27. Yosef Kaplan, Jews and Conversos: Studies in Society and the Inquisition (Jerusalem: Magnes Press, 1981), 214, 221.
28. Calender of State Papers, Colonial America and West Indies, 1661–1668, no. 216, 69.
29. Charles II’s contract with Abraham Israel de Piso and Abraham Cohen, Egerton MSS., folios 152b–158b, British Museum.
30. Domestic Entry Book, Charles II, vol. 14, 57, National Archives, Kew, Surrey, England.
31. Samuel, “Sir William Davidson, Royalist,” 46.
32. Nigel Cawthorne, Sex Lives of the Kings and Queens of England (Chicago: Trafalgar Square, 1997), 72.
33. Samuel, “Sir William Davidson, Royalist,” 46.
34. Herbert Friedenwald, “Material for the History of the Jews in the British West Indies,” Publications of the American Jewish Historical Society 5 (1897), 69, transcribes the letter as “the gold finding Jew left…here ore and directions to find the gold.” Samuel transcribes the same passage as “care and directions…”
35. Nuala Zahedieh, “The Capture of the Blue Dove, 1664: Policy, Profits and Protection in Early English Jamaica,” in R. McDonald, ed., West Indies Accounts: Essays on the History of the British Caribbean and the Atlantic Economy (Kingston: University of the West Indies Press, 1996), 29–47.
Chapter Ten: Buccaneer Island
1. S. A. G. Taylor, The Western Design: An Account of Cromwell’s Expedition to the Caribbean (Kingston: Institute of Jamaica and Jamaican Historical Society, 1969), 111–12.
2. C. H. Haring, The Buccaneers in the West Indies in the XVII Century (Hamden, Conn.: Archon Books, 1966; reprint of 1910 edition), 92; Dudley Pope, The Buccaneer King: The Biography of the Notorious Sir Henry Morgan, 1635–1688 (New York: Dodd, Mead, 1978), 74.
3. Taylor, The Western Design, 113.
4. Ibid., 118.
5. Michael Pawson and David Buisseret, Port Royal, Jamaica (Oxford, U.K.: Clarendon Press, 1975), 62.
6. S. A. G. Taylor, ed., “Edward D’Oyley’s Journal,” part 2, transcribed by F. J. Osbourne, Jamaican Historical Review, vol. XI, 1978, 69: In September 1657, D’Oyley wrote the Committee of Officers and Merchants: “I am sending to Hispaniola for about 250 buccaneers, vizt. French and English that kill cattle who would come to us if they might have that liberty which I intend to give them.”
7. Taylor, The Western Design, 133.
8. Ibid., 141–42: Privateers were empowered to attack Spanish ships. By attacking Spanish settlements rather than Spanish ships, they did not have to fork over some of the loot to the licensing authorities.
9. Pawson and Buisseret, Port Royal, Jamaica, 80.
10. Ibid., 131.
11. Pope, The Buccaneer King, 77.
12. Taylor, The Western Design, 205; Pope, The Buccaneer King, 80.
13. Pawson and Buisseret, Port Royal, Jamaica, 220.
14. Haring, The Buccaneers in the West Indies, 109.
15. Ibid., 110.
16. Pawson and Buisseret, Port Royal, Jamaica, 97.
17. Ibid., 99.
18. Ibid., 83.
19. Calendar of State Papers, Colonial Series, America & West Indies, 1901, 593: January 28, 1692, the president of the Council of Jamaica to the Lords of Trade and Plantations: “The Jews eat us and our children out of all trade, the reasons for naturalizing them not having been observed; for there has been no regard had to their settling and planting as the law directed…they have made Port Royal their Goshen and will do nothing but trade…This is a great and growing evil.”
20. Pope, The Buccaneer King, 86.
21. Salvador de Madariaga, The Rise of the Spanish American Empire (New York: Free Press, 1965), 162.
22. Pawson and Buisseret, Port Royal, Jamaica, 119.
23. H. R. Allen, Buccaneer: Admiral Sir Henry Morgan (London: Arthur Barker Ltd., 1976), 23.
24. Quoted in Clinton Black, Port Royal (Kingston: Bolivar Press, 1970), 21.
25. Alexander Winston, Pirates and Privateers (London: Arrow Books, 1972), 30; a reprint of No Purchase, No Pay (London: Eyre & Spottiswoode Ltd., 1970), one of the best books on buccaneers.
26. Philip Lindsay, The Great Buccaneer (London: Peter Neville Ltd., 1950), 103.
27. Pope, The Buccaneer King, 163.
28. Pawson and Buisseret, Port Royal, Jamaica, 119.
29. John Esquemelin, The Buccaneers of America. A true account of the most remarkable assaults committed of the late years upon the coasts of the West Indies by the Buccaneers of Jamaica and Tortuga by John Esquemelin One of the Buccaneers who was present at those tragedies (New York: Dover Publications, 1967), 65–69.
30. Stephen Alexander Fortune, Merchants and Jews: The Struggle for British West Indian Commerce, 1650–1750 (Gainesville: University of Florida Press, 1984), 35.
31. Zvi Loker, Jews in the Caribbean: Evidence on the History of the Jews in the Caribbean Zone in Colonial Times (Jerusalem: Misgav Yerushalayim, Institute for Research on the Sephardi and Oriental Jewish Heritage, 1991), 164–67; best one-stop source of period documents.
32. Egerton MSS., folios 152b–185b, British Museum.
33. Calendar of State Papers, Colonial Series, America & West Indies, 1669–1674, 7, no. 968, 15-11-1672. Petition of Rabba Couty to the King; vol. 9, no. 306, 22-21-1672: The King to Sir Thomas Lynch re: Rabba Couty.
34. Loker, Jews in the Caribbean, 181.
35. Ibid., 177–82; Richard Hill, Lights and Shadows of Jamaica History (Kingston, Jamaica: Ford & Gall, 1859), 120–21.
36. Hill, Lights and Shadows, 125, cites: Appendix to the Journals of the Assembly, 22 Charles II. A. 1670.
37. Pope, The Buccaneer King, 23; Winston, Pirates and Privateers, 37.
38. Allen, Buccaneer: Admiral Sir Henry Morgan, 131.
39. Ibid., 75; Pope, The Buccaneer King, 106, 155.
40. Allen, Buccaneer: Admiral Sir Henry Morgan, 75.
41. Carl and Roberta Bridenbaugh, No Peace Beyond the Line: The English in the Caribbean, 1624–1690 (New York: Oxford University Press, 1972), 170.
42. Lindsay, The Great Buccaneer, 103–5.
43. Ibid., 106.
44. Ibid., 106–7.
45. Ibid., 151.
46. Ibid., 108.
47. Pope, The Buccaneer King, 215.
48. Lindsay, The Great Buccaneer, 112.
49. Winston, Pirates and Privateers, 88.
50. Ibid., 87.
51. Lindsay, The Great Buccaneer, 177.
52. Pope, The Buccaneer King, 257.
53. Calendar of State Papers, Colonial Series, America & West Indies, 1669–1674, 27, no. 697, 17-14-1671.
54. Nuala Zahedieh, “The Merchants of Port Royal, Jamaica, and the Spanish Contraband Trade, 1655–1692,” William and Mary Quarterly, 3rd ser., 43, no. 3 (1986), 580.
55. Israel, Diasporas Within a Diaspora, 443: “A bitter quarrel erupted in the mid 1670’s pitted Barbary Jews residing in Tangiers against Abraham Cohen, who they complained, ‘did continually affront, molest and disquiet them that they could not attend to their callings.’”
56. Zahedieh, “The Merchants of Port Royal,” 575.
57. Ibid., 581–82.
58. Calendar of State Papers, 1669–1672, 28, no. 63, 11-6-1672, Petition of the Merchants of Port Royal to Sir Thos. Lynch, Governor of Jamaica. Full transcript in Hill, Lights and Shadows, 124–25.
59. Calendar of State Papers, Colonial Series, America & West Indies, 1669–1672, no. 999, 453.
60. Fortune, Merchants and Jews, 26–27; Gedalia Yogev, Diamonds and Coral: Anglo-Dutch Jews and 18th Century Trade (Leicester, U.K.: Leicester University Press, 1978), 28–60: Statistics show Jamaica’s Jews were of major financial value to England.
61. Winston, Pirates and Privateers, 89.
62. Pope, The Buccaneer King, 263.
63. Ibid., 262.
64. Ibid.
65. Ibid., 268.
66. Calendar of State Papers, 1668–1674, no. 503, 552: Council of Jamaica petitioned the Royal African Company “demanding more
slaves.” The Company replied, “On January, 1674…seven ships had been sent to Jamaica with 2320 negroes and in 1676 four more ships with 1660 negroes and 1540 sent in November 1676.”
67. Cohen Abraham to Moses Cohen Henriques, signed May 5, 1675, Spanish Town Record Office, Liber 6, 1674, no. 232.
68. Spanish Town Record Office, Liber 6, no. 275, July 1675, Sept. 8, 1675 sells land to Mathew Mattson of Port Royal, witnessed by Humphrey Knollis and Thomas Helyar.
69. Moses Cohen naturalization, Spanish Town Record Office, Liber 13, 1681, no. 220.
70. Henry Barnham, An account of the Island of Jamaica, from the time of the Spaniards first discovery to the year 1722 (London), British Library, Sloane Ms 3918, 6. When Morgan was in England, the then nineteen-year-old Christopher Albemarle was the buccaneer’s sidekick. Half Morgan’s age, he hero-worshipped his elder, being himself a wild youth given to drink, frequenting brothels, and enjoying sordid escapades that owing to his aristocratic status were excused, even admired.
71. Beeston sold the first land to Daniel Naharr, May 17, 1693 (Liber 24 of deeds folio 46) and subsequently Jews bought sixteen of the 270 lots of land sold in 1693–1702.
72. Fortune, Merchants and Jews, 65.
73. The following names are from Leon Huhner, “Jews Interested in Privateering in America during the 18th century,” Publication of the American Jewish Historical Society 23 (1915), 163–77: Isaac Hart: In 1758, during the French and Indian War, one of Newport’s foremost citizens and wealthiest merchants, Isaac Hart, owned and fitted out two ships—the General Webb and the Lord Howe—that saw action. Napthali Hart: Also of Newport, he owned and equipped the Dolphin and the Diamond, which sailed for the British in the American Revolution.
Facing the world’s finest navy, Congress in March 23, 1776, commissioned privateers “to capture all ships and cargoes belonging to Great Britain taken on the high seas.” They include four of the founders of Mikve Israel in Philadelphia: Benjamin Sexias, the brother of the New York rabbi Gershon M. Seixas, co-owner with Isaac Moses of the Fox, a brig with eight guns. Moses also owned the Marbois, a brig of sixteen guns and a crew of eighty-five. Abe Sasportas owned Two Rachels, a brigantine of eight guns. Michael Gratz was a partner with Carter Braxton, a signer of the Declaration of Independence, but no names of their vessels are known. Mendes fils Cadet of Portsmouth, New Hampshire, master of the Wilks, a sloop of ten guns and a crew of sixty, co-owned with Gideon Samson of Exeter. Moses M. Hays, a leading citizen of Boston and uncle of Judah Touro, owned Iris, a brig of eight guns. Robert Morris, the financier of the Revolution, and Moses Levy, one of the three buyers of land for the Newport synagogue, jointly owned Havannah, a schooner of six guns. Morris also owned Black Prince, a brig of twelve guns, with Isaac Moses of Philadelphia.
74. Bertram Wallace Korn, The Early Jews of New Orleans (Waltham, Mass.: American Jewish Historical Society, 1969), quoting from The Journal of Jean Lafitte (New York, 1958), 98–99.
Epilogue: Searching for the Lost Mine of Columbus
1. Calendar of State Papers, Colonial Series, America & West Indies, 1661–1668, nos. 948, 949 (March 1, 1664).
2. Jacob Andrade, A Record of the Jews in Jamaica (Kingston: Jamaica Times, 1941), 139: The same date—March 25, 1670—Cohen bought valley land, Solomon de Léon purchased nine hundred acres in the same area.
3. Frank Cundall and Joseph Pietersz, Jamaica Under the Spaniards, abstracted from the Archives of Seville (Kingston: Institute of Jamaica, 1919), 49.
FOOTNOTES
*1 A third daughter, Marina, wed the grandson of Columbus’s supporter, the Duke of Medina Sidonia; a fourth, Ana, wed her father’s successor as treasurer of the colony, Juan de Sosa Cabrera.
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*2 Approximately 10,000 from Spain, 6,000 Italians, 7,000 Germans, 5,000 Genoese, and 1,000 Knights of Malta.
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*3 A court of judges with jurisdiction over Spain’s New World colonies.
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*4 The wording of the title perhaps signifies the guardian role of the Columbus heirs over the Portugals and their founding of Villa de la Vega in 1534.
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*5 To avoid detection, many covert Jews were not circumcised until they arrived in Holland. Once there, if one died before being circumcised, it had to be done to his corpse if he was to be buried in the Jewish cemetery.
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*6 Moses was the likely designate, since he spoke Spanish and was trusted by Heyn.
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*7 This other line of the Cohen Henriques family would prove a source of confusion to later historians.
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Copyright © 2008 by Ed Kritzler
All Rights Reserved
Published in the United States by Doubleday, an imprint of The Doubleday Publishing Group, a division of Random House, Inc.,
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Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data
Kritzler, Ed (Edward), 1941–
Jewish pirates of the Caribbean: how a generation of swashbuckling Jews carved out an empire in the new world in their quest for treasure, religious freedom—and revenge / Ed Kritzler.—1st ed.
p. cm.
Includes bibliographical references.
1. Jews—Caribbean Area—History—17th century. 2. Marranos—Caribbean Area—History—17th century. 3. Buccaneers—Caribbean Area—History—17th century. 4. Pirates—Caribbean Area—History—17th century. 5. Caribbean Area—Ethnic relations—History—17th century. I. Title.
F2191.J4K75 2008
972.9'004924—dc22
2008015790
eISBN: 978-0-385-52836-8
v3.0
Jewish Pirates of the Caribbean Page 29
