2 Ibid. at 184–86, 191–92.
3 Ibid. at 194.
4 Ibid. at 199–200.
5 Ibid. at 203.
6 Journal de Genève, Mar. 20, 1933, 6, and Mar. 26, 1933, 12.
7 Ewald Banse, Germany Prepares for War: A Nazi Theory of “National Defense” (New York: Harcourt, Brace and Company, 1934), iii.
8 Ibid. at iii–iv.
9 Ibid. at 310.
10 Ibid. at 311.
11 Ibid. at 312–13.
12 Ibid. at 313–14.
13 Ibid. at 314.
14 Ibid.
15 Ibid. at 314–15.
16 Ibid. at 315.
17 New York Times, May 13, 1933, 7; The Times (London), May 13, 1933, 11g.
18 Jürg Stüssi-Lauterburg, “Die Entstehung der Direktion der Militärverwalt-ung,” Entstehung und Wirken der Direktion der Militärverwaltung (MDV), ed. Jürg Stüssi-Lauterburg (Brugg, Schweiz: Verlag Effingerhof, 1989), 39.
19 Lieut.-colonel Marietti, Mon Fusil: Manuel du Fantassin (Berne: Hallwag, 1933), 3.
20 Ibid. at 22.
21 Ibid. at 23.
22 Ibid. at 24.
23 Ibid. at 28.
24 Ibid. at 30.
25 Schweizerische Schützenzeitung, Aug. 24, 1933, 34:306.
26Schiessprogramm für die Schulen und Kurse der Infanterie (Eidg. Militär-departement genehmigt am 7. April 1932).
27 Hugh R. Wilson, Switzerland: Neutrality as a Foreign Policy (Philadelphia: Dorrance, 1974), 6.
28 New York Times, Aug. 10, 1933, 11.
29 New York Times, Aug. 29, 1933, 1.
30 Ibid.
31 G.E.W. Johnson, “Switzerland is Next,” The North American Review, vol. 237, 523 (June 1934).
32 “Un plan d’invasion de la Suisse?” Journal de Genève, Sept. 27, 1933, 1.
33 North American Review, vol. 237, 529 (June 1934).
34 Journal de Genève, Sept. 27, 1933, 1.
35 Ibid.
36 Ibid.
37 Ibid. at 2.
38 Ibid.
39 Ibid.
40 Hans Rudolf Fuhrer, “‘Augur’: Angriffspläne gegen die Schweiz schon 1933,” Schweizerzeit, May 16, 1997.
41 Jürg Fink, Die Schweiz aus der Sicht des Dritten Reiches, 1933–1945 (Zürich: Schulthess Polygraphischer Verlag, 1985), 51.
42 North American Review, vol. 237, 523 (June 1934).
43 Interview with Hans Senn, Sept. 17, 1997.
44 Interview with Hans Rudolf Fuhrer, Sept. 17, 1997.
45 North American Review, vol. 237, 529 (June 1934). New York Times, Oct. 12, 1933, 1, stated the appropriation to be 20,000,000 Swiss francs ($5,940,000).
46 Kurz, Histoire de l’Armée Suisse, 75.
47 North American Review, vol. 237, 529 (June 1934).
48 The Times (London), Oct. 19, 1933, 12c.
49 Ibid.
50 North American Review, vol. 237, 529 (June 1934).
51 Jules Sauerwein, “Main Entrances Blocked, Side Doors Worry France,” New York Times, Dec. 10, 1933, Section IV, 1.
52 Ibid.
53 Ibid. at Section IV, 2.
54 Ibid.
55 New York Times, Dec. 15, 1933, 15.
56 Ibid.
57 Adolf Hitler, Mein Kampf (München: N.S.D.A.P., 1934), 1.
58 Ibid.
59 North American Review, vol. 237, 521, 526 (June 1934).
60 Ibid. at 521.
61 Ibid. at 522.
62 Ibid.
63 Ibid.
64 Ibid. at 523.
65 Ibid.
66 Ibid.
67 Ibid. at 524.
68 Ibid.
69 Ibid. at 525.
70 Ibid. at 526.
71 Ibid.
72 Urs Schwarz, The Eye of the Hurricane: Switzerland in World War II (Boulder, CO: Westview Press, 1980), 4.
73 Ibid. at 5.
74 Shirer, The Rise and Fall of the Third Reich, 279–80.
75 New York Times, Nov. 18, 1934, Section VII, 6.
76 New York Times, July 28, 1934, 2.
77 Tir Fédéral, Fribourg 1934, Journal de Fête, 101, 17, quoted in Munday, Most Armed and Most Free?, 22. See Schweizerische Schützenzeitung, 1934, 32:280–81.
78 New York Times, July 28, 1934, 2.
79 New York Times, Nov. 18, 1934, Section VII, 6.
80 Jacob B. Glenn, “The Jews in Switzerland,” Contemporary Jewish Record (New York: American Jewish Committee, 1941), IV, 286.
81 New York Times, Nov. 18, 1934, Section VII, 6.
82 Ibid.
83 Ibid.
84 New York Times, February 25, 1935, 6.
85 Schweizerische Schützenzeitung, 1935, 7:40.
86 Th. Jenny, Unsere heutigen Militärausgaben im Lichte der schweizerischen Volkswirtschaft, 118. The figure for Belgium has been recalculated to correct the conversion rate of Belgium francs to Swiss francs.
87 Shirer, The Rise and Fall of the Third Reich, 284–86.
88 New York Times, April 5, 1935, 2.
89 Ibid.
90 New York Times, May 20, 1935, 9.
91 New York Times, May 26, 1935, 19.
92 New York Times, June 3, 1935, 1.
93 New York Times, June 2, 1935, 24.
94 New York Times, June 9, 1935, Section IV, 8.
95 Hansjörg Siegenthaler & Heiner Ritzmann, Historische Statistik der Schweiz (Zurich 1996), 1045.
96 Jon Kimche, Spying for Peace: General Guisan and Swiss Neutrality (London: Weidenfeld & Nicolson, 1961), 156.
97 Hervé de Weck and Pierre Maurer, “Swiss National Defence Policy Revisited,” Swiss Neutrality and Security: Armed Forces, National Defence and Foreign Policy, ed. Milivojevićc and Maurer, 66.
98 New York Times, Feb. 5, 1936, 1.
99 New York Times, Feb. 6, 1936, 1.
100 Ibid. at 1, 14.
101 New York Times, Feb. 7, 1936, 13.
102 New York Times, Feb. 19, 1936, 13.
103 Ibid.
104 Ibid. See also “Swiss-German Crisis Intensified,” The Literary Digest, 121 (February 29, 1936), 13.
105 Schwarz, The Eye of the Hurricane, 8.
106 New York Times, Oct. 7, 1936, 20.
107 Shirer, The Rise and Fall of the Third Reich, 291.
108 New York Times, Mar. 28, 1936, 8.
109 Schweizerische Schützenzeitung, 1936, 17:123–33.
110 New York Times, July 10, 1936, 17.
111 Ibid.
112 Ibid.
113 Kimche, Spying for Peace, 156.
114 New York Times, Sept. 21, 1935, 8.
115 Ibid.
116 “Swiss Doors: European War-Scare Leads ‘Isle of Peace’ to Fortify Its Frontiers,” The Literary Digest, 123 (Jan. 23, 1937), 13.
117 Ibid., quoting Gordon Reud, Military and Naval Digest.
118 New York Times, Mar. 18, 1937, 9.
119 New York Times, Mar. 22, 1937, 1, and Apr. 2, 1937, 8.
120 Lothrop Stoddard, “Europe’s Balance of Neutrals,” Christian Science Monitor, Apr. 14, 1937, 3, 12.
121 New York Times, Apr. 29, 1937, 7.
122 New York Times, June 14, 1932, at 14.
123 “Three Minor Characters,” Living Age, 352 (Aug. 1937), 503. 124 Reinhart, et al., Schweiz, 171–79, 205; Law,
124 Reinhart, et al., Die Repetiergewehre der Schweiz, 171–79, 205; Law, Karabiner 98k, 1934–1945.
125 Philipp Etter, Geistige Landesverteidigung (Schweiz. Studentenverein, 1937).
126 Ibid. at 5.
127 Ibid. at 14.
128 Oskar Felix Fritschi, Geistige Landesverteidigung während des Zweiten Weltkrieges (Fabag + Druckerei Winterthur AG, 1971), 39; interview with Dr. Fritschi, Sept. 22, 1997.
CHAPTER 2
1 Shirer, The Rise and Fall of the Third Reich, 296.
2 Ibid. at 325–28. Ibid. at 337.
3 Ibid. at 337.
4 Ibid. at 338.
5 Ibid. at 341.
6 Ibid. at 342.
7 Ibid. at 347.
/> 8 Anton Gill, An Honourable Defeat: A History of German Resistance to Hitler, 1933–1945 (New York: Henry Holt, 1994), 74.
9 New York Times, Mar. 13, 1938, 36.
10 Shirer, The Rise and Fall of the Third Reich, 347.
11 R.A. Friedman, “Switzerland Fights Against a New ‘Anschluss,’” Contemporary Review, 154 (Sept. 1938) 312.
12 Ibid.
13 Ibid. at 312–13.
14 Ibid. at 313; “Switzerland,” Time, July 4, 1938, 17.
15 Bonjour, Swiss Neutrality, 134.
16 New York Times, Mar. 16, 1938, 5.
17 Joseph Conrad Fehr, “Fascism in Switzerland,” The Commonweal, 27 (Jan. 28, 1938), 370.
18 Ibid.
19 J.B. Rusch, “Swiss Forebodings,” Living Age, 354 (May 1938) 202. (Translated from the National-Zeitung, Basel Liberal German-Language Daily.)
20 Schwarz, The Eye of the Hurricane, 112–13.
21 William E. Rappard, “Switzerland in a Changing Europe,” Foreign Affairs, July 1938, XVI, 679, 687-88.
22 Ibid. at 688.
23 Hans Senn, Erhaltung und Verstärkung der Verteidigungsbereitschaft zwis-chen den beiden Weltkriegen (Basel: Helbing & Lichtenhahn, 1991), 292 (map).
24 Freymond, “Neutrality and Security Policy as Components of the Swiss Model,” Swiss Neutrality and Security: Armed Forces, National Defence and Foreign Policy, ed. Milivojević and Maurer, 184.
25 Antoine Fleury, “Switzerland and the Organisation of Europe: An Historical Perspective,” Swiss Neutrality and Security: Armed Forces, National Defence and Foreign Policy, ed. Milivojević and Maurer, 103, citing Feuille fédérale suisse, 1938, Vol. 1, pp. 845–55.
26 C. L. Sulzberger, “National Defense Speeded By Swiss,” New York Times, July 24, 1938, 16.
27 Ibid.
28 Kurz, Histoire de l’Armée Suisse, 83–84.
29 T.R. Ybarra, “Switzerland Rallies Again for Freedom,” New York Times, Aug. 14, 1938, 8.
30 Ibid.
31 New York Times, Aug. 25, 1938, 3.
32 Contemporary Review, 154 (Sept. 1938) 312, 318.
33 Willi Gautschi, General Henri Guisan: Die schweizerische Armeeführung im Zweiten Weltkrieg (Zürich: Neue Zürcher Zeitung, 1989), 58; Tom Bower, Nazi Gold (New York: HarperCollins, 1997), 263.
34 Shirer, The Rise and Fall of the Third Reich, 359.
35 Ibid. at 383.
36 Ibid. at 386.
37 Ibid. at 390–91.
38 Ibid. at 400.
39 Heinz K. Meier, Friendship Under Stress: U.S. - Swiss Relations 1900-1950, (Bern: Lang Druck., 1970), 254.
40 Ibid. at 254; New York Times, September 30, 1938, 6.
41 Shirer, The Rise and Fall of the Third Reich, 420–22.
42 Ibid. at 423.
43 Ibid. at 424.
44 Ibid. at 426.
45 New York Times, Oct. 1, 1938, 2.
46 Shirer, The Rise and Fall of the Third Reich, 428.
47 William B. Chamberlain, “Nazi Shadow Over Switzerland,” Christian Century, Mar. 22, 1939, L, 378.
48 New York Times, Nov. 6, 1938, 2.
49 New York Times, Nov. 11, 1938, 4.
50 Chicago Daily Tribune, Nov. 12, 1938, 5f.
51 Jacob B. Glenn, “The Jews in Switzerland,” Contemporary Jewish Record (New York: American Jewish Committee, 1941), IV, 286.
52 New York Times, Nov. 9, 1938, 24.
53 Neue Zürcher Zeitung, Nov. 8, 1938, 2.
54 Der Angriff, Nov. 9, 1938, 14.
55 Reichsgesetzblatt 1938, I, 265, §15.
56 Der Angriff, Nov. 10, 1938, 7; Neue Zürcher Zeitung, Nov. 11, 1938, 2.
57 New York Times, Nov. 11, 1938, 1.
58 Ibid.
59 Ibid. at 4.
60 Neue Zürcher Zeitung, Nov. 10, 1938, 2.
61 Reichsgesetzblatt 1938, I, 1571. Printed in Berliner Börsen Zeitung, November 12, 1938, 12.
62 Glenn, “The Jews in Switzerland,” Contemporary Jewish Record, IV, 286.
63 New York Times, Dec. 3, 1938, 8.
64 Ibid.
65 Ibid.
66 Receuil Officiel, LIV, 880 (1938), in U.S. Dept. of State, Swiss Policies on Purge of Axis Supporters 7 (Washington, DC, 12945). See The Times (London), Dec. 12, 1938, at 13e.
67 Christian Century, Mar. 22, 1939, L, 378.
68 Ibid.
69 New York Times, Jan. 1, 1939, 16.
70 Kurz, Histoire de l’Armée Suisse, 82.
71 New York Times, Dec. 28, 1938, 6.
72 Gill, An Honourable Defeat: A History of German Resistance to Hitler, 1933–1945, 149. See Klaus Urner, Der Schweizer Hitler- Attentäter (Frauenfeld: Huber, 1980).
73 Hans Kohn, Nationalism and Liberty: The Swiss Example (London: Unwin Brothers Limited, 1956), 128, quoting Neue Zürcher Zeitung, Dec. 12, 1938.
74 Ibid. at 129.
75 Ibid.
76 Interview with Oskar Felix Fritschi, Sept. 22, 1997.
77 Henri Guisan, Notre Peuple et son Armée (Zürich: Ed. polyg., 1939); General Henri Guisan, Unser Volk und seine Armee (Zürich, 1940). 78 Interview with Dr. Willi Gautschi, Sept. 24, 1997. See Gautschi, General
78 Interview with Dr. Willi Gautschi, Sept. 24, 1997. See Gautschi, General Henri Guisan: Die schweizerische Armeeführung im Zweiten Weltkrieg.
79 Guisan, Notre Peuple et son Armée, 8.
80 Ibid. at 8–9.
81 Ibid. at 9.
82 Ibid.
83 Ibid. at 10.
84 Ibid. at 11.
85 Ibid. at 10–11.
86 Ibid.
87 Ibid. at 15.
88 Ibid.
89 Ibid. at 16.
90 Ibid. at 22.
91 Ibid.
92 Ibid. at 23–24.
93 Ibid. at 25.
94 Ibid. at 26.
95 Ibid. at 27.
96 Ibid. at 30.
97 Ibid. at 31.
98 Ibid. at 31–32.
99 Ibid. at 32.
100 Ibid.
101 Ibid. at 33.
102 Ibid.
103 Ibid. at 34.
104 Ibid. at 37.
105 Ibid. at 38.
106 Ibid.
CHAPTER 3
1 The Times (London), Jan. 23, 1939, 12b.
2 New York Times, Jan. 31, 1939, at 5:2.
3 Kurz, Histoire de l’Armée Suisse, 92.
4 Schweizerische Schützenzeitung, Feb. 1939, 8:55.
5 Shirer, The Rise and Fall of the Third Reich, 440.
6 Ibid. at 445–46.
7 Ibid. at 447–48.
8 Ibid. at 441–42.
9 Ibid. at 450.
10 The Times (London), Mar. 16, 1939, 16b.
11 Interview with Milan Kubele, Uherskćy Brod, Czech Republic, Mar. 16, 1994.
12 Ibid.
13 The Times (London), Mar. 16, 1939, at 15c; Journal de Genève, Mar. 16, 1939, 1.
14 Edgar Bonjour, Geschichte der Schweizerischen Neutralität (Basel 1967), III, 320–21. See New York Times, Mar. 18, 1939, 1.
15 New York Times, Mar. 19, 1939, 36.
16 New York Times, Mar. 21, 1938, 8.
17 Ibid.
18 R. de Craon-Poussy, “Switzerland is Ready,” The Commonweal, 30 (July 7, 1939), 273.
19 New York Times, Mar. 24, 1939, 3.
20 New York Times, Mar. 26, 1939, 33.
21 New York Times, Mar. 27, 1939, 5.
22 Ibid.
23 The Times (London), Mar. 27, 1939, 11a.
24 Schwarz, The Eye of the Hurricane, 69.
25 Ibid. at 67.
26 Gerhard L. Weinberg, A World At Arms (Cambridge University Press, 1994), 26.
27 Quoted in Wilhelm Viola, “The Position of Switzerland,” Contemporary Review, vol. 156, 695–96 (1939).
28 Ibid. at 696.
29 Adolf Keller, “Switzerland Will Fight,” Christian Century, May 24, 1939, LVI, 679.
30 The Times (London), Apr. 5, 1939, at 16a.
31 The Times (London), May 9, 1939, at 21c.
> 32 Charles F. Phillips & J.V. Garland, The American Neutrality Problem (New York: H.W. Wilson Co., 1939), 74, 283, quoting Testimony of Dr. John B. Moore, U.S. Senate Foreign Relations Committee Hearings on S. 3474, 74th Cong., 2nd Sess. (Jan. 10–Feb. 5, 1936).
33 Meier, Friendship Under Stress: U.S.-Swiss Relations 1900–1950, 260.
34 Ibid. at 261.
35 Ibid. at 263.
36 Phillips & Garland, The American Neutrality Problem, 304.
37 Griffin Barry, “Swiss Democracy Goes into Action,” Travel, 73 (June 1939) 26.
38 Ibid. at 27–28.
39 Ibid. at 28.
40 Ibid. at 41.
41 Schweizerische Schützenzeitung, June 22, 1939, 25:1.
42 Ibid. at 25:226.
43 Munday, Most Armed and Most Free?, 23.
44 Ferdinand Hediger, “The Fabulous Martini,” Gun Digest 1996 (North-brook, IL: DBI Books, 1995), 182, 193.
45 Ibid.
46 Kimche, Spying for Peace: General Guisan and Swiss Neutrality, 157.
47 Henry L. Feingold, The Politics of Rescue (New York: Waldon Press, 1970), 66.
48 New York Times, Aug. 2, 1939, 14.
49 Ibid.
50 The Times (London), Aug. 4, 1939, at 13d.
51 Donovan Richardson, “The Neutrals’ Fight for Peace,” Christian Science Monitor, Aug. 12, 1939, 1.
52 New York Times, Aug. 20, 1939, 5.
53 Shirer, The Rise and Fall of the Third Reich, 456.
54 Ibid. at 496.
55 Ibid. at 541.
56 Hugo Schäfer, Die Wehrmächte aller Staaten 1937 (Vienna, 1937); Kurt Passow, Taschenbuch der Heere, Ausgabe 1939 (Munich: J.F. Lehmanns, 1939). Where available, 1939 figures are used.
57 New York Times, Aug. 25, 1939, 3.
58 New York Times, Aug. 26, 1939, 2.
59 New York Times, Aug. 29, 1939, 3.
60 Receuil Officiel, LV, 760 (1939), invoking Receuil Officiel, XLIII, 375 (1927). U.S. Dept. of State, Swiss Policies on Purge of Axis Supporters 7–8 (Washington, DC, 1945).
61 The Times (London), Aug. 31, 1939, 7b.
62 Kimche, Spying for Peace: General Guisan and Swiss Neutrality, 8–9.
63 Ibid. at 6.
64 Schwarz, The Eye of the Hurricane, 3.
65 Luck, A History of Switzerland, 803.
66 Bonjour, Geschichte der Schweizerischen Neutralität, IV, 23.
67 Fritschi, Geistige Landesverteidigung während des Zweiten Weltkrieges, 44–45; letter from George Gyssler, Nov. 26, 1997.
68 M. Wolf, “What People are Saying,” Nineteenth Century, 126 (Sept. 1939), 370, 371.
69 Ibid. at 374.
70 Interview with Robert Dowlut, son of Cannoneer Dyonizy Dowlut, Nov. 21, 1997.
Target Switzerland Page 29
