28 Ibid. at 644.
29 Ibid. at 645–46, 648.
30 Ibid. at 647–48.
31 Dulles, The Secret Surrender, 20.
32 Dulles, Germany’s Underground, 134–41.
33 Ibid. at 134–41, 229–53.
34 See Ralph Hagan, The Liberator Pistol (El Dorado Hills, CA: Target Sales, 1997).
35 New York Times, Aug. 7, 1944, 4.
36 Kurz, Histoire de l’Armée Suisse, 135.
37 Schwarz, The Eye of the Hurricane, 115.
38 U.S. Dept. of State, Swiss Policies on Purge of Axis Supporters (Washington, DC, 1945), 11–12.
39 New York Times, Aug. 26, 1944, 3.
40 Dulles, Germany’s Underground, 125.
41 The Times (London), Aug. 31, 1944, 3d.
42 Ibid.; New York Times, Aug. 27, 1944, 21.
43 New York Times, Sept. 6, 1944, 7.
44 Lindt, Le temps du hérisson, 159.
45 Ibid. at 159–60.
46 Ibid. at 160.
47 Ibid. at 160–61.
48 Ibid. at 161–62.
49 Ibid. at 162.
50 The Times (London), Oct. 3, 1944, 3c.
51 David S. Wyman, The Abandonment of the Jews: America and the Holocaust, 1941–1945 (New York: Pantheon Books, 1984), 233–34.
52 Stuart E. Eizenstat and William Z. Slany, U.S. and Allied Efforts to Recover and Restore Gold and Other Assets Stolen or Hidden by Germany during World War II (Washington, DC: U.S. Department of State, 1997), 26.
53 Ibid.
54 Acheson, Present at the Creation, 58–59; Meier, Friendship Under Stress, 329; New York Times, Sept. 30, 1944, 5.
55 Meier, Friendship Under Stress, 329–30.
56 Ibid. at 336–37.
57 Rapport du Général Guisan, 65.
58 Schwarz, Eye of the Hurricane, 151–52; The Times (London), Nov. 20, 1944, 4c.
59 Wilson, Switzerland: Neutrality as a Foreign Policy, 56.
60 Winston S. Churchill, The Second World War (London: Cassel, 1954), VI, 616.
61 Ibid.
62 Gregory Douglas, Gestapo Chief: The 1948 Interrogation of Heinrich Müller (San Jose: R. James Bender, 1995), 227.
63 Ibid.
64 Walter Schellenberg, Hitler’s Secret Service (New York: Pyramid Books, 1977), 369.
65 Ibid.
66 Ibid. at 370.
67 Ibid.
68 Feingold, The Politics of Rescue, 276–79.
69 Bonjour, Geschichte der Schweizerischen Neutralität, VI, 383.
70 Eizenstat and Slany, U.S. and Allied Efforts, 28–29.
71 Ibid. at 29.
72 Lindt, Le temps du hérisson, 165.
73 Gautschi, General Henri Guisan, 629.
74 Ibid. at 630.
75 Ibid. at 629–30.
CHAPTER 10
1 Interview with Ernst Leisi, Sept. 22, 1997.
2 New York Times, Jan. 5, 1945, 8.
3 Ibid.
4 Meier, Friendship Under Stress, 331, citing Neue Zürcher Zeitung, Jan. 4, 1945.
5 New York Times, Jan. 26, 1945, 8.
6 Meier, Friendship Under Stress, 333.
7 Journal de Genève, Jan. 9, 1945, 2.
8 “The Swiss War,” Newsweek, Jan. 15, 1945, 56.
9 Ibid.
10 Meier, Friendship Under Stress, 316, 319.
11 Journal de Genève, Jan. 17, 1945, 8.
12 The Times (London), Mar. 9, 1945, 3d; Ibid., Mar. 10, 1945, 5b.
13 “No Haven,” Time, Apr. 2, 1945, 23.
14 New York Times, Feb. 23, 1945, 2; Ibid., Feb. 25, 1945, 11. See Journal de Genève, Feb. 23, 1945, 2.
15 New York Times, Mar. 5, 1945, 4. See Journal de Genève, Mar. 5, 1945, 8.
16 New York Times, Mar. 9, 1945.
17 New York Times, Mar. 12, 1945, 6.
18 New York Times, Mar. 26, 1945, 8. See Tagesbefehl, 2.4.45, in Tagesbefehle des Generals, 1939–1945 (Bern: Eidg. Militärbibliothek, n.d.).
19 Ibid.
20 The Times (London), Mar. 28, 1945, 3c.
21 New York Times, Apr. 19, 1945, 3.
22 New York Times, Apr. 21, 1945, 3.
23 New York Times, Apr. 22, 1945, 4; Ibid., Apr. 23, 1945, 7.
24 New York Times, Apr. 23, 1945, 7; The Times (London), Apr. 24, 1945, 3e.
25 Schwarz, Eye of the Hurricane, 141.
26 Shirer, The Rise and Fall of the Third Reich, 1006.
27 Dulles, The Secret Surrender, 43.
28 Interview with August Lindt, Sept. 23, 1997.
29 Schwarz, Eye of the Hurricane, 143–44. See Wilson, Switzerland: Neutrality as a Foreign Policy, 29–37.
30 Dulles, The Secret Surrender, 27.
31 Schwarz, Eye of the Hurricane, 143–44.
32 Dulles, The Secret Surrender, 99.
33 Ibid. at 145.
34 Schwarz, Eye of the Hurricane, 146–47; Wilson, Switzerland: Neutrality as a Foreign Policy , 35.
35 Kimche, Spying for Peace, 148; Dulles, The Secret Surrender, 146–47.
36 Ibid. at 144.
37 Ibid. at 150.
38 Schwarz, The Eye of the Hurricane, 147. On whether General Guisan or the Swiss government knew of the negotiations, see Dulles, The Secret Surrender, 100–01.
39 Dulles, The Secret Surrender, 214–15.
40 Wilson, Switzerland: Neutrality as a Foreign Policy, 33, quoting H.R. Kurz, ed., Die Schweiz im Zweiten Weltkrieg (Thun: Ott, 1959), 126.
41 Dulles, The Secret Surrender, 119–20; Kimche, Spying for Peace, 151–52.
42 Schwarz, Eye of the Hurricane, 153. See Tagesbefehl, May 8, 1945, in Tagesbefehle des Generals, 1939–1945 (Bern: Eidg. Militärbibliothek, n.d.).
43 U.S. State Department, Swiss Policies on Purge of Axis Supporters (Washington, DC, Dec. 31, 1945), 20–31.
44 Bonjour, Swiss Neutrality, 127.
45 Carl J. Friedrich, “As Switzerland Sees It,” Atlantic Monthly, 178 (Dec. 1946) 108, 109.
46 The Times (London), Aug. 27, 1945, 5f.
47 Hans-Heiri Stapfer & Gino Künzle, Escape to Neutrality (Carrollton, Tex.: Squadron/Signal Publications, 1992), 3, 77.
48 Faith Whittlesey, “Switzerland on Trial,” The Ambassadors Review, (Spring 1997) 53.
49 Schwarz, The Eye of the Hurricane, 133–34.
50 Schlussbericht des Eidg. Kommissariates für Internierung und Hospital- isierung über die Internierung fremder Militärpersonen von 1940–45.
51 Schwarz, Eye of the Hurricane, 129.
52 Ibid. at 130–31.
53 Letter from Pierre Pont, Head of Delegation, ICRC, Washington, DC, Sept. 9, 1997.
54 Schwarz, The Eye of the Hurricane, 137–38.
55 Ibid. at 134–38.
56 Theo Tschuy, Carl Lutz und die Juden von Budapest (Neue Zürcher Zeitung 1995).
57 Meier, Friendship Under Stress, 302.
58 Ibid. at 303.
59 Ibid. at 303–04, 309.
60 Schellenberg, Hitler’s Secret Service, 371–74. See LeBor, Hitler’s Secret Bankers, 199.
61 New York Times, July 23, 1945, 1.
62 Schwarz, Eye of the Hurricane, 134; Kurz, Histoire de l’Armée Suisse, 142.
63 Hans Senn, Anfänge einer Dissuasionsstrategie während des Zweiten Weltkrieges (Basel: Helbing & Lichtenhahn, 1995), 440–41.
64 Charbonney, Considérations sur les répercussions économiques de la défense Nationale (Lausanne 1968), Appendix 5.
65 Schweizerische Schützenzeitung, 1945, 44:329.
66 Tages–Befehl für den 20. August 1945, in Tagesbefehle des Generals, 1939–1945 (Bern: Eidg. Militärbibliothek, n.d.).
67 New York Times, Aug. 2, 1945, 5.
68 Jean-Jacques de Dardel, “New Challenges Facing Swiss Foreign Policy,” Swiss Neutrality and Security, ed. Milivojević and Maurer, 127 n. 7.
69 The Times (London), Oct. 6, 1945, 3d.
70 E.g., Albert Speer, Inside the Third Reich (New York: Macmillan, 1970), 369–72.
71 Ibid. at 378, 467.
&nb
sp; 72 Shirer, The Rise and Fall of the Third Reich, 943.
73 Ibid. at 946–47.
74 Jacob Sloan, ed., Notes from the Warsaw Ghetto: The Journal of Emmanuel Ringelblum (New York: Schocken, 1958), 263.
75 Interview with Willy Gautschi, Sept. 24, 1997.
CHAPTER 11
1 Eizenstat and Slany, U.S. and Allied Efforts, 113.
2 Robert Frick ed., Das Schiesswesen in der Schweiz (Zürich: Gottfried Schmid, 1955), I, 1.
3 Statement of Central Committee of Swiss Noncommissioned Officers Association, in Major H. von Dach, Total Resistance, trans. Hans Lienhard (Boulder, Colo.: Paladin Press, 1965), iii. See Major H. von Dach, Der Totale Widerstand (Biel: SUOV, 2nd ed., 1958).
4 Ibid. at 14.
5 Ibid. at 104, 155, 169–70.
6 Ibid. at 173.
7 Soldatenbuch (Eidg. Militärdepartement, 1959).
8 See Albert Bachmann & Georges Grosjean, Zivilverteidigung (Aarau: Miles, 1969).
9 Stüssi-Lauterburg, “A History of Change,” Army 1995, 79.
10 Marko Milivojević, “The Swiss Armed Forces,” Swiss Neutrality and Security, 39, 43.
11 See Das Sturmgewehr 57 und die Gewehrgranaten 58 (Schweizerische Armee, 1984); Jane’s Infantry Weapons (Surrey, UK: Jane’s Information Group, 1990), 198–200.
12 Josepf Inauen, Schweizer Armee 97 (Frauenfeld: Huber, 1996), 112.
13 See Halbrook, “Switzerland’s Feldschiessen,” Gun Digest 20–26 (1996/ 50th Annual Edition); Halbrook, “Swiss Schützenfest,” American Rifleman, 46–47, 74–75 (May 1993); Robert Frick ed., Das Schiesswesen in der Schweiz (Zürich: Gottfried Schmid, 1955), II, 120.
14 Halbrook, “The World’s Largest Rifle Shooting Match: Switzerland 1995,” The 1996 Precision Shooting Annual (Manchester, CT: Precision Shooting, Inc., 1996), 91, 107.
15 Neue Zürcher Zeitung, Sept. 15, 1997, 35. See Robert Frick ed., Das Schiesswesen in der Schweiz (Zürich: Gottfried Schmid, 1955), II, 114.
16 Inauen, Schweizer Armee 97, 114–62.
17 Jörg Köhler, “Switzerland as Champion for the Abolishment of Anti-Personnel Mines,” Swiss Peace Keeper, Sept. 3, 1997, 8.
18 Patrick Cudré-Mauroux, “From Yesterday to Tomorrow,” Army 1995, 100–03; Roman Brodmann, Schweiz ohne Waffen (Bern: Zytglogge, 1989); Andreas Gross ed., 6. Juni 1993: Kompromiss auch bei der Armee? (Zürich: Realotopia, 1993).
19 Alfred Hostettler, “Ein vom Bund aufgezwungener ‘Sport’”: Arbeiter-schiesswesen in der Schweiz (Historisches Institut der Universität Bern, 1990), 69.
20 See Walter Schaufelberger ed., Armee Abschaffen?
21 The Army of a Small, Neutral Nation: Switzerland (Berne: Department of Defense, n.d.).
22 Ibid. at 9.
23 Ibid. at 10.
24 Swiss Security Policy in Times of Change: Report 90 of the Federal Council to the Federal Assembly (1990), 29.
25 Interview with Hans Senn, Sept. 19, 1997.
26 Interview with Arthur Liener, Sept. 17, 1997.
EPILOGUE
1 Shirer, The Rise and Fall of the Third Reich, 199–200.
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