by FDR
107. Bruenn, “Clinical Notes” 586.
108. Rosenman, Working with Roosevelt 462.
109. Lord Moran, Churchill: From the Diaries of Lord Moran 190 (Boston: Houghton Mifflin, 1966).
110. John Morton Blum, 3 From the Morgenthau Diaries: Years of War, 1941–1945 371 (Boston: Houghton Mifflin, 1967). Privy Councillor Lord Cherwell, the British government’s scientific adviser, also pointed out to Churchill that the destruction of German industry would save Britain from bankruptcy by eliminating a dangerous competitor.
111. Henry L. Stimson and McGeorge Bundy, On Active Service in Peace and War 568–582 (New York: Harper & Brothers, 1948).
112. Hull, 2 Memoirs 1613–1621.
113. Stimson and Bundy, On Active Service 581.
114. McIntire, White House Physician 204.
115. Moran, Diaries 192.
116. Harry H. Vaughan Oral History, Harry S. Truman Library, quoted in Ferrell, The Dying President 89.
117. Rosenman, Working with Roosevelt 478.
118. FDR, Teamsters Union Address, September 23, 1944, 13 Public Papers and Addresses 284–293.
119. Time, October 2, 1944.
120. 13 Public Papers and Addresses 290. On September 1, 1944, Admiral Leahy, on behalf of the Navy, officially confirmed to Speaker Rayburn and House Majority Leader John McCormack that “the president’s dog was not at any time left behind or sent for.” Leahy, I Was There 255.
121. Harry S. Truman, Memoirs: Years of Destiny 193 (New York: Doubleday, 1956).
122. FDR, Foreign Policy Association Address, October 21, 1944, 13 Public Papers and Addresses 342–354.
123. FDR, Campaign Address at Fenway Park, November 4, 1944, ibid. 397–406.
124. Bruenn, “Clinical Notes” 587; Ferrell, Dying President 93.
125. Leahy, I Was There 278.
126. Fish, the ranking member of the House Rules Committee, was defeated by Augustus W. Bennett, 70,630–62,583. Nye, third most senior Republican in the Senate, lost to John Moses 95,102–69,530. Congressional Quarterly, Guide to U.S. Elections 501, 803 (Washington, D.C.: Congressional Quarterly, 1975).
127. Bruenn, “Clinical Notes” 587–588.
128. Frances Perkins, The Roosevelt I Knew 393 (New York: Viking Press, 1946).
129. 990th Press Conference, January 19, 1945, 25 Complete Presidential Press Conferences 45.
130. FDR, Fourth Inaugural Address, January 20, 1945, 13 Public Papers and Addresses 523–525. The quotation is from Emerson’s Essays, First Series, Friendship.
131. Rosenman, Working with Roosevelt 517.
132. John Gunther, Roosevelt in Retrospect 29 (New York: Harper & Brothers, 1950).
133. “I’d never seen Father drink in that manner,” James wrote. Roosevelt and Shalett, Affectionately, F.D.R. 354–355.
134. Bruenn, “Clinical Notes” 588.
135. The New York Times, January 21, 1945.
136. Gunther, Roosevelt in Retrospect 28.
137. George Martin, Madam Secretary: Frances Perkins 461 (Boston: Houghton Mifflin, 1976).
138. Stimson and Bundy, On Active Service 619. “Russia’s entry at as early a date as possible consistent with her ability to engage in offensive operations is necessary to provide maximum support [for] our main effort against Japan,” the Joint Chiefs advised Roosevelt on January 23. “The objective of Russia’s military effort against Japan should be defeat of the Japanese forces in Manchuria, air operations against Japan proper … and maximum interference with Japanese sea traffic between Japan and the mainland of Asia.”
139. “We foresaw that Roosevelt would have himself wheeled into the park surrounding the palace to take the air, and so we could no longer be satisfied with microphones hidden in the rooms that were assigned to him.” Sergo Beria, Beria: My Father 104 (London: Duckworth, 2001).
140. Winston S. Churchill, Triumph and Tragedy 344 (Boston: Houghton Mifflin, 1953). Beria, Beria: My Father 106; Moran, Diaries 242.
141. Edward R. Stettinius, Roosevelt and the Russians: The Yalta Conference 72 (New York: Doubleday, 1949).
142. Leahy, I Was There 321.
143. Bohlen, Witness to History 172; also see Bohlen, The Transformation of American Foreign Policy 44 (New York: Norton, 1969).
144. W. Averell Harriman and Elie Abel, Special Envoy to Churchill and Stalin 389 (New York: Random House, 1973).
145. Anna to John Boettiger, February 6, 1945, FDRL.
146. Bruenn, “Clinical Notes” 589.
147. Without that agreement by the Soviets, wrote Bohlen, “There would hardly have been a United Nations.” Bohlen, Witness to History 193–195.
148. Harriman and Abel, Special Envoy 405.
149. Ibid. 407.
150. For the text of the Declaration of Liberated Europe, see FRUS, The Conferences at Malta and Yalta, 1945 977–978 (Washington, D.C.: U.S. Government Printing Office, 1955).
151. Leahy, I Was There 315–316.
152. Kennedy, Freedom from Fear 802–803.
153. For text, see FRUS, Conferences at Malta and Yalta 984. Also see Bohlen, Witness to History 196–196; Harriman and Abel, Special Envoy 400. Churchill added his signature to the agreement, though he took no part in its negotiation. “To us the problem was remote and secondary.”
154. Frank Freidel, Franklin D. Roosevelt: A Rendezvous with Destiny 591 (Boston: Little, Brown, 1990); Forrest C. Pogue, 3 George C. Marshall 531–539 (New York: Viking, 1973). Cf. Ernest J. King and Walter Muir Whitehill, Fleet Admiral King: A Naval Record 591–592 (New York: Norton, 1952).
155. Morgan, FDR 755.
156. WSC to Clementine Churchill, February 12, 1945, Winston and Clementine: The Personal Letters of the Churchills 515, Mary Soames, ed. (Boston: Houghton Mifflin, 1998).
157. Ward, ed., Closest Companion 397; Beatrice Bishop Berle and Travis Beale Jacobs, eds., Navigating the Rapids: From the Papers of Adolf A. Berle 477 (New York: Harcourt Brace Jovanovich, 1973).
158. FDR, Address to Congress on Yalta, March 1, 1945, 13 Public Papers and Addresses 570–586.
159. Frances Perkins, The Roosevelt I Knew 395. Rosenman, who helped draft the speech, was disappointed with Roosevelt’s delivery and felt the fire was gone. Working with Roosevelt 527–530.
160. 13 Public Papers and Addresses 586, 578.
161. Hassett, Off the Record with FDR 324–325. “I do not think we will ever see the President alive again,” Mrs. Jackson told her husband afterward. Robert H. Jackson, That Man: An Insider’s Portrait of Franklin D. Roosevelt 154, John Q. Barrett, ed. (New York: Oxford University Press, 2003).
162. Bruenn, “Clinical Notes” 590.
163. Goodwin, No Ordinary Time 596.
164. Tully, F.D.R., My Boss 356.
165. Jean Edward Smith, Lucius D. Clay: An American Life 215–216 (New York: Henry Holt, 1990).
166. Reilly, Reilly of the White House 226–227; Hassett, Off the Record 327.
167. Hassett, Off the Record 327–329. Also see Michael Beschloss, The Conquerors: Roosevelt, Truman and the Destruction of Hitler’s Germany, 1941–1945 203 (New York: Simon & Schuster, 2002).
Dr. Bruenn was evidently candid with Hassett about the problem, but in publishing his diary Hassett omitted the details. Years later, Dr. Bruenn, talking to Dr. James Halsted, Anna Roosevelt’s third husband, referred to a particularly upsetting phone call from ER to the president “a week or two before his death and talking forty-five minutes urging help for Yugoslavia. This resulted in rise of blood pressure of 50 points. His veins stood out on his forehead. Obviously the necessity to deny her request and the long telephone conversation was a major strain.” Dr. Halsted took notes on the conversation, March 8, 1967, and gave a copy to Geoffrey Ward, who passed them to Frank Freidel. See Freidel, Rendezvous with Destiny 604, 662.
168. Bruenn, “Clinical Notes” 590.
169. Merriman Smith, Thank You, Mr. President: A White House Notebook 186 (New York: Harper & Brothers, 1946).
170. Goodwin, No Ordinary Time 600.<
br />
171. Elizabeth Shoumatoff, FDR’s Unfinished Portrait 100 (Pittsburgh: University of Pittsburgh Press, 1990).
172. FDR, Undelivered Jefferson Day (April 13, 1945) Address, 13 Public Papers and Addresses 613–616.
173. Blum, 3 From the Morgenthau Diaries 416.
174. Shoumatoff, FDR’s Unfinished Portrait 115.
175. Ibid. 116. Also see Ward, Closest Companion 418.
176. Churchill, Triumph and Tragedy 471.
177. Harriman and Abel, Special Envoy 442.
178. Quoted in Bernard Asbell, When F.D.R. Died 117 (New York: Holt, Rinehart & Winston, 1961).
179. Bill Livingstone, “The Day FDR Died,” Senior News (April 2006).
Bibliography
THE PAPERS OF Franklin and Eleanor, their children, and most members of the Roosevelt administration are at the Franklin D. Roosevelt Library in Hyde Park, New York. So too are the Roosevelt, Delano, and Aspinwall family papers, including the collection of Sara Delano Roosevelt. Others’ (Farley, Ickes, Leahy, Hughes, Daniels) are at the Library of Congress. The Stimson and House papers are at Yale; the Alsop, Peabody, and Theodore Roosevelt collections at Harvard; and copies of the Wilson papers at Princeton. All of these I have consulted, plus the extensive oral history collection at Columbia. Whenever that material is used, I have provided a full citation in the text.
The bibliography below includes the books I have referred to. For the sake of brevity I have not included journal and magazine articles or newspaper coverage. These are cited fully in the Notes.
Abbott, Philip. The Exemplary Presidency: Franklin D. Roosevelt and the American Political Tradition. Amherst: University of Massachusetts Press, 1990.
Acheson, Dean. Morning and Noon. Boston: Houghton Mifflin, 1965.
———. Present at the Creation: My Years in the State Department. New York: Norton, 1969.
Adamic, Louis. Dinner at the White House. New York: Harper & Brothers, 1946.
Adams, Henry H. Harry Hopkins: A Biography. New York: Putnam, 1977.
Aga Rossi, Elena. Origins of the Bipolar World: Roosevelt’s Policy Toward Europe and the Soviet Union: A Reevaluation. Berkeley: Center for German and European Studies, University of California, 1993.
Agawa, Hiroyuki. The Reluctant Admiral: Yamamoto and the Imperial Navy. Tokyo: Shincho Sha, 1966.
Aglion, Raoul. Roosevelt and de Gaulle: Allies in Conflict, A Personal Memoir. New York: Free Press, 1988.
Albee, Peggy A. Home of Franklin D. Roosevelt: Roosevelt-Vanderbilt Sites, Hyde Park, New York. Lowell, Mass.: Building Conservative Branch, U.S. Dept. of the Interior, 1996.
Albion, Robert G. Makers of Naval Policy. Annapolis, Md.: Naval Institute Press, 1980.
Albion, Robert G., and Robert H. Connery. Forrestal and the Navy. New York: Columbia University Press, 1962.
Alinsky, Saul. John L. Lewis: An Unauthorized Biography. New York: G. P. Putnam’s Sons, 1949.
Alldritt, Keith. The Greatest of Friends: Franklin D. Roosevelt and Winston Churchill 1941–1945. New York: St. Martin’s Press, 1995.
Allen, George E. Presidents Who Have Known Me. New York: Simon & Schuster, 1950.
Alsop, Joseph. FDR, 1882–1945: A Centenary Remembrance. New York: Viking, 1982.
Alsop, Joseph, and Robert Kintner. American White Paper: The Story of American Diplomacy and the Second World War. New York: Simon & Schuster, 1940.
———. Men Around the President. New York: Doubleday, 1939.
Alsop, Joseph, and Turner Catledge. The 168 Days. New York: Doubleday, 1938.
Alter, Jonathan. The Defining Moment: FDR’s Hundred Days and the Triumph of Hope. New York: Simon & Schuster, 2006.
Ambrose, Stephen E. The Supreme Commander: The War Years of General Dwight D. Eisenhower. New York: Doubleday, 1970.
Amory, Cleveland. The Last Resorts. New York: Harper & Brothers, 1952.
———. Who Killed Society? New York: Harper & Brothers, 1960.
Anderson, Jervis. A. Philip Randolph: A Biographical Portrait. New York: Harcourt Brace Jovanovich, 1973.
Andersen, Kristi. The Creation of a Democratic Majority, 1928–1936. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1979.
Armstrong, Anne. Unconditional Surrender: The Impact of the Casablanca Policy Upon World War II. New Brunswick, N.J.: Rutgers University Press, 1961.
Arnold, General Henry H. Global Mission. New York: Harper & Brothers, 1949.
Arnold, Thurman. The Folklore of Capitalism. New Haven: Yale University Press, 1937.
Aron, Robert. Histoire de Vichy, 1940–1944. Paris: A. Fayard, 1954.
Asbell, Bernard. The F.D.R. Memoirs. New York: Doubleday, 1973.
———, ed. Mother & Daughter: The Letters of Eleanor and Anna Roosevelt. New York: Coward, McCann & Geoghegan, 1982.
———. When FDR Died. New York: Holt, Rinehart & Winston, 1961.
Ashburn, Frank D. Fifty Years On: Groton School, 1884–1934. New York: Privately printed, 1934.
———. Peabody of Groton: A Portrait. New York: Coward McCann, 1944.
Aspinwall, A. A. The Aspinwall Genealogy. Rutland, Vt.: Tuttle Co., 1901.
Atkinson, Rick. An Army at Dawn: The War in Africa, 1942–1943. New York: Henry Holt, 2002.
Attlee, Clement R. As It Happened. London: Heinemann, 1954.
Auphan, Paul, and Jacques Mordal. The French Navy in World War II. Annapolis, Md.: Naval Institute Press, 1959.
Axelrod, Alan. Nothing to Fear: Lessons in Leadership from FDR, President of the Greatest Generation. Paramus, N.J.: Prentice Hall Press, 2003.
Badeau, Adam. Grant in Peace: From Appomattox to Mount McGregor. Hartford, Conn.: S. S. Scranton & Co., 1887.
Bailey, Thomas A. A Diplomatic History of the United States. New York: Appleton-Century-Crofts, 1964.
———. Woodrow Wilson and the Great Betrayal. Chicago: Quadrangle Books, 1945.
Bailey, Thomas A., and Paul B. Ryan. Hitler vs. Roosevelt: The Undeclared Naval War. New York: Free Press, 1979.
———. The Lusitania Disaster. New York: Free Press, 1975.
Baker, Carlos, ed. Ernest Hemingway Selected Letters. New York: Charles Scribner’s Sons, 1981.
Baker, Leonard. Roosevelt and Pearl Harbor. New York: Macmillan, 1970.
Baker, Liva. The Justice from Beacon Hill: The Life and Times of Oliver Wendell Holmes. New York: HarperCollins, 1991.
Baker, Paul R. Stanny: The Gilded Life of Stanford White. New York: Free Press, 1989.
Baker, Ray Stannard. American Chronicle: The Autobiography of Ray Stannard Baker. New York: Charles Scribner’s Sons, 1945.
———. Woodrow Wilson: Life and Letters. 8 vols. New York: Doubleday, 1927.
Baldwin, Hanson W. The Crucial Years, 1939–1941: The World at War. New York: Harper & Row, 1976.
———. Great Mistakes of the War. New York: Harper & Brothers, 1950.
Barber, Noel. The Week France Fell. New York: Stein & Day, 1976.
Barber, William J. Designs Within Disorder: Franklin D. Roosevelt, the Economists, and the Shaping of American Economic Policy, 1933–1945. New York: Cambridge University Press, 1996.
Barkley, Alben W. That Reminds Me. New York: Doubleday, 1954.
Barlett, Donald L., and James B. Steele. Empire: The Life, Legend, and Madness of Howard Hughes. New York: Norton, 1979.
Barnard, Ellsworth. Wendell Willkie: Fighter for Freedom. Marquette: Northern Michigan University Press, 1966.
Barnard, John. Walter Reuther and the Rise of the Auto Workers. Boston: Little, Brown, 1983.
Barnes, Joseph. Willkie: The Events He Was Part Of, the Ideas He Fought For. New York: Simon & Schuster, 1952.
Barone, Michael. Our Country: The Shaping of America from Roosevelt to Reagan. New York: Free Press, 1990.
Barrett, Walter. The Old Merchants of New York City. New York: Greenwood Press, 1968.
Baruch, Bernard M. Baruch: The Public Years. New York: Holt, Rinehart & Winston, 1960.
Baur, Brian C. Franklin D. Roosevelt:
The Stamp Collecting President. Sidney, Ohio: Linn’s Stamp News, 1999.
———. Linn’s Franklin D. Roosevelt and the Stamps of the United States 1933–45. Sidney, Ohio: Linn’s Stamp News, 1993.
Beach, Edward L. The United States Navy: 200 Years. New York: Henry Holt, 1986.
Beale, Howard K. Theodore Roosevelt and the Rise of America to World Power. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1956.
Beard, Charles Austin. American Foreign Policy in the Making, 1932–1940. New Haven, Conn.: Yale University Press, 1946.
———. President Roosevelt and the Coming of the War, 1941: A Study of Appearances and Realities. New Haven, Conn.: Yale University Press, 1948.
Beasley, Maurine H. Eleanor Roosevelt and the Media: A Public Quest for Self-Fulfillment. Urbana: University of Illinois Press, 1987.
Beisner, Robert L. Dean Acheson: A Life in the Cold War. New York: Oxford University Press, 2006.
Bellush, Bernard. Franklin D. Roosevelt as Governor of New York. New York: Columbia University Press, 1955.
Bemis, Samuel Flagg. A Diplomatic History of the United States. New York: Holt, Rinehart and Winston, 1965.
Bennett, Edward M. Franklin D. Roosevelt and the Search for Security: American-Soviet Relations 1933–1939. Wilmington, Del.: Scholarly Resources, 1997.
———. Franklin D. Roosevelt and the Search for Victory: American-Soviet Relations 1939–1945. Wilmington, Del.: Scholarly Resources, 1990.
Bercuson, David, and Holger Herwig. One Christmas in Washington: The Secret Meeting Between Roosevelt and Churchill That Changed the World. New York: Overlook Press, 2005.
Berg, Roland H. The Challenge of Polio: The Crusade Against Infantile Paralysis. New York: Dial Press, 1946.
Beria, Sergo. Beria, My Father: Inside Stalin’s Kremlin. London: Duckworth, 2001.
Berle, Adolf A., and Gardiner C. Means. The Modern Corporation and Private Property. New York: Harcourt, Brace & World, 1968.
Berle, Beatrice Bishop, and Travis B. Jacobs, eds. Navigating the Rapids, 1918–1971: From the Papers of Adolf A. Berle. New York: Harcourt Brace Jovanovich, 1973.
Berlin, Isaiah. Personal Impressions. Henry Hardy, ed. New York: Viking, 1981.
Bernstein, Irving. The Lean Years: A History of the American Worker, 1920–1933. Boston: Houghton Mifflin, 1960.
