93. Tyerman, England and the Crusade, pp. 315–16.
94. Jean d’Auton, Chronique de Louis XII, ed. R. de Maulde la Clavière (Paris 1889–95), i, 396–7; Tyerman, Invention of the Crusades, pp. 95, 152 note 292.
95. D’Auton, Chronique, ii, 166–7.
96. N. Tanner, The Decrees of the Ecumenical Councils (London and Washington, DC 1990), pp. 595, 607, 609–14, 651, 653–4, 796–7.
97. Setton, Papacy and the Levant, iii, 486.
26: The Crusade and Christian Society in the Later Middle Ages
1. E. Riant, Pèlerinages des Scandinaves en Terre Sainte (Paris 1865), p. 398; apparently the Greenlanders paid the crusade tax in walrus tusks.
2. The Works of Francis Bacon, ed. J. Spedding et al., vii (London 1859), pp. 1–36.
3. Mézières, Epistre, pp. 467, 473.
4. Archives administratives de la ville de Rheims, ed. P. Varin ii (Paris 1843), 273–4, 665.
5. Thomas Walsingham, Historia Anglicana, ed. H. T. Riley, Rolls Series (London 1863–4), ii, 95; Paviot, Ducs de Bourgogne, pp. 171–2.
6. Giles de Muisis, Chronicon majus, ed. J. J. Smet, Recueil des Chroniques de Flandres, ii (Brussels 1841), 216.
7. Innocent IV, Registres, no. 2,644; N. Housley, ‘Politics and Heretics in Italy: Anti-Heretical Crusades, Orders and Confraternities 1200–1500’, Journal of Ecclesiastical History, 33 (1982), 193–208; Tyerman, England and the Crusades, pp. 261, 285.
8. Chronique parisienne anonyme de 1316 à 1339, ed. A. Hellot, Mémoires de la société de l’histoire de Paris, xi (1885), 29–30; 102–3; X. du Boisrouvray, ‘L’Eglise collégiale et la confrérie du St Sepulchre à Paris 1325–1791’, Positions des thèses de l’école nationale des chartes (Paris 1953), pp. 33–5; for full refs., C. J. Tyerman, The French and the Crusades 1313–1336 (unpublished Oxford DPhil thesis 1981), pp. 138–41.
9. S. Schein, Fideles Crucis; The Papacy, the West and the Recovery of the Holy Land 1274–1314 (Oxford 1991), chap. 7, pp. 219–38; Tyerman, England and the Crusades, pp. 240–42; Housley, Later Crusades, pp. 27–8.
10. Hellot, Chronique parisienne anonyme, p. 46 and generally pp. 46–8.
11. John XXII, Lettres secrètes et curiales relatives à la France, ed. A. Coulon et al. (Paris 1900–), no. 1,116.
12. In general, M. Barber, ‘The Pastoureaux of 1320’, Journal of Ecclesiastical History, 32 (1981), 143–66; Tyerman, ‘Philip V of France’, 15–34; Tyerman French and Crusades, pp. 99–101.
13. N. Housley, ‘Crusading as Social Revolt: The Hungarian Peasant Uprising of 1514’, Journal of Ecclesiastical History, 49 (1998), 1–28; J. M. Bak, ‘Hungary and Crusading in the Fifteenth Century’, Crusading in the Fifteenth Century, ed. Housley, esp. pp. 117, 126–7.
14. The suggestion is that of Dr L. S. Ettre, to whom I am grateful for sharing it.
15. A. S. Atiya, The Crusade in the Later Middle Ages (London 1938), pp. 420, 441, 443, 445, 450, 458, 465–6, 522, 527; History of the Crusades, ed. Setton, iii, 85–7, 306–9, 652–3.
16. Tyerman, England and the Crusades, pp. 268, 271, 274, 292; St John’s Gate MSS, L. H. Butler Papers, Notes, Calendars and Transcriptions from the Archives of Malta, A. O. M. 356, fols. 232 verso, 237 and 242.
17. Tyerman, England and the Crusades, pp. 314–15, 355 and refs.
18. Scrope and Grosvenor Controversy, ed. N. H. Nicolas (London 1832), collated by C. G. Young (Chester 1879), i, 124–5; in general, Tyerman, England and the Crusades, pp. 274, 281, 289, 292, 429 note 91, 431 note 132; cf. M. H. Keen, ‘Chaucer’s Knight, the English Aristocracy and the Crusade’, English Court Culture in the Later Middle Ages, ed. V. J. Scattergood and J. W. Sherborne (London 1983), 45–61.
19. Housley, Later Crusades, p. 282.
20. Sir Thomas Malory, La Morte D’Arthur, ed. S. H. A. Shepherd (New York 2004), p. 697; cf. pp. 149 and 689 for Arthur’s own crusading ambitions.
21. Tyerman, England and the Crusades, esp. pp. 304–6.
22. Chronique de quartre premiers Valois, ed. S. Luce (Paris 1852), p. 128.
23. Tyerman, England and Crusades, p. 305; cf. for Burgundian book collection, Paviot, Ducs de Bourgogne, pp. 201–38.
24. See now R. Tzanaki, Mandeville’s Medieval Audiences (Aldershot 2003); for crusading Prologue, e.g., M. C. Seymour (ed.), Mandeville’s Travels (Oxford 1967), pp. 1–4.
25. A. Goodman, The Loyal Conspiracy (London 1971), pp. 81–2, cf. p. 78 for more crusade memorabilia. For the Heraclius heraldry, see MS n. 98 in the Royal Academy exhibition 2003–4, ‘Illuminating the Renaissance: The Triumph of Flemish Manuscript Painting in Europe’, by the ‘Master of Edward IV’ (RA Catalogue by S. McKendrick et al., London 2003); for Heraclius as a king of France in the fourteenth century, Bibliothèque nationale de France, ms Fr. 2813, Grandes Chroniques de France, fol. 70 verso.
26. A. Gransden, Historical Writing in England c. 550 to the Early Sixteenth Century (London 1974–82), ii, 231–2.
27. Housley, Later Crusades, p. 393; Keen, Chivalry, p. 216.
28. Paviot, ‘Burgundy and Crusade’, p. 73; the 1378 scene was illustrated in the contemporary Grandes chroniques de France, Bibliothèque nationale de France, ms Fr. 2813, fol. 473 verso.
29. Linder, Raising Arms.
30. Linder, Raising Arms, p. 102; cf. pp. 363–4.
31. Linder, Raising Arms, p. 359.
32. Discussed Tyerman, Invention of the Crusades, pp. 72–4.
33. E. g. Lunt, Financial Relations.
34. Tyerman, Invention of the Crusades, p. 62.
35. The Westminster Chronicle, ed. and trans. L. C. Hector and B. F. Harvey (Oxford 1982), 32–3 (cf. pp. 34–7 on the sale of indulgences); J. A. Brundage, ‘Crucesignati: The Rite for Taking the Cross in England’, Traditio, 22 (1966), 289 ff.
36. Tyerman, Invention of the Crusades, pp. 76–83; idem, England and the Crusades, pp. 307–9.
37. M. Andrieu, Le Pontifical Roman au moyen âge (Vatican 1940), iii, 30, 228, 243, 330; M. Purcell, Papal Crusading Policy (Leiden 1975), p. 200.
38. Literae Cantuariensis, ed. J. Brigstocke Sheppard, Rolls Series (London 1887–9), iii, 239, no. 1,051; Registrum Abbatiae Johannis Whethamstede, ed. H. T. Riley, Rolls Series (London 1872–3), ii, 191–2.
39. Above p. 873.
40. Trans. Setton, Papacy and the Levant, ii, 235.
41. Above, Chapter 1 and refs.; for Hostiensis, Suma Aurea (Venice 1574), pp. 1,141–2; Russell, Just War, p. 205.
42. See Mayer’s acute commentary, Crusades, pp. 320–21.
43. Housley, ‘Crusades against Christians’.
44. For what follows, S. Lloyd ‘“Political Crusades” in England’, Tyerman, England and the Crusades, chap. 6, pp. 133–51.
45. In general, J. R. Strayer, ‘The Political Crusades of the Thirteenth Century’, History of Crusades, ed. Setton, pp. 343–75; N. Housley, The Italian Crusades (Oxford 1982), who rather avoids some central issues by beginning the study in 1254; the biographies of Frederick II by Van Cleve and Abulafia.
46. See J. Dunbabin, Charles I of Anjou (London 1998).
47. S. Runciman, The Sicilian Vespers (Cambridge 1958).
48. In general, Housley, Later Crusades, chap. 8, pp. 235–66; N. Housley, The Avignon Papacy and the Crusades 1305–78 (Oxford 1986).
49. Housley, Italian Crusades, p. 137 and note 116 for contemporary contrast with Holy Land crosses.
50. Tyerman, England and the Crusades, pp. 333–40 and refs.
51. Hector and Harvey, Westminster Chronicle, pp. 33, 36–7, 39.
52. John Wyclif, Polemical Works in Latin, ed. R. Buddensieg (London 1883), ii, 582.
53. P. E. Russell, English Intervention in Spain and Portugal in the Time of Edward III and Richard II (Oxford 1955), esp. pp. 173–525; J. Edwards, ‘Reconquista and Crusade in Fifteenth-century Spain’, Crusading in Fifteenth Century, ed. Housley, p. 167.
54. Tyerman, Invention of the Crusades, p. 103; idem, England and the Crusades, p. 359 and note 74; Setton, Papacy and the Levant,
iii, 1–141 for an exhausting discussion of Julius II.
55. For a summary, Housley, Later Crusades, pp. 249–60 and 482; idem, Religious Warfare, pp. 33–61.
56. Tyerman, England and the Crusades, pp. 359–67.
57. Tyerman, Invention of the Crusades, p. 103.
58. Housley, Religious Warfare, pp. 195–7.
59. Tyerman, England and the Crusades, pp. 343–5, 351–2, 362–7.
60. R. C. Schwoebel, The Shadow of the Crescent: The Renaissance Image of the Turk (Nieuwkoop 1967); J. W. Bohnstedt, The Infidel Scourge of God: The Turkish Menace as Seen by German Pamphleteers of the Reformation Era, Transactions of the American Philosophical Society (Philadelphia 1968), 1–58; M. J. Heath, Crusading Commonplaces (Geneva 1986); Tyerman, Invention of the Crusades, pp. 100–109.
61. G. Burnet, History of the Reformation, ed. E. Nares (London 1830), iv, 32.
62. R. Holinshed, Chronicles of England and Ireland (1587, reprint London 1808–9), iii, 262–4.
63. Tyerman, England and the Crusades, p. 137 and refs. note 18.
64. Albert von Beham und Regesten Papst Innocenz IV, ed. C. Hofler (Stuttgart 1847), pp. 16–17.
65. Above, note 44.
66. Above, notes 41–2, for Hostiensis; for Lille, Lois et coutumes de la ville de Lille, ed. E. B. J. Brun-Lavainne and J. Roisin (Lille 1842), pp. 308–9; for Florence, F. Cardini, ‘Crusade and “Presence of Jerusalem” in Medieval Florence’, Outremer, ed. Kedar et al., p. 341.
67. Epistolae Saeculi XIII, ed. Pertz and Roderberg pp. 161–2. no. 214.
68. Tyerman, Invention of the Crusades, p. 33 and note 9; cf. Mézières’s Songe du Vieil Pèlerin.
69. Trans. Housley, Documents, pp. 31–5.
70. C. J. Tyerman, Fighting for Christendom (Oxford 2004), esp. pp. 183–9; idem, England and the Crusades, chap. 12; Housley, Religious Warfare, passim (see index under ‘antemurale Christianitatis’ and ‘national feeling’).
71. In 1089 regarding Tarragona south of Barcelona; see trans. and ref. O’Callaghan, Reconquest, p. 31.
72. Cardini, ‘“Presence of Jerusalem”’, passim; Housley, Later Crusades, pp. 107–8; idem, Religious Warfare, pp. 30–31, 80–83.
73. James is lauded in contemporary sources such as Ambroise and the Itinerarium and appears in thirteenth-century exempla; for Longspee above, pp. 793–4.
74. Tyerman, England and the Crusades, p. 327 and refs. notes 7 and 8.
75. Annales Regis Edwardi Primi, a St Alban’s fragment printed in William Rishanger, Chronica, ed. H. T. Riley, Rolls Series (London 1865), p. 439; Tyerman, England and the Crusades, pp. 332–3 and refs. note 30.
76. Bibliothèque nationale de France, ms Fr. 2628, fol. 328.
77. Trans. Housley, Religious Warfare, p. 27.
78. Trans. Housley, Documents, pp. 132–3.
79. C. J. Tyerman, ‘Holy War, Roman Popes, and Christian Soldiers: Some Early Modern Views on Medieval Christendom’, The Medieval Church: Universities, Heresy and the Religious Life, ed. P. Biller and R. B. Dobson (Woodbridge 1999), esp. pp. 301–5.
80. Rotuli Parliamentorum (London 1767–77), ii, 362; Tyerman, England and the Crusades, esp. 326–33 for what follows.
81. Cf. A. K. McHardy, ‘Liturgy and Propaganda during the Hundred Years War’, Studies in Church History, 18, ed. S. Mews (Oxford 1982), 215–27; W. R. Jones, ‘The English Church and Propaganda during the Hundred Years War’, Journal of British Studies, 19 (1979), 18–30.
82. Froissart, Chronicles, i, 756.
83. Gesta Henrici Quinti, ed. F. Taylor and J. S. Roskell (Oxford 1975), p. 79.
84. Taylor and Roskell, Gesta Henrici Quinti, pp. 101–13.
85. J. Le Goff, La Civilisation de l’Occident médiéval (Paris 1964), p. 98; but cf. M. Balard’s very brief summary, ‘Notes on the Economic Consequences of the Crusades’, Experience of Crusading, ii, ed. Edbury and Phillips, pp. 233–9.
86. In general, Leopold, How to Recover the Holy Land, Housley, Later Crusades, chap. 13; more interesting, the brilliantly original P. Biller, The Measure of Multitude (Oxford 2000), Part 2, ‘The Map of the World’; cf. Tzanaki, Mandeville’s Audiences.
87. Hayton, Flos historiarum terre orientis, RHC Arm., ii, 113–363; Pierre Dubois, De Recuperatione Terrae Sanctae, ed. C. V. Langlois (Paris 1891), trans. W. Brandt, The Recovery of the Holy Land (New York 1956).
88. In general, Muldoon, Popes, Lawyers and Infidels.
89. Trans. Housley, Documents, pp. 169–73; for Columbus’s increasingly messianic mentality and some of its cultural context, A. Milhou, Colon y su mentalidad mesianica (Valladolid 1983).
90. C. Colon, Los cuatro viages del admirante y su testamento (Madrid 1964), pp. 213–14.
91. M. H. Letts, Mandeville’s Travels: Text and Translations, Hakluyt Society, vols. 101–2 (London 1953), ii, 332.
92. Letts, Mandeville’s Travels, ii, 334; cf Tzanaki, Mandeville’s Audiences, p. 90, and for circumnavigation, pp. 88–91.
Select Further Reading
This is far from an exhaustive bibliography, merely an indicative one, primarily of obvious sources and secondary works in English. For more detailed pursuit of the subject, the notes should be consulted.
General
Sources
J. Bédier, Les Chansons de croisade (Paris 1909)
J. Brundage, The Crusades: A Documentary Survey (Milwaukee 1962)
F. Gabrieli, Arab Historians of the Crusades (London 1984)
J and L. Riley-Smith, The Crusades: Idea and Reality (London 1981)
Secondary
M. Barber, The New Knighthood: A History of the Order of the Temple (Cambridge 1994)
J. Brundage, Medieval Canon Law and the Crusader (Madison 1969)
K. Erdmann, The Origin of the Idea of the Crusade, trans. M. W. Baldwin and W. Goffart (Princeton 1977)
J. Flori, La Guerre sainte (Paris 2001)
A. J. Forey, The Military Orders (London 1992)
J. Goni Gaztambide, Historia de la bula de la cruzada (Vitoria 1958)
C. Hillenbrand, The Crusades: Islamic Perspectives (Edinburgh 1999)
P. M. Holt, The Age of the Crusades: The Near East from the Eleventh Century to 1517 (London 1986)
B. Z. Kedar, Crusade and Mission (Princeton 1984)
M. Keen, Chivalry (New Haven 1984)
H. E. Mayer, The Crusades (2nd edn Oxford 1988)
J. Muldoon, Popes, Lawyers and Infidels (Liverpool 1979)
J. Richard, The Crusades (Cambridge 1999)
J. Riley-Smith, What Were the Crusades? (3rd edn London 2003)
J. Riley-Smith (ed.), The Oxford Illustrated History of the Crusades (Oxford 1995)
S. Runciman, A History of the Crusades (Cambridge 1951–4)
F. H. Russell, The Just War in the Middle Ages (Cambridge 1977)
K. Setton (ed.), A History of the Crusades (2nd edn Madison 1969–89)
E. Siberry, Criticism of Crusading 1095–1274 (Oxford 1985)
C. J. Tyerman, England and the Crusades 1095–1588 (Chicago 1988)
C. J. Tyerman, The Invention of the Crusades (Basingstoke 1998)
C. J. Tyerman, Fighting for Christendom: Holy War and the Crusades (Oxford 2004)
First Crusade
Sources
Albert of Aachen, Historia Hierosolymitana, RHC Occ., iv
Anna Comnena, The Alexiad, trans. E. R. A. Sewter (London 1969)
S. Eidelberg, The Jews and the Crusaders: The Hebrew Chronicles of the First and Second Crusades (Madison 1977)
The First Crusade ed. E. Peters (Philadelphia 1998)
Fulcher of Chartres, A History of the Expedition to Jerusalem 1095–1127, trans. F. R. Ryan (Knoxville 1969)
Gesta Francorum, trans. R. Hill (Oxford 1972)
H. Hagenmeyer, Die Kreuzzugsbriefe aus den Jahren 1088–1100 (Innsbruck 1902)
Raymond of Aguilers, Historia Francorum qui ceperunt Iherusalem, trans. J. H. and L. L. Hill (Philadelphia 1968)
Secondary
A. Becker, Papst Ur
ban II (Stuttgart 1964–88)
M. Bull, Knightly Piety and the Lay Response to the First Crusade (Oxford 1993)
R. Chazan, European Jewry and the First Crusade (Berkeley and Los Angeles 1987)
J. France, Victory in the East (Cambridge 1994)
J. Riley-Smith, The First Crusade and the Idea of Crusading (London 1986)
J. Riley-Smith, The First Crusaders 1095–1131 (Cambridge 1997)
Twelfth-century Outremer
Sources
Beha al-Din Ibn Shaddad, The Rare and Excellent History of Saladin, trans. D. S. Richards (Aldershot 2002)
P. Edbury, The Conquest of Jerusalem and the Third Crusade (Aldershot 1998)
Ibn al-Qalanisi, The Damascus Chronicle of the Crusades Extracted and Translated from the Chronicle of Ibn al-Qalanasi, trans. H. A. R. Gibb (London 1932)
The Travels of Ibn Jubayr, trans. R. Broadhurst (London 1999)
Usamah Ibn-Munqidh, An Arab-Syrian Gentleman and Warrior in the Period of the Crusades: Memoirs of Usamah Ibn-Munqidh, trans. P. K. Hitti (reprint Princeton 1987)
William of Tyre, A History of Deeds Done Beyond the Sea, trans. E. A. Babcock and A. C. Krey (New York 1976, reprint of 1941 edn)
Secondary
M. Benvenisti, The Crusaders in the Holy Land (Jerusalem 1970)
C. Cahen, La Syrie du Nord (Paris 1940)
R. Ellenblum, Frankish Rural Settlement in the Latin Kingdom of Jerusalem (Cambridge 1998)
B. Hamilton, The Leper King and His Heirs (Cambridge 2000)
H. Kennedy, Crusader Castles (Cambridge 1994)
R.-J. Lilie, Byzantium and the Crusader States 1096–1204 (trans. Oxford 1993)
M. Lyons and D. Jackson, Saladin: The Politics of Holy War (Cambridge 1984)
J. Phillips, Defenders of the Holy Land. Relations between the Latin East and the West 1119–87 (Oxford 1996)
J. Prawer, The Latin Kingdom of Jerusalem (London 1972)
J. Prawer, Crusader Institutions (Oxford 1980)
R. Rogers, Latin Siege Warfare in the Twelfth Century (Oxford 1992)
R. C. Smail, Crusading Warfare (Cambridge 1956)
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