20. E.g. RIE vol. 1., no. 191, pp. 272–273, ll. 7–8, ’n klb ’l ṣbḥ.
21. This date, like others in this article, reflects 110 BC, which is now agreed to have been the era of Ḥimyar in dated south Arabian inscriptions. See C. J. Robin in n. 8 above.
22. Procop., Bella I. 20. 4–7.
23. For Procopius see Wars I. 19. 17. Already in the Periplus of the Red Sea, from the middle of the first century AD, the Greek form of the city name was Axōmis, Peripl. Maris Eryth. 4.
24. See Chapter 4 above.
25. Procop., Wars I. 19. 1: “The emperor Justinian had the idea of allying himself with the Ethiopians and the Homerites (Ḥimyarites) in order to work against the Persians.” Cf. Wars I. 20. 9 on the envoy Julian, whom Justinian sent to Ethiopia and Christian Ḥimyar to join the Byzantines, because of their common religion, to war against the Persians.
26. J. Beaucamp, “Le rôle de Byzance en Mer Rouge sous le règne de Justin: mythe ou réalité?” in Beaucamp et al., eds. Juifs et chrétiens en Arabie (n. 11 above), pp. 197–218.
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Index
Note: Page numbers in italics refer to illustrations.
Abīkarib ‘Asad, 79
Abraham (biblical), 127–130
Abraha
Arabian expedition of (552), 115–117
inscriptions of, 112, 113, 114, 115, 158n10
and Kālēb, 112
and Mārib conference, 114–115
Mecca campaign, 116–117
and Persia, 112, 115–117
regional instability following rule of, 122
rise to prominence, 111–112
successors of, 117, 120
Abramos (Abraham), 89, 108–109, 110–111, 136, 138–140, 142
Abu Geili, xxi
Abū Karib 111, 114
Acts of the Apostles, 82
Adams, William Y., xxi
Adiphas, 68–69
Adulis
and Axum, 8, 11, 13, 31
church of, 8–9
Cosmas’ travels to, 25–26, 92, 133
as emporium, 27, 30–31, 32, 146n4
etymology of word, 8
excavation of, 8–9
harbor for, 11–12, 97
ivory trade in, 31, 39, 42
location of, xxi, 8–12
obscurity of, 119
Periplus of the Red Sea on, 9–10, 11, 26, 30–31
Pliny the Elder on, 27
as port city, 11
Ptolemaic presence in, 36–37, 42 (see also stele)
role of, in imperialist ambitions, 14, 43
ruler of, 32
Adulis Throne
absence of references to, 133
and age of stele, 42
and copies of inscribed texts, 19–20, 21, 25
Cosmas’ description of, 6, 15–16
date for, 45, 55
and dedicant’s identity, 57 (see also negus of Axum (second century))
dedication of, 15, 20, 45
description of, 17–18
figures on back of, 38–39, 149n4
first-person narration of inscription, 46
Kālēb’s interest in, 19–20, 21, 25, 30, 92, 96
location of, 13, 16–17
purpose of, 15–16, 20
reconstruction of, 19
size of, 15, 16
sovereignty claims of, 46–52, 64
text of, 46–48
three periods represented by, 20–21
Adulitou, 27
Aelius Aristides 54–55
Aelius Gallus, 43
Aethiopica (Heliodorus), 60
Aezanas (fourth-century negus of Axum)
Christian conversion of, 65, 66, 67, 70–71, 73
inscriptions of, 61, 65, 67–68, 69, 70–71, 73–74, 95, 100
sovereignty claims of, 61–62, 64, 78–79, 95
titulature of, 65, 79
Afghanistan, 36, 42
Agame, 46, 49
Agazi, 49
Aggabe, 46, 49
Aksum, 56, 61
Alexander the Great, 40, 82
Anagnostes, Theodoros, 93
Anastasius, 94, 135, 137–138, 142
angels, 131
Annene, 47, 51
Annesley, George, 7
Annesley Bay, 7
Antioch, 41
Antiochus II, 41
Antoninus Pius, 55
Apology (Athanasius), 66–67
Aqiq, 10
Arabia
Abraha’s expedition (552), 115–117
Christians persecuted in, 76
climatic change in, 132
Ethiopian campaign in (518), 93, 94, 95
Ethiopian campaign in (525), 4–5, 21, 25, 91, 92, 97–98, 103, 106
Ethiopian occupation in (third century), 55–56, 59, 60, 61, 63–64, 78–79
Ethiopians expell
ed from, 117–118
Ethiopian sovereignty claims, 14, 61–62, 64
expansion of diplomatic activities in, 107
history of, 78
Judaism in, 3–4, 80, 83–86
language of, 14, 32
map of, xxii
and Mārib conference, 114–115
monotheism in, 80, 83–84
Persian control of, 120, 132
Persian support of Jews in, 5, 90, 117, 118, 120
and regional power shifts, 120–123
and regional religious instability, 118
ruler of, 55–56
Sabaic script of, 14, 32, 68–70, 69 See also Ḥimyar kingdom
Ares (Maḥrem)
and Adulis throne inscriptions, 45, 47–48
and Aezanas’ inscriptions, 65, 69
and Axumite kingship, 67
and Christianization of Ethiopia, 65, 75, 80
Arethas (martyr), 12
See also Martyrium of Arethas
Ark of the Covenant, 81
Aswan, xxi
Atalmo, 46, 50
Atbara river, 50
Athagaous, 46, 50
Athanasius, 66–67, 75
Aua, 46, 49
Augustus, 43
“The Authorship of the Adulis Throne” (Beeston), ix
Axum
Adulis’ dependence on, 26
Adulis in relation to, 8, 11, 13, 31
campaigns against Arabia, 14–15
as capital city, 7
cathedral of, 12
Christianity in, 65, 66–67, 75
coinage of, 61, 64, 75–76, 101
commercial interests of, 51
on Cosmas’ map, 17
evidence for thrones in, 16
Ḥimyar campaign (525), 4–5, 21, 25, 91, 92, 97–98, 103, 106
Ḥimyar occupation (third century), 55–56, 59, 60, 61, 63–64, 78–79
imperialist designs of, 46–49, 76
inscription erected in, 58–59
journeys to, 8, 11
kings of, 67 (see also Aezanas; Kālēb; negus of Axum)
location of, xxi, 13
and Meroitic kingdom, 43
Muslim Believers’ immigration to, 123–126
Periplus on, 31
power of rulers, 33, 120–121
and regional power shifts, 120
steles erected in, 123, 124
Throne of Adulis Page 15
