by Bryan Sykes
Muscle
Actin gamma
ACTG1
18.1
Pigmentation
Melanocortin 2 receptor
MC2R
18.2
Metabolism
Insulin-dependent diabetes 6
IDDM6
18.3
Digestion
Gastrin-releasing peptide
GRP
18.4
Brain and nerves
Myelin basic protein
MBP
19.1
Metabolism
Insulin receptor
INSR
19.2
Pigmentation
Hair color
(1 brown)
HCL1
19.3
Brain and nerves
Myelin-associated glycoprotein
MAG
19.4
Digestion
Gastric inhibitory polypeptide receptor
GIPR
20.1
Liver and kidney
Arginine vasopressin
AVP
20.2
Pigmentation
Agouti signaling peptide
ASIP
20.3
Metabolism
Topoisomerase 1
TOP1
20.4
Bones, skin, teeth, and joints
Bone morphogenetic protein 7
BMP7
20.5
Bones, skin, teeth, and joints
Collagen, type IX, alpha 3
COL9A3
21.1
Bones, skin, teeth, and joints
Chondrolectin
CHODL
21.2
Eyes
Crystallin alpha A
CRYAA
22.1
Immunity
Immunoglobulin lambda constant
IGKC
22.2
Eyes
Crystallin beta A4
CRYBA4
22.3
Brain and nerves
Synaptogyrin 1
SYNGR1
Notes
Chapter 1: The Point of Clovis
1. R. Gramly et al., Archaeology of Eastern North America 18 (1988), 5.
2. J. Adovasio and R. Carlisle, Science 239 (1988), 713.
3. T. Dillehay and M.B. Collins, Nature 332 (1988), 150.
4. T. Dillehay et al., Science 320 (2008), 784.
5. J. Adovasio and J. Page, The First Americans (New York: Modern Library, 2003), 209.
6. M. Gilbert et al., Science 320 (2008), 786.
7. M. Waters and T. W. Stafford Jr., Science 315 (2007), 1122.
8. C. Haynes et al., Science 317 (2007), 320.
Chapter 2: The Nature of the Evidence
1. S. Paabo, Nature 314 (1985), 644.
2. R. Higuchi et al., Nature 312 (1984), 282.
3. E. Hagelberg, R. Hedges, and B. Sykes, Nature 342 (1989), 485.
4. S. Paabo, in The Human Inheritance: Genes, Language, and Evolution, ed. B. Sykes (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1999), 119.
5. R. Green et al., Science 328 (2010), 710.
6. M. Rasmussen et al., Nature 463 (2010), 757.
7. J. S. Jones, Nature 314 (1985), 576.
8. G. Church, quoted in E. Pennisi, Science 328 (2010), 683.
Chapter 3: The First Americans
1. R. Ward et al., Proceedings of the National Academy of Science (USA) 88 (1991), 8720.
2. Principally Martin Richards and Vincent Macaulay.
3. P. Forster et al., American Journal of Human Genetics 59 (1996), 935.
4. U. Perego et al., Current Biology 10 (2009), 1.
5. M. Hurles et al., American Journal of Human Genetics 72 (2003), 1282.
6. R. Cann, American Journal of Human Genetics 55 (1994), 7.
7. P. Orr, Science 135 (1962), 219.
8. T. Dillehay et al., Science 320 (2008), 784.
Chapter 4: The Mystery of Cluster X
1. R. Scozzari et al., American Journal of Human Genetics 60 (1997), 241.
2. M. Brown et al., American Journal of Human Genetics 63 (1998), 1852.
3. A. Stone and M. Stoneking, American Journal of Human Genetics 62 (1998), 1153.
4. W. Hauswirth et al., Experientia 50 (1994), 585.
5. B. Sykes et al., American Journal of Human Genetics 57 (1995), 1463.
6. R. Taylor et al., Science 280 (1998), 1171.
7. F. Kaestle et al., www.nps.gov/archeology/kennewick/kaestle.htm, 2000.
8. R. Dalton, Nature 420 (2002), 111.
9. J. Neel, American Journal of Human Genetics 14 (1962), 353.
10. R. McInnes, American Journal of Human Genetics 88 (2012), 254.
Chapter 5: The Europeans
1. M. Richards et al., American Journal of Human Genetics 67 (2000), 1251.
Chapter 6: The Genetic Genealogy Revolution
1. E. Foster et al., Nature 396 (1998), 27.
2. B. Sykes and C. Irven, American Journal of Human Genetics 66 (2000), 1417.
3. M. Thomas et al., Nature 394 (1998), 139.
Chapter 7: The World’s Biggest Surname Project
1. http://dna-project.clan-donald-usa.org.
2. L. Moore et al., American Journal of Human Genetics 78 (2006), 334.
Chapter 8: The Jews
1. The Jewish Encyclopedia (New York: Funk & Wagnalls, 1901–6).
2. S. Reuter, Canadian Journal of Sociology 31 (2006), 291.
3. S. Adams et al., American Journal of Human Genetics 83 (2008), 725.
Chapter 9: The Africans
1. Quoted in G. H. Gerzina, Black London (New Brunswick, NJ: Rutgers University Press, 1995), 3.
2. E. Watson et al., American Journal of Human Genetics 61 (1997), 691.
3. R. Cann et al., Nature, 325 (1987), 31.
Chapter 11: All My Ancestors
1. D. Rohde et al., Nature (2004), 562.
2. J. S. Jones, Daily Telegraph (London), April 20, 2009.
3.www.genomesonline.org/cgi-bin/GOLD.
4. International HapMap Consortium, Nature 437 (2005), 1299; International HapMap Consortium, Nature 449 (2007), 851.
Chapter 16: The Call of the Canyon
1. A. Silas, Journey to Hopi Land (Tucson, AZ: Rio Nuevo, 2006).
Chapter 17: A Question of Blood
1. J. Carter, “American Indian Religious Statement on Signing S.J. Res. 102 into Law,” August 12, 1978.
2. D. Bolnick et al. Science 399 (2007), 318.
3. K. TallBear, Journal of Law, Medicine, and Ethics 35 (2007), 412.
4. A. Harmon, “Tribal Enrollment Councils,” Western Historical Quarterly 32 (2001), 175.
5. K. TallBear, Wicazo Sa Review 18 (2003), 81.
6. F. Flam, San Diego Union-Tribune, October 5, 2005 (www.signonsandiego.com/uniontrib/20051005/news_lzlc05schurr.html).
7. S. Zhadanov et al., American Journal of Physical Anthropology 142 (2010), 579.
8. B. Koerner, Wired, September 13, 2005 (www.wired.com/wired/archive/13.09/seminoles.html).
Chapter 18: Portraits of America
1. T. Cooper, White Women (Ashburn, VA: Cooper Corporate Publishing, 1998).
Chapter 19: The Private View
1. A. E. Mourant, The Distribution of Human Blood Groups (Oxford: Blackwell Scientific Publications, 1954).
Index
Page numbers in italics refer to illustrations.
Aaron, 77, 120–21
Ablitt surname, 90
ABO blood group, 173
abolition, 132–33
abortion, 288
Abraham, 118, 121
“accidentals,” 46–47
Acosta, José de, 35
Adam, 218
Adams, John Quincy, 261
Adam’s Curse (Sykes), 75, 159, 168
adoption, 74
Adovasio, John, 13–14, 16
Africa, Africans, 115, 128–54, 137, 171, 177, 232, 239–43, 287, 290, 293–98, 303–4, 310–11, 318, 32
9–31
in Europe, 129–30, 177, 310
Homo sapiens origin in, 128, 129
migrations in, 139–40, 142–44
mitochondrial DNA of, 134, 135–39, 137, 141, 142–43, 146–48, 150, 151–52, 239, 297, 327, 329–31
sickle-cell anemia in, 115, 287, 318
see also specific tribes and countries
Africa Have Your Say, 293
African American Lives, 300, 301, 303
African American Lives 2, 300
African Americans, x, 72–74, 77, 114–15, 125, 128–54, 193–95, 235, 236–40, 241, 242–46, 280–304, 309–10, 313–21
see also slavery
African Ancestry, 149–53, 154, 166, 270, 285–86, 289–98
African chromosome sequence, 165–66, 169–74, 303–4, 310–11
Afro-Caribbeans, 134–35
Agboto, 240
agriculture, 28, 69, 126, 140, 141, 251, 277
AIDS, 240
Aiyana, 33–34, 36, 37, 41, 46, 47, 50, 51, 68–69, 136, 231, 327
Akimel O’odham, 59
Alaska, 28–29, 35, 37–39, 41, 42, 43–44, 47, 48, 191
Alastair, 107
Albemarle Bay, 64
Albemarle County, Va., 183
albinism, 248–49
alcoholism, 60
Ålesund, 103
Alexander, 194
Algonquin language, 280
alkaline soil, 20, 49, 51
All About Eve, 181
Allotment Act (1887), 276–77
almasty, 129
alpacas, 44
Alsace, 119
Altay Shan mountains, 128–29
alternative name spellings, 83–92
Amana colonies, 96
amber, 21
“America by Rail,” 208
American Indian Movement (AIM), 204
American Indian Religious Freedom Act (1978), 271–72
American Journal of Human Genetics, 32–33, 150
American Museum of Natural History, 298–99
American Society of Human Genetics, 61
amino acids, 113
Amish communities, 113, 114
Amtrack, 199, 204, 223
anaerobic waterlogging, 49
ancestry informative markers (AIMs), 166, 173–74, 242, 283, 301, 303–4
Ancient Time, 214–17, 219
Andersen, Sheila, 86
Andes Mountains, 44
Andrew, Saint, 94
anemia, 114–15, 125, 162, 287–89, 318
Angel Valley Retreat Center, 229–30
Angola, 132, 144, 148
animal chromosomes, 169, 249
antelopes, 139
anthropology, 18, 32, 35, 59–61, 68, 150
anti-inflammatory drugs, 318–19
antimalarial drugs, 318
anti-Semitism, 112, 117–20, 237–38
Apache, 278
apartheid, 295
apes, 128
Appalachian Mountains, 252
Aquinnah, 280
Arabella, 64
Arabia, 130
Arabian Desert, 44
Arabs, 148, 275–76
Arapaho, 220, 253
archaeology, 11–17, 19–22, 40–41, 45, 47, 48–52, 54–57, 105
arctic foxes, 39
Arctic Region, 37–38, 40, 150
Arctos simus, 45
Argentina, 78
aristocratic diffusion, 88–93, 98, 102, 107, 151
Arizona, 30, 46, 63, 66, 247–50, 252, 256–63
Arizona, University of, 58–61, 77–78, 127, 248–49, 261
Arkansas, 214, 251–52
Arlington Springs, 41
Armadale on Skye, 101
armadillos, 169
Army Corps of Engineers, U.S., 57
Arnica forest fire, 221–22
arthritis, 159–60
Arthur, King, 102, 130, 213
Arthur’s Seat, 94
Asatru Folk Assembly, 55–58
Ashkenazi Jews, 77, 112–17, 121–22, 123, 125–27, 237–38, 239, 287, 288, 289
Asia, 18, 28, 29, 35–45, 46, 48, 47–52, 57–58, 69, 143, 150, 232–33, 311
Asian chromosome sequence, 165–66, 169–71, 231, 232
Assyrians, 53
asthma, 240–43
Atlanta, Ga., 243–44
Atlantic City, 279
Atlantic Ocean, 29, 38, 52–53, 177, 217
Atlantis, 53
atomic weight, 14
Aurora, Ill., 205
Australasia, 44, 143
Australia, 39–40, 179
autoimmune system, 80
autosomes, 165–66, 170, 281
Avey, Linda, 165
Aztec Empire, 63
Babylonians, 118
Bachmann surname, 84–85
bacteria, 22–23, 51, 169
Bactrian camels, 43–44
Baffin Island, 62
Bahamas, 63
Bakersfield, Calif., 254
Balanta, Guinea-Bissau, 132–33
Baltimore, David, 300
Bantu language, 140–42, 144, 146–47
Barbados, 52
Barnstable, Edward, 191–92
Barnstable, Mass., 190–92
Barnstable, Nathaniel, 191–92
basalt, 15
bases, chromosome, 35–36, 113, 155, 166–67, 170
Bath, Alexander Thynn, Lord, 88–93
BBC World Service, 293, 298
Bear Lodge, 214–16, 217, 219, 221, 233, 267
bears, 45, 214–16, 221
behavioral disorders, 60
Beijing, 169
Belle Fourche River, 214
Benjamin (marsupial wolf), 44
Berbers, 123, 232
Bergdorf Blondes (Sykes), 258
Bergman, Meredith, 285
Bering, Vitus, 35
Beringia, 37–39, 43–44
Bering Strait, 29, 35, 37–39, 43–44, 217
Berry Pomeroy Castle, 72, 82, 88, 90
beta-blockers, 318–19
beta-goblin, 311
Bhutan, 129
Biaka tribe, 140, 141
Bible, 77, 120, 218
Bigelow surname, 182
Bigfoot, 129
Bighorn Mountains, 212, 216, 218, 271
Bighorn River, 218
Billings, Mont., 219–20
biodegradable materials, 39
Bioko, 140, 290
biological weapons, 273
biopsies, 116
bison, 6–11, 28, 43, 221
Bison antiquus, 6–11, 43
Black Hills of Dakota, 215
Black History Week, 149
Black Mesa, 264, 266
Black Shawl, 214
Blackwater Draw, 5, 11
Blenheim Palace, 86
blood groups, 18, 30–31, 80, 151, 173, 236, 309, 316
“blood quantum,” 278, 279
blood samples, 58–61, 97, 114–15, 148, 178–79
blood thinners, 318–19
blue eyes, 320
BlueWater Resort & Casino, 262
boats, 39–41, 52–53
Bobo, Lawrence D., 301, 304
Bodleian Library, ix
bones, 15, 16, 20, 21, 39, 49–57
Bonneville Salt Flats, 223
Bosque Redondo Reservation, 248
Boston, 64, 179–88, 192–96, 197, 208, 228, 285
Boston Common, 179
Boston’s Women’s Memorial, 285
Botswana, 139, 147
Bradley, Dan, 102
Brazil, 125, 131, 132, 133, 144, 147, 304
breeding, 97
Brevard County, Fla., 50
Brewster, William, 189
Brigham Young University, 78–79
Bristol, 134–35
British Empire, 63–64, 131, 177–96
British Museum, 3–4, 3
Brittany, 185
Broad Institute, 300, 302
Brookline, Mass., 193–95
Brown Capa
bility, 90
Broyard, Anatole, 304
Broyard, Bliss, 304
Brutus, 212–13
Bryan, Ohio, 201
buffalo, 219
Buffalo Dancer, The (Rivera), 270
Burchard, Esteban, 240–44, 245
Bureau of Indian Affairs, U.S., 278
Burke Museum, 56–57
burnings at the stake, 124, 127
Burns, Robert, 94
Burns Night, 94, 96–97
Bushnell, Candace, 54
Butler, Carrie, 293
calibrated cluster dates, 35–39, 69, 327–29
California, 41, 63, 161–62, 165, 174, 192, 224–55, 256, 257
California, University of, at Davis, 57
Call of the Canyon (Grey), 258
camels, 43–44
Cameroon, 132, 140, 147, 290, 297
Campbell, David, 81–82
campfires, 10, 14–16
Canada, 30, 42, 43, 116, 120, 170, 221
canaries, 169
cancer, 304
Cann, Rebecca, 38
Cape Canaveral, 50
Cape Coast Castle, 128
Cape Cod, 188–92, 200, 308
Cape of Good Hope, 132
Capone, Al, 204
Carabajal, Doña Isabel, 126–27
Carabajal, Luis de, 126–27
carbohydrates, 59–60
carbon dating, 14–17, 26–27, 34–36, 41, 49, 51–53, 55, 56
Caribbean Sea, 63, 67, 125, 131, 132, 134–35
caribou, 39
carnivores, 44
Carter, Jimmy, 271–72
Carthage, 123
Cascade Mountains, 42
Cascade Point, 56
case histories (pseudonyms), 179–88
“Atticus Finch,” 186–88, 192, 195, 200, 308–9, 310, 313, 317
“Harry Lime,” 193, 309–10, 311, 313
“Holly Golightly,” 319
“Ilsa Lund,” 245–47, 312
“Lucas Jackson,” 250–55, 282, 315
“Margo Channing,” 181–86, 308
“Mildred Pierce,” 243–44, 247, 314
“Ned Land,” 243–44, 247, 314
“Phyllis Dietrichson,” 311
“Rhett Butler,” 311, 317
“Roger Thornhill,” 259–63, 264, 314–15
“Rose Sayer,” 193, 308
“Sugar Kane,” 228–29, 230, 234, 311–12, 319
“Terry Malloy,” 188–92, 308
“Virgil Tibbs,” 193–95, 230, 313, 314
“Will Kane,” 247–50, 256, 259, 262, 264, 268, 314–15
casinos, 262, 279, 282
Catherine the Great, 261
Catholic Church, 123–27, 189, 275, 288
Catskill Mountains, 200
Caucasians (whites), 147, 318
Caucasus Mountains, 129
Cavalli-Sforza, Luca, 236, 239, 274
cells, 18–19, 18, 22, 21–27, 80, 113, 167–68, 173, 248
