Providence Island Company, ref1
Prynne, William: puritanism, ref1; charged, sentenced and ears cut off, ref2; satirizes Eucharistic rites, ref3; prosecuted and punished with Bastwick, ref4; released and returns to London, ref5, ref6; Histriomastix, ref7
purge: as word, ref1
puritans: present millenary petition to James I, ref1, ref2; religious beliefs and practices, ref3; ordered to conform to Book of Common Prayer, ref4, ref5; under Charles I, ref6; anti-Laudian reaction, ref7, ref8; women and, ref9; clergy removed from livings (1662), ref10
Putney: Fairfax sets up HQ at, ref1; debates (1647), ref2
Pye, Sir Robert, ref1
Pym, John: speaks against Catholic threat, ref1; on parliamentary authority in religion, ref2, ref3; supports Scots against Charles, ref4; supports Providence Island Company, ref5; petitions Charles to make peace with Scots, ref6; leads ‘Protestant Cause’, ref7; speaks in parliament, ref8; Strafford threatens, ref9; accusations against Strafford, ref10, ref11; passes ‘root and branch’ petition, ref12; reforms, ref13; as chancellor of exchequer, ref14; speeches published, ref15; ten propositions, ref16; alarmed at Charles’ proposed visit to Scotland, ref17; as ‘King Pym’ and mastery in parliament, ref18; pledges to suppress Irish rebellion, ref19; and ‘Grand Remonstrance’, ref20; blames Charles for Irish rebellion, ref21; prepares for war at home, ref22; supports mob against bishops, ref23; character and appearance, ref24; impeachment charges against, ref25; locks doors of Commons chamber, ref26; fear of traitor’s death, ref27; raises money in civil war, ref28; rejects Essex’s proposed truce offer to Charles I, ref29; death, ref30
Quakers, ref1, ref2, ref3
Radcliffe, Sir George, ref1
Rainsborough, Thomas, ref1
Raleigh, Lady, ref1
Raleigh, Sir Walter: suspected of conspiracy, ref1; forfeits Sherborne, ref2; Prince Henry admires, ref3; sails for Guiana, ref4; executed, ref5
Ranke, Leopold von, ref1, ref2
Ranters (religious), ref1
religion: divisions and controversies, ref1, ref2, ref3, ref4; Westminster Assembly proposes reform, ref5; enthusiasts and radicals, ref6; under Cromwell and commonwealth, ref7, ref8, ref9; under Charles II, ref10; Charles II’s declaration of indulgence on, ref11; proliferation of sects under Charles II, ref12; see also Catholics; Protestantism
Reresby, Sir John, ref1, ref2
Reynolds, John, ref1
Rhé (island, France), ref1
Rich, Frances (née Cromwell; Oliver’s daughter), ref1
Rich, Sir Nathaniel, ref1
Rich, Robert, ref1
Richelieu, Cardinal Armand Jean Duplessis, duc de, ref1, ref2
Ripon, ref1
Rochester, John Wilmot, 2nd earl of, ref1, ref2
Roe, Sir Thomas, ref1
Rogers, Thorold, ref1
‘root and branch’ party, ref1
Rossingham, Edward, ref1, ref2, ref3
roundheads: as term, ref1; army strength, ref2; desecrate churches, ref3; weapons and equipment, ref4
Roundway Down, battle of (1643), ref1
Rous, Francis, ref1
Rous, John, ref1
Royal Africa Company, ref1
Royal Charles (ship), ref1
royal forests: limited, ref1
Royal Society: Bacon’s influence on, ref1; formed, ref2; Newton and, ref3; and economic improvements, ref4
royalists: pamphlets, ref1; forces muster (1642), ref2; supporters, ref3; wartime strategy, ref4; final defeats, ref5; protest at Charles I’s execution, ref6; conspiracies in London, ref7, ref8; in Cavalier Parliament (1661), ref9; see also cavaliers
Rubens, Peter Paul, ref1, ref2
‘Rump Parliament’, see under Parliament
Rupert, Prince, Count Palatine of the Rhine: commands cavalry in civil war, ref1; plunder in war, ref2; in Oxford, ref3; moves to Bristol, ref4, ref5; defeated at Marston Moor, ref6; at Naseby, ref7; surrenders Bristol, ref8; Charles I dismisses, ref9; cavalry raids from Oxford, ref10; commands fleet under Charles II, ref11
Rushworth, John, ref1
Russell, William, Lord, ref1
Rye House Plot (1683), ref1
Sagredo, Giovanni, ref1
St John, Elizabeth, ref1
St John, Oliver, ref1, ref2, ref3, ref4, ref5
St Kitts: French occupy, ref1
St Martin (citadel, France), ref1
St Paul’s Cathedral (old): as meeting centre, ref1; crowd destroys altar, ref2
St Winifred: shrine, ref1
Salisbury, Robert Cecil, 1st earl of (earlier viscount Cranborne): and accession of James I, ref1; office under James I, ref2; informed of Gunpowder Plot, ref3; and taxation measures, ref4; and ‘great contract’, ref5, ref6; on national financial difficulties, ref7; death, ref8
Sancroft, William, archbishop of Canterbury, ref1, ref2, ref3
Sandwich, Edward Mountague, 1st earl of, ref1, ref2, ref3
Sandys, Sir Edwin, ref1
Saye, William Fiennes, 1st viscount, ref1, ref2, ref3, ref4, ref5
science: and Royal Society, ref1
Scotland: James I visits (1617), ref1; Charles I’s relations with, ref2; opposes Charles I’s religious orders, ref3, ref4; national covenant, ref5; prepares for war against Charles I (1639), ref6, ref7, ref8; preparations for second war and advance into England (1640), ref9, ref10; negotiates with Charles I, ref11; English parliament votes £300,000 to, ref12; Charles I visits (1641), ref13; solemn league and covenant with England, ref14, ref15, ref16; volunteers support parliamentary cause in England, ref17; readiness to negotiate with Charles I, ref18; Charles I surrenders to, ref19; returns Charles I to parliament for cash, ref20; and Charles I in Isle of Wight, ref21; ‘Engagement’ with Charles, ref22; in second civil war, ref23; proclaims Charles II king, ref24; invites Charles II to visit, ref25; Cromwell’s campaign in (1650), ref26; Monck in, ref27; ordinance incorporating into commonwealth, ref28; see also Edinburgh
Scottish Church see Church of Scotland
Scroggs, William, ref1
Scrope, Philadelphia, Lady (née Carey), ref1
Sealed Knot (royalist conspiratorial group), ref1, ref2
Sedgemoor, battle of (1685), ref1
Sedley, Sir Charles, ref1
self-denying ordinance, ref1
Seller, Abednego: The History of Passive Obedience, ref1
sermons, ref1; published, ref2
seven bishops: consigned to Tower and acquitted, ref1
Sexby, Edward, ref1
Seymour, Sir Francis, ref1
Seymour, William, ref1
Shaftesbury, Anthony Ashley Cooper, 1st earl of: Charles II attacks, ref1; as senior councillor, ref2; as controversial figure, ref3; supports royal prerogative, ref4; on duke of York’s undependability, ref5; dismissed by Charles II, ref6; opposes Danby, ref7; urges dissolution of Cavalier Parliament, ref8; followers, ref9; objects to long suspension of parliament, ref10; sent to Tower, ref11; as champion of Protestantism, ref12, ref13; proposes dismissal of duke of York from king’s council, ref14; on election of ‘courtiers’ to parliament, ref15; appointed lord president, ref16; on Charles II’s proroguing parliament (1679), ref17; opposes James II’s accession, ref18, ref19, 4435; presents Charles II with petition for sitting of parliament, ref20; attempts prosecution of duke of York and Duchess of Portsmouth, ref21; takes refuge and dies in Holland, ref22; ‘Letter from a Person of Quality’, ref23
Shakespeare, William, ref1; The Tempest, ref2, ref3; The Winter’s Tale, ref4
Sharp, James, archbishop of St Andrews, ref1
Sheffield: poverty, ref1
Sheldon, Gilbert, archbishop of Canterbury, ref1
Shelley, Percy Bysshe, ref1
Sherland, Anthony, ref1
ship-money (tax), ref1, ref2, ref3, ref4, ref5, ref6, ref7
Shirley, James, ref1
‘Short Parliament’, see under Parliament
Shrewsbury, Charles Talbot, 12th earl (later duke) of, ref1
Shrewsbu
ry, Gilbert Talbot, 7th earl of, ref1
Sidney, Algernon, ref1
silver: minted in England for Antwerp, ref1
Sindercombe, Miles, ref1
slaves: in Pepys’s London, ref1
Slingsby, Sir Henry, ref1, ref2, ref3
soap: manufacturing monopoly, ref1
Sole Bay, battle of (1672), ref1
solemn league and covenant, ref1, ref2; burned, ref3
Somerset, Frances Howard, countess of (earlier countess of Essex), ref1, ref2
Somerset, Robert Carr, 1st earl of (earlier viscount Rochester): as James I’s favourite, ref1, ref2; Prince Henry disparages, ref3; infatuation with and marriage to Frances Howard, ref4; and Overbury murder, ref5, ref6; breach with James I, ref7; as lord chamberlain, ref8; draws up self-pardon, ref9; trial, ref10
Southampton, Thomas Wriothesley, 4th earl of, ref1
Spain: peace with England, ref1; marriage arrangements for Charles I, ref2, ref3, ref4, ref5, ref6; Raleigh attacks on Orinoco, ref7; and Bohemian crisis, ref8, ref9; popular hostility to, ref10; Prince Charles visits with Buckingham, ref11; prospective war with, ref12; war with England (1625), ref13, ref14; secret treaty with England (1634), ref15; fleet in English Channel (1639), ref16; Cromwell considers alliance with, ref17; declares war on England (1655), ref18, ref19; defeated at battle of the dunes (1658), ref20
sports: controlled under James I, ref1
Spottiswoode, John, archbishop of St Andrews, ref1
Sprat, Thomas, ref1, ref2
stagecoaches, ref1
Stamford, Henry Grey, 1st earl of, ref1
Star Chamber, ref1, ref2, ref3, ref4; abolished, ref5, ref6, ref7
Stewart, Frances, ref1
‘stillborn parliament’, see under Parliament
‘stop, the’, ref1
Stourbridge Fair, ref1
Strafford, Sir Thomas Wentworth, 1st earl of: opposes illegal imprisonment, ref1; titles, ref2, ref3; as lord president of north and lord deputy of Ireland, ref4; and ‘Thorough’ (regime), ref5; letters from Laud, ref6, ref7; and Scottish defiance, ref8; returns from Ireland to advise Charles I, ref9, ref10; unpopularity, ref11, ref12; and invading Scots army (1640), ref13; Commons issue grievances against, ref14; joins Charles in London, ref15; threatens Pym and Hampden, ref16; accused of high treason, ref17, ref18; trial, ref19; Bill of Attainder against, ref20, ref21; demands for death, ref22; executed, ref23, ref24, ref25
Strode, William, ref1
Stuart, Lady Arabella, ref1, ref2
Stuart dynasty: ends (1688), ref1
Stukeley, William, ref1
Suckling, Sir John, ref1
Suffolk, Thomas Howard, 1st earl of, ref1, ref2, ref3, ref4, ref5
Sweden: England proposes holy crusade against Catholic powers, ref1; under Gustavus Adolphus, ref2; in Triple Alliance (1668), ref3
syphilis: spread from Naples, ref1
Tate, Zouch, ref1
taxation: under James I, ref1, ref2; under Charles I, ref3, ref4; after Charles I’s death, ref5; under Cromwell, ref6; under Charles II, ref7; see also excise; ship-money; tonnage and poundage
tea, ref1
Temple, Sir William, ref1, ref2; Memoirs, ref3
‘ten propositions’, ref1
Tenby Castle, ref1
Tenison, Thomas, archbishop of Canterbury, ref1
Test Acts: (1673), ref1, ref2; (1678), ref3; James II seeks to repeal, ref4, ref5
Texel, battle of the (1673), ref1
Tey, John, ref1
Teynham, Sir John Roper, baron, ref1
Thames, river: ‘water-pillar’ (1626), ref1
theatre: in James I’s reign, ref1, ref2; in Restoration, ref3
Thirty Years War (1618–48): beginnings, ref1; Catholic advances, ref2, ref3; Gustavus Adolphus enters, ref4
Thirty-Nine Articles (Church of England), ref1, ref2
Thoresby, Ralph, ref1
‘Thorough’ (principles), ref1
Thurloe, John, ref1, ref2, ref3, ref4, ref5
‘Tom-Tell-Truth’ (writer), ref1
Tomkins, Thomas, ref1
tonnage and poundage (tax), ref1, ref2, ref3, ref4, ref5
Tory: as term, ref1
trained bands: raised (1642), ref1
Tresham, Francis, ref1
Trevor, Sir John, ref1
Triennial Act (1640), ref1, ref2
Triple Alliance (England–Dutch Republic–Sweden, 1668), ref1, ref2
Tuke, Sir Samuel, ref1
Turner, Anne (née Norton), ref1, ref2
Turnham Green, ref1
Twysden, Sir Roger, ref1, ref2
United Provinces see Dutch Republic
Uxbridge: peace negotiations (1645), ref1
Van Dyck, Sir Anthony: portrays Charles I, ref1; portrays Wentworth (Strafford), ref2; portrait of Laud, ref3, ref4
Vane, Sir Henry, ref1
Venables, General Robert, ref1, ref2
Venn, John, ref1
Verney, Sir Edmund, ref1, ref2
Verney, Sir Ralph, ref1
Villiers, George see Buckingham, 1st duke of; Buckingham, 2nd duke of
Viner, Sir Robert, ref1
Wakeman, Sir George, ref1
Wales: revival of civil war, ref1
Waller, Edmund, ref1
Waller, Sir William, ref1, ref2
Wallington, Nehemiah, ref1
Walpole, Horace, ref1
Walters, Lucy, ref1, ref2
Walton, Valentine, ref1
Warton, Philip, 4th baron, ref1
Warwick, Sir Philip, ref1, ref2, ref3, ref4; Memoirs of the Reign of Charles I, ref5
Warwick, Robert Rich, 2nd earl of, ref1, ref2, ref3, ref4, ref5
Waterford, Ireland, ref1
Watkins, Daniel, ref1
Webster, John: The Duchess of Malfi, ref1, ref2
Weldon, Sir Anthony, ref1, ref2, ref3, ref4
Wentworth, Thomas, ref1
West Indies: Cromwell’s venture in, ref1; parts conceded to France (1667), ref2
Westminster Assembly, ref1
Weston, Richard see Portland, 1st earl of
Wexford, Ireland, ref1
Wharton, Philip, ref1
Wharton, Thomas, ref1
Whigs: as term, ref1; oppose James II’s rights to succession, ref2, ref3, ref4; support Shaftesbury, ref5; and Rye House Plot, ref6
White Mountain, battle of (1620), ref1
Whitehall, Palace of, ref1; Banqueting House, ref2, ref3; Charles II occupies, ref4
Whitelocke, Bulstrode: on beginnings of civil war, ref1; on Cromwell, ref2, ref3; on starvation in Cumberland, ref4; advises Cromwell against becoming king, ref5
Whitgift, John, archbishop of Canterbury, ref1, ref2
Wight, Isle of: Charles I in, ref1, ref2
Wightman, Edward, ref1
William, Prince of Orange (later King William III): marriage to Princess Mary, ref1, ref2; and Charles II’s proroguing of parliament (1680), ref3; Calvinism, ref4; observes situation in England during James II’s reign, ref5; invited to invade England, ref6; lands in England and advances on London, ref7, ref8; guards take up London posts, ref9
Williams, John, bishop of Lincoln, ref1
Willis, Dr Thomas, ref1
Wilson, Arthur, ref1
Wilson, Jackie (singer), ref1
Windebank, Sir Francis, ref1, ref2, ref3
Windsor Castle: Charles I in, ref1
Winter (or Wintour), Thomas, ref1
witch trials, ref1
women: delegation demands peace in civil war, ref1; role in civil war, ref2; maltreated at Naseby, ref3; use of cosmetics under commonwealth, ref4
Wood, Anthony, ref1
Woodford, Robert, ref1
Worcester: battle of (1642), ref1; Charles I escapes to from Oxford, ref2
Wren, Sir Christopher: on Prynne, ref1; in Royal Society, ref2
Wren, Matthew, bishop of Ely, ref1
Wycherley, William: The Country Wife, ref1
York: Charles I raises forces
at (1639), ref1; great council of peers meet at (1640), ref2; Charles I travels to (1642), ref3, ref4; support for Charles I, ref5; royalists capture, ref6; besieged and surrenders (1644), ref7
York, Anne, duchess of (née Hyde), ref1, ref2
York, James, duke of see James II, king
1. James I of England and James VI of Scotland, in the characteristically regal pose of hand on hip.
2. Anne of Denmark, James’s spouse, who became a key artistic patron in the ‘Jacobean’ age.
3. James in front of his lords, temporal and spiritual.
4. The title page of the King James Bible, one of the lasting memorials of his reign.
5. The title page of John Milton’s Areopagitica, an eloquent plea against censorship.
6. George Villiers, 1st duke of Buckingham, loved by two sovereigns and hated by the people.
7. Henry, prince of Wales, the supposed saviour of Protestant Europe, who did not live long enough to fulfil his destiny.
8. Charles, the future Charles I, as the prince of Wales in armour.
9. Elizabeth, daughter of James I, who was briefly queen of Bohemia, otherwise known as the Winter Queen.
10. A double portrait of the unhappy Charles I and his wife, Henrietta Maria.
11. Three out of seven of Charles I’s children, painted by Anthony Van Dyck.
12. A disapproving illustration of the Rump Parliament, after the purge of the Long Parliament in December 1648.
13. What the Cavaliers are supposed to have done with the Puritans.
14. Thomas Wentworth, 1st earl of Strafford, the dour supporter of absolute monarchy.
15. A plan of the Battle of Naseby, the outcome of which wrecked the king’s chances in the summer of 1645.
16. Prince Rupert of the Rhine, Charles I’s senior commander, brave, but also foolhardy.
17. The trial of Charles I in Westminster Hall.
18. The result of the trial: a death warrant.
Civil War: The History of England Volume III Page 58
