and Ramla conference, 89–90
and regional power shifts, 120–122
and rise of Islam, 122
Zoroastrianism of, 130
Petronius, C., 43
Philostorgius, 104
Philostratus, 54
Philotera settlement, 37, 148n1
Phocas, 122
Phoenicia, 40
Phoinikon, 111
Photius, 135, 136
Pliny the Elder, 27, 32, 39
Polo, Marco, 109–110
polytheism, 83, 129–131, 159n15
Procopius
on Abraha, 112, 136
on Arabian campaign, 115–116
on Esimphaios (Sumyafa Ashwa‘), 103
on Justinian, 107
“Oasis” reference of, 152n11
on overthrow of king, 105
on Phoinikon palm groves, 111
Psalms, 101–102
Ptolemaïs Thêrôn settlement, 37, 146n4, 148n1
Ptolemy II, 37, 40
Ptolemy III
and Adulis stele, 20, 27, 34–37, 41
ancestry of, 37–38
campaigns of, 34–35
and elephant hunts, 31, 35–37, 39
Mesopotamia invasion of, 41
titulature of, 37–38, 41, 58
Qasr Ibrim, xxi
Qays (Kaïsos), 109–111, 139–141, 143
Qur’ān, 116, 123, 126–127, 130, 159n15
Quraysh, 123
Qustul, xxi
Ramla conference, 89–90, 91, 94
Rauso, 47, 51
Raydān (pagan divinity), 63
Raydān (territory), 61–62
Red Sea, xxi, xxii, 121
Road of the Elephant (ḍarb al fīl), 116
Robin, Christian Julien, 4, 83, 87
Roman Empire, xvii, 21, 32, 60, 72
Romania, 54
Rubin, Uri, 129
Rufinus, 66
Saba, 63, 82
Sabaic script, 14, 32, 68–70, 69
Saiazanas, 68–69
Salt, Henry, 8, 11, 68
Samene, 46, 50
Samothrace, 40
Samuel (biblical), 102
San‘a, 114
Saudi Arabia, 55
See also Arabia
Sayf ibn dhī Yazan, 117, 120
Seleuceia, 41
Seleucus II, 35, 41
Sembrouthes, 57–58, 61, 64, 78
Sesea, 47, 51
Sheba, Queen of, 81–82, 83, 93, 102
Siguene, 46, 49
silk trade, 60, 121, 157n2
Silvanus, 94
sinus Abalitu, 27
Socotra island, 24, 147n7
Solate, 47, 51
Solomon, 81–82, 87, 93, 102
Somalia
and Barbaria, 26, 51–52, 53, 97
and Zoskales, 31
Sophronius, 6, 122–123
stele
and age of throne, 42
basalt material of, 42
and campaigns of Ptolemy III, 34–35, 41–42
date for, 41
as described by Cosmas, 16, 18–19, 19
elephant references of, 35–37, 39, 40
inscription of, 20, 32, 34–38
Kālēb’s interest in, 19–20, 21, 92
occasion for inscription, 41
Sumyafa Ashwa‘ (Esimphaios), 103, 106, 108
Symeon (abbot at Gabboula), 89
Symeon of Beth Arsham
and Abramos (Abraham), 138
evangelism of, 155n25
on Najrān pogrom, 88–90, 92, 94, 103
at Ramla conference, 89–90, 94, 138
Syria, 40
Tangaites, 46, 51
Tanqasi culture, xxi
Taylor, David, 88–89
Theophanes, 136, 137
Theophilus, 80, 84, 104
Third Syrian War, 35
Thrace, 36, 40, 42
thrones
of Aezanas, 67–68, 70–71
as historical evidence, 119
pagan tradition of, 71
purpose of, 15–16, 20
Tiamaa, 46, 50
Tihāma coast, 14
Timothy, archbishop of Alexandria, 96, 102
Tiran, 157n2
titulature
of Aezanas, 65, 79
of kings of Ḥimyar, 79, 83
of Ptolemy, 37–38, 41, 58
of Sembrouthes, 58
To Rome (Aelius Aristides) 54–55
Trogodytis (Troglodytis), 39
universe, shape of, 29
Vespasian, 80, 94, 123
Wahrīz, 117
Yathrib, 5, 80, 112, 115, 118, 123, 125
Year of the Elephant (‘Ām al fīl), 116, 118
Yemen, 3, 14, 55
Yule, Paul, 104
Yūsuf As’ar Yath’ar (Joseph)
acts of persecution, 85, 88, 89, 96–97, 103–104
death of, 98
Ethiopian campaign against (525), 97–98
and Justin, 96–97
Persian support of, 117
power seized by, 94
at Ramla conference, 89–90, 91, 94
revival of Judaism in Ḥimyar, 87
See also Ḥimyar kingdom
Zaa, 46, 50
Zadramē, 151n18
Ẓaphār, 64, 89, 103–104
Zeus, 131
Zingabene, 46, 49
Zoroastrianism, 118, 130
Zoskales, 26, 31–33, 45, 52, 53
Throne of Adulis Page 17
