Cult vase from Uruk. See Uruk
Cursus honorum, 194
Cutting wheel, 78, 90, 150
Cylinder seals, 80, 85, 87, 90, 111, 122, 124, 149, 162, 176–178, 188; abstract, 123; beginning of, 74; brocade style, 79; city seals, 79, 107, 142; figurative vs. abstract, 77–79; in Susiana, 108–109; inscriptions, 151; Iran, 115; production of, 78, 150; purpose of, 74, 76–77, 151
Cyprus, 168
Deh Luran plain, 40
Deification. See Self-deification
Differentiation, cultural, 57–58, 64, 110–112; economic, 119; regional, 49, 125–126; social, 34–35, 63
Dilmun, 168
Division of labor, 43–44, 48, 61–63, 79, 83, 93, 112; collective labor, 36; organization, 96
Domestication of animals, beginning of, 26; process, 24–25; sheep, 24
Drill, 90, 150
Dry farming, 58, 60, 107
Dudu of Akkad, 185
Eannatum of Lagash, 138, 143–144, 146–147, 155
Early Dynastic, definition of, 7
Ebla, 127, 153, 158, 160, 168, 181–182, fig. 62; Eblaitic language, 158
Ecological units, 19, 48, 58
Economic organization, 83
Elam, 114, 162–163, 169–170, 187;
Elamite language, 162; Elamites, 195
en (title), 94, 140–141
Enentarzi of Lagash, 147
Enheduanna, daughter of Sargon, 172
Enlil, god of Nippur, 143, 174–175, 186, 193, 195
Enmerkar epic, 107
ensi (title), 140
Entemena of Lagash, 156
Environment, role of, 8
Eridu, 52
Euphrates, 96, 121, 142, 145; as source for irrigation water, 58, 144, 157; changes in the course, 131, 134;
Expansion, 119–121, 123–126, 142
Fara (ancient Shuruppak), 135; texts, 135–138, 143, 160
Flower pots, 90
Food gathering, 15, 18–19, 24, 26, 32, 40, 42; production, 20–21, 24–26, 32, 39, 43; production techniques, 40, 42, 67; storage of, 21, 23, 28;
Forced labor, 95, 112
Ganj Dareh, 52
Gawra, Tepe, 117–119, fig. 48, fig. 49
Gilgamesh, 95, 172; epic, 95
Girsu, 131, 134–135, 143, 148–149; texts, 140
Godin Tepe, 113, 124–126, fig. 46
Gods, struggles of the, 178
Grinding wheel. See Cutting wheel
Gudea of Lagash, 186–189; inscriptions, fig. 71
Gulf area, 55–56, 126–127, 168–169, 187
Guran, Tepe, 32, 52, fig. 8
Guti, 170, 174, 185–187, 196
Habuba Kabira South, 48, 120–125, fig. 50, fig. 51
Hajji Firuz, 21, 33–35, fig. 5
Halaf Tell, 45; period, 45; pottery, 45–46, 57, fig. 12
Hama, 160
Hammurapi of Babylon, 164, 200
Hassuna, 115
Hiba, Tell al-, 135
Hierarchy of gods, 143, 178; of settlements, 8–11, 55, 66; social, 63, 79, 104–105
Huera, Tell, 127, 160
Inanna. See Innin
Innin, goddess of Uruk, 100, 105
Introduction scene, 178, 188
Iran, 157; central, 113–115, 161
Irnanna, 196
Irrigation, 43, 60, 69, 95, 118, 130, 144; area, 141, 145
Ishtar, goddess of Akkad, 174–175
Jaffarabad, Tepe, 52
Jarmo, Qalʾat, 27, 31, 52, 115, fig. 8
Jericho, 35–38, fig. 10
Jerusalem, 72, fig. 23
Kamarband cave, 19
Khafaji, 149
King of Kish (title), 144–146
Kish, city of, 106, 144–145, 149, 167; cemetery, 153
Kullaba, 100
Lagash, 106, 135, 147–148, 186, 190
List of officials and professions, 80, 94, fig. 31
Local center, definition, 11
lugal (title), 94, 140–141
Lugalanda of Lagash, 147
Lugalbanda, 172
Lugalzaggesi, 147–148, 168
Luristan, cemeteries of, 161–162
Magan, 168, 170
Malyan, Tepe, 114, 126, 169
Manishtusu of Akkad, 169
Mardikh, Tell (ancient Ebla), 153
Mari, 143, 168
Marshes, 67, 73
Martu, 196–197
Mass production. See Pottery
Mechanical tools, 150
Meluhha, 168
Masalim, 143
Mesopotamia, definition of, xii
Metal, 82, 89, 153
Mish, Chogha, 52, 124
Mixed economy, 25, 39–40
Monopoly, 165
Mount Carmel cave, 15
Mousterian period, 15
Murshili of Hatti, 164
Naram-Sin of Akkad, 169–170, 172, 174, 178, 182–184, 186, 195–196; stela, 172, 175–177, fig. 65
Near East, definition of, 1
Nejef, 145
Neolithic, early pottery, 27; prepottery, 26–27
Nineveh, 119, 126, 163, 183–184, fig. 70; Nineveh-5 pottery, 163, 183
Ningirsu, god of Girsu, 155, 187
Nippur, 106, 132, 174
Norsun Tepe, 182, fig. 68
Northern Mesopotamia, 116–119, 125, 182–183; definition of, xii
Numerical signs, 87, 122
Oman, 97, 127
Organization of labor, 95
Palace, 140, 183
Palaeolithic period, 15, 20
Pantheon, 143, 155
Particularism, political, 147–148, 185
Plano-convex bricks, 92–93, 111, fig. 37
Population, density, 70–71, 130–131; ethnic background of, 138–139; size of, 71
Potter’s wheel, 46–48, 62, 90, 108, 123
Pottery, beginning of, 27–28; decoration of, 28–30, 32, 45–46, 48, 57, 61–63, 108, 111, 116; mass production of, 83–84, 90, 123, 150, 167; production of, 28–30, 45–47, 61–62, 90–91; shaping of, 29; technology, 90–91
Prayer statues, 154–155
Precipitation, 56, 58, fig. 18
Presentation scene. See Introduction scene
Productivity, 43–44, 61, 69
Proto-Elamite, definition of, 111
Ras-al ˓Amiyah, 52
Rations, 84–85, 110
Raw materials, 125, 142; demand for, 83, 155; metal, 127, 153; stone, 96–97, 115, 153, 169; timber, 153
Reform texts of Urukagina, 147–148
Regional center, definition, 11
Regional state, definition, 11
Religion, changes in, 155
Riemchen, 92
Rimush of Akkad, 168–169, 183
Rome, 72, fig. 23
Rostam, Qalʾe, 20, 32, 52, fig. 8
Rotating work surface, 46, 61
Royal inscriptions, 137, 147
Salinization, 130
Samarra pottery, 57
Sarab, Tepe, 52
Sargon of Akkad, 147, 167–168, 172, 184, 186
Scribes, 92
Sculpture, 103, 108
Sea level, changes of, 56, 59, 129
Sedentism, beginning of, 16–20
Seistan, 111
Self-deification, 170, 172–173
Semites, 138; language, 138–139, 158
Settlements, categorization, 10–11; change in number of, 70; communication within, 33; concentration of, 130–132; density of, 65–67; marsh, 73
Settlement systems, 8–9, 42, 48, 55, 58, 67, fig. 11; changes of, 11, 52, 73–74, 130, 135, 143; definition of, 10; simple, 54
Shanidar cave, 15, fig. 2
Shar-i Sokhtah, 111
Sharkalisharri of Akkad, 170–171, 186
Shudurul of Akkad, 184–185, 187
Shulgi of Ur, 192–193, 195
Shuruppak, old name of Fara, 131, 135
Shusin of Ur, 197
Sialk, Tepe, 111, 113
Sohz, Tepe, 53–54
Southern Mesopotamia
, definition of, xii
Sphere of influence, 131–132, 134
Stamp seals, 117
State, 94; definition of, 10
Statues, hoards of, 154, fig. 60
Steatite. See Chlorite
Storage containers, 21, 28; rooms, 34
Stratified society, 94
Stylus, 92, 136
Subsistence area, around settlements, 42, 60, 69, 141
Sumerian King List, 184–186; language, 13, 138–139, 162, 165; Renaissance, 187
Sumerians, 175, 187; arrival of, 69
Surface surveys, archaeological, 10, 49, 52, 70, 166–167; problems of, 9
Susa, 49, 55, 108, 114, 162–163
Susiana, 54–55, 66, 107–112, 125; definition of, xii
Syria, 120–121, 125, 181–183
Tally stones. See Tokens
Temple city, concept of, 147–148, 173, 187, 189
Temples, 98
Tepecik, 124, 182
Territorial state, 165
Textiles, 89
Tidnum, 197
Timber, 153
Tokens, 78, 85, 89, 108
Tournette, 46
Town, 36–37; definition of, 11
Trade, 83, 106, 125, 153, 161
Tuttul, 168
Typology. See Chronology
Ubaid, Tell al-, 46, 61, fig. 13; horizon, 46, 62, 116; period, 46–48, 61; pottery, 46, 48, 61–62
Umma, 131–132, 134–135, 143, 148
Umm Dabaghiyah, 33, 115, fig. 9
Unification, political, 143–144, 147–148, 168
Uqair, Tell, fig. 13
Ur, 106–107, 136, 142, 149, 169, 185, 192, 195, fig. 13; royal cemetery, 151, 153; ziggurat, fig. 74
Ur-nammu of Ur, 185–186, 190, 192, 194
Urnanshe of Lagash, 137
Uruk, city of, passim; Anu Ziggurat, 95, 100, fig. 40; Archaic texts, 89, 90, 125; as center, 70, 132, 134; cult vase, 103–105, fig. 42; Eanna district, 83, 96–100, 102; economic units, 83–84; Hall of Pillars, 98; limestone temple, 96–97; Palace E, 98; period, 48; pottery, 48; Riemchen building, 103, fig. 41; size of, 71–72; Stone Cone Temple, 98, 103, fig. 39; Temple C, 97–98; workshop area, 82–83, fig. 32
Urukagina, reforms of. See Reform texts
Urukagina of Lagash, 147–148
Utuhengal of Uruk, 185–186
Village, definition of, 10–11
Vulture stela of Eannatum, 155–156, 175, fig. 61
Worship of ancestors, 35
Writing, 113; beginning of, 14, 74, 85, 87, 89, 91–92; beginning of in Susiana, 108, 111; precursors of, 89, 122; syllabic, 139; system of, 13–14; technique, 91, 108, 111, 136–137
Yahya, Tepe, 111, 113, 115, 126, 161
Zabalam, 131
Zagros area, 20, 27, 31–32, 49, 52–53, 62, 113–115, 124, 162
Ziggurat, 99, 190
The Early History of the Ancient Near East (9000-2000 BC) Page 25
