTER 8: THE NATURE OF FARMING

  Altieri, Miguel A. “How Best Can We Use Biodiversity in Agroecosystems?” Outlook on Agriculture 20 (2001): 15–23.

  Baker, Herbert G. “The Evolution of Weeds.” Annual Review of Ecology and Systematics 5 (1974): 1–24.

  Berry, Wendell. “Hope.” In Fatal Harvest: The Tragedy of Industrial Agriculture, edited by Andrew Kimbrell, 373– 75. Washington, D.C.: Island Press, 2002.

  Best, Louis B. “Conservation Tillage: Ecological Traps for Nesting Birds?” Wildlife Society Bulletin 14 (1986): 308–17.

  ———, Timothy Bergin, and Kathryn E. Freemark. “Influence of Landscape Composition on Bird Use of Rowcrop Fields.” Journal of Wildlife Management 65 (2001): 442–49.

  ———, Kathryn Freemark, et al. “A Review and Synthesis of Habitat Use by Breeding Birds in Agricultural Landscapes of Iowa.” American Midland Naturalist 134 (1995): 1–29.

  ———, Robert C. Whitmore, and Gary M. Booth. “Use of Cornfields by Birds During the Breeding Season: The Importance of Edge Habitat.” American Midland Naturalist 123 (1990): 84–99.

  Bryan, Georgia G., and Louis B. Best. “Bird Abundance and Species Richness in Grassed Waterways in Iowa Rowcrop Fields.” American Midland Naturalist 126 (1991): 90–102.

  Buchmann, Stephen L., and Gary Paul Nabham. The Forgotten Pollinators. Washington, D.C.: Island Press, 1996.

  Calpas, James, and Dan Johnson. “Grasshopper Management.” Agri-Facts. Alberta Agriculture, Food and Rural Development, March, 2003.

  Camp, Martha, and Louis B. Best. “Bird Abundance and Nesting in CRP Fields and Cropland in the Midwest: A Regional Approach.” Wildlife Society Bulletin 25 (1997): 864–77.

  Carcamo, Hector A., et al. “Farming and Ground Beetles: Effects of Agronomic Practice on Populations and Community Structure.” Canadian Entomologist 127 (1995): 123–40.

  Clark, Robert G. et al. “Making a Living on the Edge: Beneficial Effects of Field Boundary Habitats for Biodiversity and Agriculture.” Canadian Entomologist 130 (1998): 321–36.

  Cox, Robert R., Jr. “Spring-Staging Ecology of Waterfowl in Nebraska—Then Versus Now.” Waterfowl 12 (2000): 18–19.

  Curry, Philip S. Bumble Bees of Saskatchewan (Hymenoptera: Apidae). Natural History Contributions No. 5, Saskatchewan Museum of Natural History, 1984.

  Erwin, Terry L., et al. Carabid Beetles: Their Evolution, Natural History, and Classification. London: Dr. W. Junk bv Publishers, 1979.

  Jackson, Dana L., and Laura L. Jackson, eds. The Farm as Natural Habitat: Reconnecting Food Systems with Ecosystems. Washington, D.C.: Island Press, 2002.

  Jackson, Wes: “Natural Systems Agriculture: A Truly Radical Alternative.” Agriculture Ecosystems and Environment 88 (2002): 111–17.

  ———. New Roots for Agriculture. San Francisco: Friends of the Earth, 1980.

  Johnson, Dan. “Band-winged Grasshoppers of the Canadian Prairies and Northern Great Plains.” Arthropods of Canadian Grasslands 7 (2001): 5–12. http://people.uleth.ca/~dan.johnson/htm/dj_gh_guide.htm.

  ———. “Spur-Throated Grasshoppers of the Canadian Prairies and Northern Great Plains.” Arthropods of Canadian Grasslands 8 (2002): 16–25. http://people.uleth.ca/~dan.johnson/htm/dj_gh_guide.htm.

  ———. “Slant-faced Grasshoppers of the Canadian Prairies and Northern Great Plains.” Arthropods of Canadian Grasslands 9 (2003): 5–16. http://people.uleth.ca/~dan. johnson/htm/dj_gh_guide.htm.

  Johnson, Douglas H., and Lawrence D. Igl. “Contributions of the Conservation Reserve Program to Populations of Breeding Birds in North Dakota.” Wilson Bulletin 107 (1995): 709–18.

  Kirk, David A., et al. “Past and Current Attempts to Evaluate the Role
of Birds as Predators of Insect Pests in Temperate Agriculture.” Current Ornithology 13 (1996): 175–263.

  Kirk, Vernon M. “Ground Beetles in Cropland in South Dakota.” Annals of the Entomological Society of America 64 (1971): 238–41.

  Matson, P.A., et al. “Agricultural Intensification and Ecosystem Properties.” Science 277 (1997): 504–9.

  McCoy, Timothy D., et al. “Conservation Reserve Program: Source or Sink Habitat for Grassland Birds in Missouri?” Journal of Wildlife Management 63 (1999): 530–38.

  McMaster, D. Glen, and Stephen K. Davis. “An Evaluation of Canada’s Permanent Cover Program: Habitat for Grassland Birds?” Journal of Field Ornithology 723 (2001): 195–210.

  Owens, R.A., and M.T. Myres. “Effects of Agriculture Upon Populations of Native Passerine Birds of an Alberta Fescue Grassland.” Canadian Journal of Zoology 51 (1971): 697–713.

  Rodenhouse, Nicholas L., and Louis B. Best. “Breeding Ecology of Vesper Sparrows in Corn and Soybean Fields.” American Midland Naturalist 110 (1983): 265–75.

  Samson, F.B., and F.L. Knopf. “Prairie Conservation in North America.” BioScience 44 (1994): 418–21.

  Shutler, Dave, et al. “Bird Communities of Prairie Uplands and Wetlands in Relation to Farming Practices in Saskatchewan.” Conservation Biology 14 (2000): 1441–51.

  Soule, Judith D., and Jon K. Piper. Farming in Nature’s Image: An Ecological Approach to Agriculture. Washington, D.C.: Island Press, 1992.

  Svedarsky, W. Daniel, et al., eds. The Great Prairie Chicken: A National Look. University of Minnesota Miscellaneous Publication 99-1999, 1999.

  Tilman, David. “The Greening of the Green Revolution.” Nature 396 (1998): 211–12.

  Welsh R. The Economics of Organic Grain and Soybean Production in the Midwestern United States. Henry A. Wallace Institute Policy Studies Report No. 13, May 1999.

  Wooley, James B., Jr., et al. “Impacts of No-Till Row Cropping on Upland Wildlife.” North American Wildlife and Nature Resources Conference 50 (1985): 157–66.

  CHAPTER 9: LONG-RANGE FORECAST

  Askins, Robert A., et al. “Conservation of Grassland Birds in North America: Understanding Ecological Processes in Different Regions.” White Paper for AOU Conservation Committee, 2007. www.aou.org/committees/docs/ConservationAddn4.pdf.

  Bagley, Catherine, et al. “Organic Agriculture and the Global Food Supply.” Renewable Agriculture and Food Systems 22 (2006): 86–108.

  Black Elk. Black Elk Speaks: Being the Life Story of a Holy Man of the Ogalala Sioux, as Told Through John G. Neihardt. New York: Morrow, 1932.

  Blancher, Peter. Importance of North America’s Grasslands to Birds. Commission for Environmental Cooperation, 2003.

  Brower, Jennifer. Lost Tracks: Buffalo National Park, 1909– 1939. Edmonton: Athabasca University Press, 2008.

  Conner, Richard, et al. United States Grasslands and Related Resources: An Economic and Biological Trends Assessment. Prepared for the National Cattlemen’s Beef Association, the Nature Conservancy and Ducks Unlimited, 2001. http://imr.tamu.edu/pdf/grasslands_high.pdf.

  Freese, Curtis, et al. New Directions for the Prairie Economy:Connecting Conservation and Rural Development in the Northern Great Plains. World Wildlife Fund, 2009. www.worldwildlife.org/what/wherewework/ngp/publications.html.

  Gates, C. Cormack, et al. American Bison: Status Survey and Conservation Guidelines 2010, International Union for Conservation of Nature, Species Survival Commission. http://cmsdata.iucn.org/downloads/ american_bison_report.pdf.

  I-See-O, as quoted by Dan Flores, “Sky, Mesa and the Illano Estacado Bioregion.” www-personal.ksu.edu/~jsherow/flores.htm.

  Kimbrell, Andrew, ed. Fatal Harvest: The Tragedy of Industrial Agriculture. Washington, D.C.: Island Press, 2002.

  Knight, Richard L., et al. Ranching West of the 100th Meridian: Culture, Ecology, and Economics. Washington, D.C.: Island Press, 2002.

  Knopf, Fritz L., and Fred B. Samson, eds. Ecology and Conservation of Great Plains Vertebrates. New York: Springer, 1996.

  Martin, Leanne M., et al. “An Assessment of Grassland Restoration Success Using Species Diversity Components.” Journal of Applied Ecology 42 (2005): 327–36. McCracken, Jon D. “Where the Bobolinks Roam: The Plight of North America’s Grassland Birds.” Biodiversity 6 (2005): 20–29. www.bsc-eoc.org/download/GrasslandBirdsMcCracken.pdf.

  Millet, Bruce, et al. “Climate trends of the North American Prairie Pothole Region 1906-2000.” Climatic Change 93 (2009): 243–47.

  Moehrenschlager, Axel, and Cynthis Moehrenschlager. Population Census of Reintroduced Swift Foxes in Canada and Northern Montana 2005/2006. Calgary: Centre for Conservation Research, Calgary Zoo, 2006.

  Northern Plains Conservation Network. Oceans of Grass: A Conservation Assessment for the Northern Great Plains, 2004. www.worldwildlife.org/what/wherewework/ngp/publications.html.

  Ostlie, W.R., et al. The Status of Biodiversity in the Great Plains. The Nature Conservancy, Arlington: 1997.

  Packard, Stephen, and Cornelia F. Mutel. The Tallgrass Restoration Handbook: For Prairies, Savannas and Woodlands. Washington, D.C.: Island Press, 1997.

  Power, Thomas Michael, and Richard Barrett. Post-Cowboy Economics: Pay and Prosperity in the New American West. Washington, D.C.: Island Press, 2001.

  Ries, Leslie, et al. “Conservation Value of Roadside Prairie Restoration to Butterfly Communities.” Conservation Biology 15 (2001): 401–11.

  Samson, Fred B., and Fritz L. Knopf, eds. Prairie Conservation: Preserving North America’s Most Endangered Ecosystem. Washington, D.C.: Island Press, 1996.

  Sayre, Nathan F. Working Wilderness: The Malpai Borderlands Group and the Future of the Western Range. Tucson: Rio Nuevo, 2005.

  Shirley, Shirley. Restoring the Tallgrass Prairie. Iowa City: University of Iowa Press, 1994.

  Smith, Elwin G., et al. “Profitability and Risk of Organic Production Systems in the Northern Great Plains.” Renewable Agriculture and Food Systems 19 (2004): 152–58.

  U.S. Global Change Research Program. “U.S. National Assessment of the Potential Consequences of Climate Variability and Change, Mega Region: Great Plains.” www.usgcrp.gov/usgcrp/nacc/greatplains.htm/.

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  APPENDICES }

  Scientific Names

  Common names for plants and animals often vary from place to place. To help prevent confusion, this list provides the currently accepted scientific names for extant species found on the Geat Plains. Where common names refer to subspecies, scientific names have been provided to the species level only. Because taxonomy is an ever-evolving science, the names given here may differ somewhat from those found in older field guides and other reference books.

  American avocet, Recurvirostra americana

  American badger, Taxidea taxus

  American black bear, Ursus americanus

  American burying beetle, Nicrophorus americanus

  American crow, Corvus brachyrhynchos

  American elm, Ulmus americana

  American goldfinch, Carduelis tristis

  American kestrel, Falco sparverius

  American robin, Turdus migratorius

  American wigeon, Anas americana

  Arkansas River shiner, Notropis girardi

  armadillo, Dasypus novemcinctus

  Ashe juniper, Juniperus ashei

  ash-throated flycatcher, Myiarchus cinerascens

  aspen poplar, Populus tremuloides

  awned wheatgrass, Elymus trachycaulus

  Baird’s sandpiper, Calidris bairdii

  Baird’s sparrow, Ammodramus bairdii

  balsam poplar, Populus balsamifera

  Baltimore oriole, Icterus galbula

  banded argiope, Argiope trifasciata

  barn swallow, Hirundo rustica

  barnyard grass, Echinochloa crus-galli

  beaver, Castor canadensis

  big bluestem, Andropogon gerardii

  bighorn sheep, Ovis canadensis

  bison, Bison bison


  black-bellied plover, Pluvialis squatarola

  black-billed magpie, Pica hudsonia

  black bullhead, Ameiurus melas

  black-capped chickadee, Poecile atricapillus

  black crappie, Pomoxis nigromaculatus

  black-crested titmouse, Baeolophus atricristatus

  black-footed ferret, Mustela nigripes

  black-headed grosbeak, Pheucticus melanocephalus

  Black Hills red-bellied snake, Storeria occipitomaculata

  blacknose shiner, Notropis heterolepis

  black-tailed jackrabbit, Lepus californicus

  black-tailed prairie dog, Cynomys ludovicianus

  black tern, Chlidonias niger

  blowout grass, Redfieldia flexuosa

  blowout penstemon, Penstemon haydenii

  bluebunch wheatgrass, Pseudoroegneria spicata

  bluebur, Lappula echinata

  blue grama, Bouteloua gracilis

  blue jay, Cyanocitta cristata

  blue-stem prickly-poppy, Argemone albiflora

  blue vervain, Verbena hastata

  blue-winged teal, Anas discors

  bobcat, Lynx rufus

  bobolink, Dolichonyx oryzivorus

  box elder, Acer negundo

  brassy minnow, Hybognathus hankinsoni

  broomweed, Amphiachyris dracunculoides

  brown-eyed susan, Rudbeckia triloba

  brown-headed cowbird, Molothrus ater

  brown-spotted range grasshopper, Psoloessa delicatula

  buffalo grass, Buchloe dactyloides

  bufflehead, Bucephala albeola

  Bullock’s oriole, Icterus bullockii

  bur oak, Quercus macrocarpa

  burrowing owl, Athene cunicularia

  butterfly milkweed, Asclepias tuberosa

  California gull, Larus californicus

  Canada goose, Branta canadensis

  Canada thistle, Cirsium arvense

  Canada wild rye, Elymus canadensis

  canvasback, Aythya valisineria

  Carlinian snapper grasshopper, Circotettix carlinianus

  Carolina chickadee, Poecile carolinensis

  cat’s claw mimosa, Mimosa aculeaticarpa

  chestnut-collared longspur, Calcarius ornatus

  chinook salmon, Oncorhynchus tshawytscha

  chipping sparrow, Spizella passerina

 

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