10.1.22–38.
9 Diodoros 17.108.6; Curtius 10.2.1; Badian (1961), 16–43.
10 Justin 13.4.11; Arrian 7.23.6 and 8; OGIS 570; Kleomenes’ promotion is not certain.
11 Diodoros 17.106.3; Artaxerxes III had also done this after the Satraps’ Revolt.
12 Diodoros 17.99.5–6; Curtius 9.7.1–11; Holt (2005), 111–12.
13 Arrian 6.27.3; Curtius 9.10.19 and 10.1.9.
14 Arrian 7.6.3–5; Bosworth (1980).
15 Arrian 7.6.2.
16 Arrian 7.4.4–8; Diodoros 17.107.6; Plutarch, Alexander 70; Chares, FGrH 125 F 4.
17 Diodoros 17.108.3.
18 Arrian 7.6.5.
19 Arrian 7.5.1–3.
20 Arrian 7.6.1; this was arranged before the Indian campaign. These troops had been in training for two years: Curtius 8.5.1, Plutarch, Alexander 47.3; Diodoros 17.108.1.
21 Arrian 7.12.4; Justin 2.17.9; Curtius 10.10.15; Heckel (1988).
22 Fraser (1996) concludes that Alexander founded just fi ve cities (one of which is doubtful); he did leave large numbers of garrison troops scattered across Asia, and these are the source of the large number of later ‘Alexandrias’.
23 Diodoros 17.109.1; Curtius 10.2.4–7; Justin 13.5.2–5. The purpose of the decree is not known; other suggested reasons include disposing of surplus soldiers (Green (1974), 451) or to plant Macedonian supporters within the cities (Bickerman, 1940).
24 Hypereides, Epitaphios 8. Oral reaction by Demosthenes and by a Spartan, Damis, was disparaging, but Athens established a cult, and envoys to Babylon in the spring of 323
crowned the king with gold, thus paying him divine honours.
25 Heckel (2006), 388.
26 Badian (1961).
27 Arrian 7.14.1–15.3; Diodoros 17.110.8, 111.5, 114.1–115.6; Justin 17.12.11–12; Plutarch, Alexander 72.
28 Arrian 7.19.6–20.2.
29 Arrian 7.24.4; Plutarch, Alexander 76; Diodoros 17.117.1–15; Justin 17.13.7.
30 Bosworth (1971), 112–36, which ends with the sentence: ‘Complete proof is impossible, but the probability is that Alexander was murdered’– the absence of ‘proof ’ and the word
‘probability’ undermine the whole thesis; also Doherty (2004) and Philips (2004). The basis is the ‘Metz Epitome’, for which see Heckel (1988) and later romances, for which see
206
N O T E S T O PA G E S 9 2 – 1 0 1
Wolohojian (1969) and Stoneman (1991).
31 Though this is not a practice around which his life revolved, despite O’Brien (1992).
32 Arrian 7.26.3.
33 Diodoros 20.20.1; Justin 11.10.3; Plutarch, Eumenes 1.7.
34 Metz Epitome 70.
35 Plutarch, Alexander, 77.6.
36 Arrian, Succ. F 1; Curtius 10.6.1–7.9; Diodoros 18.2.1–4; I have drastically abbreviated this episode; Bosworth (2002), ch. 2; Errington (1970), 49–77.
37 Diodoros 18.3.1–3; Justin 13.4.10–23; Curtius 10.10.1–4; Arrian, Succ. 1.5–7; Dexippos, FGrH 100 F 8; Plutarch, Alexander 77.6.
38 Diodoros 18.4.8 and 7.1.9
39 Diodoros 18.4.8 and 7.1–9; Holt (2005), 116–17.
40 Diodoros 18.8.7–9.4.
41 Diodoros 18.11.1–12.4; Plutarch, Phokion 23; id., Demosthenes 27.
42 Diodoros 18.15.1–7; Justin 13.5.15–16; Arrian, Succ. 1.9.
43 Leonnatos: Plutarch, Eumenes 2.4–10; Diodoros 18.21.1 and 14.4–5; Justin 13.5.14.
44 Kleitos and the naval war: IG II (2), 398 and 493; Marmor Parium, FGrH 239, B 9 (Austin 21).
45 Arrian, Succ. 1.12; Plutarch, Demosthenes 28.2; id., Phokion 26.1; Diodoros 18.17.
46 SVA 415; Diodoros 18.18.3; Plutarch, Phokion 26–8.
47 Diodoros 18.24.1–25.3; Grainger (1999).
48 Diodoros 18.16.1–3; Arrian, Succ. F 1.11.
49 Diodoros 18.23.3–4; Arrian, Succ. F 1.20 and 24; Plutarch, Eumenes 3.4–5.
50 Diodoros 18.25.6, 28,2–6, 33.1–36.5; Arrian, Succ. F 1.25, 28–9; Justin 13.8.10; Pausanias 1.6.3; Strabo 17.1.8; Hauben (1977), 95–120.
51 Diodoros 18.29.1–32.4; Arrian, Succ. F 1, 26–27; Justin 13.8. 1–9; Plutarch, Eumenes 4–7.
52 Arrian, Succ. F 1.34–38; Diodoros 19.29.3.
53 Arrian, Succ. F 1.52; Diodoros 19.39.5–7.
54 Diodoros 18.48.
Notes to World View II: 319 bc
1 Arrian 7.1–2; Curtius 10.1.17–19; Diodoros 18.4.1–6.
2 Diodoros
18.4.6.
3 Diodoros
18.16.1–3.
4 Arrian 7.15.5: envoys from ‘Bruttians, Lucanians and Etruscans’.
5 Toynbee (1965), 88–93; Morley (1996).
6 Archidamos:
Plutarch,
Agis 3.2; Diodoros 16.62.4 and 63.2; Theopompos; FGrH 259, 261; Alexander of Epiros: Livy 8.3.6, 17.9 and 24.4; Diodoros 16.5 and 18.90.2; Justin 12.2; Strabo 6.34.13–20.
7 Plutarch,
Timoleon; Diodoros book 16; Talbert (1974).
8 Tillyard (1908); Finley (1969), 100–1; Meister, CAH VII.I, 384–411; cf. also Lewis (2000).
9 Arrian,
Succ. , F 9.
N O T E S T O PA G E S 1 0 1 – 1 0 8
207
10 Justin 15.4.
11 Raychaudhuri (1996), 234–40 and 591–3.
12 Suetonius, Augustus 18; Dio Cassius 51.16.
13 Loewe and Shaughnessy (1999).
Notes to Chapter 8: Antigonos the One-Eyed, 319–311 bc
1 Diodoros 18.48.1–3; Plutarch, Phokion 31.1 and Alexander 3.130. Hammond (1989), 255, ascribed his appointment to the Macedonian Assembly, but both sources make it clear that it was Antipater’s appointment.
2 Errington
(1977).
3 Diodoros
18.45.2–3.
4 Diodoros
18.52.5–8.
5 Diodoros 18.49.1–3; Plutarch, Eumenes 12.
6 Diodoros 18.61.1–3; Polyainos 4.8.2; Plutarch, Eumenes 13.2–4; Briant (1972).
7 Diodoros 18.4.1 and 1.6–9; Arrian, Succ. F 9.17–18; Pausanias 1.6.3.
8 Diodoros 18.26.49; Pausanias 1.6.3.
9 Diodoros
18.31.6;
Arrian,
Succ. F 9.28–9.
10 Diodoros 18.43; Appian, Syrian Wars 52.264; Arrian, Succ. 10.6; Wheatley (1995).
11 Diodoros 18.62.1–2.
12 Diodoros 19.12.2; 17.2.
13 Diodoros 19.14.1–8.
14 Diodoros 19.13.5.
15 Diodoros 19.18–34 and 37–44; Plutarch, Eumenes 14–17; Polyainos 4.6.13; Bosworth (2002), ch. 4; Billows (1990), ch. 3; Habicht (1997), 467–51.
16 SVA 403 III; Diodoros 18.56.1–57.1.
17 SVA 421; Diodoros 18.74.2–3.
18 Diodoros 18.75.1–2.
19 Justin 14.5.1–4.; Diodoros 19.11.1.
20 Diodoros 19.11.2.
21 Diodoros 19.11.4–9.
22 Diodoros 19.36.1–6 and 49.1–51.5.
23 Diodoros 19.52.4.
24 Diodoros 19.52.1.
25 Diodoros 19.44.1.
26 Diodoros 19.46.1–4.
27 Diodoros 19.48.1–4; Cloche (1955).
28 Diodoros 19.56.2–6; Grainger (1990b), 48–50.
29 Diodoros 19.56.1–3.
30 Diodoros 19.56.3.
31 Diodoros 19.48.8 and 56.5; Antigonos collected 10,000 more talents, from the treasury at Kyinda in Cilicia.
32 Diodoros 19.57.1–2.
208
N O T E S T O PA G E S 1 0 9 – 1 1 6
33 This follows from the fact that he was in occupation when Antigonos returned.
34 Diodoros 19.58.1–5.
35 Diodoros 19.61.1–5; Simpson (1959).
36 Diodoros 19.60.1–61.3; Billows (1990), 114–16.
37 Diodoros 19.60.3–4 and 62.3–7.
38 Errington (1977) and Hauben (1973).
39 Diodoros 19.64.8.
40 Diodoros 19.64.3–6; Billows (1990), 461.
41 IG XI.4.1036 and XI.2.15
4a; Tarn (1913), appendix 5; Merker (1970), 141–60; Billows (1990), 220–5.
42 Diodoros 19.64.1–2.
43 Diodoros 19.77.2–4.
44 Holbl (2001), 26 (and references therein); Will (1964).
45 Diodoros 19.77.7.
46 Diodoros 19.79.6–7 and 80.3.
47 Diodoros 19.80.3–84.8.
48 Diodoros 19.85.5.
49 Diodoros 19.86.1–2.
50 Diodoros 19.5.2–4.
51 Diodoros 19.91.1–4; Grainger (1990b), 72–5.
52 Diodoros 19.93.4–7.
53 Diodoros 19.87.1–3.
54 Diodoros 19.92.1–4.
55 Diodoros 19.100.3–7.
55 Diodoros 19.105.1–4; SVA 428; OGIS 5 (Austin 31).
57 This is the burden of the article by Simpson (note 35).
58 Bosworth (2002), ch. 3, concludes that available manpower was reduced; also Bosworth (1986), 1–12; and Adams (1996).
Notes to Chapter 9: The new king, 311–306 bc
1 Diodoros
20.19.2.
2 Diodoros
20.19.5.
3 Diodoros 20.20.–4 and 28.1–4; Billows (1990), 140–1.
4 Diodoros
20.21.1–3.
5 Launey
(1949–1950).
6 Diodoros
20.27.1–3.
7 Diodoros
20.37.1–2.
8 Alexander IV: Diodoros 20.105.2 (Kassander put the blame on the jailer); Herakles: Diodoros 20.28.3; Kleopatra: Diodoros 20.37.3–6; Whitehorne (1996), ch. 5.
9 As in a chronicle compiled in Babylonia (Austin 158), and in the dating formulae used in papyri in Egypt.
10 Diodoros 19.92.5
N O T E S T O PA G E S 1 1 6 – 1 2 7
209
11 Plutarch, Demetrius 7.2.
12 Polyainos 4.9.1.
13 Grainger (1990b).
14 e.g., SVA 433 between Ptolemy and Antigonos and 434 between Ptolemy and Kassander.
15 Billows (1990), appendix 3, no. 106.
16 Justin 41.4.1; Billows (1990), appendix 3, no. 136.
17 Pliny, NH 6.18.
18 Seleukos’ work in Baktria is being teased out gradually: see Sherwin-White and Kuhrt (1993), and comments on it in Topoi 4, 1994; Holt (1989) and (1999).
19 Diodoros 18.21.7–9 and 20.40.1–42.5; Will (1964).
20 Holbl (2001), 25–7.
21 Hatzopoulos (1996) works backwards from the administrative system of the Antigonid kings after 270, but is not convincing: see Borza (1999), 44–8. Kassander used the informal, personal system of rule he had inherited from his father.
22 The Ptolemaic administration is much studied, because of the wealth of papyri providing evidence: a useful brief summary is in Bagnall and Derow (2004), 285–8.
23 Billows (1990), ch. 7.
24 Holbl (2001), 26–7; on Alexandria, Fraser (1972).
25 Fraser (1996).
26 Tarn and Griffi th (1952), 145–50; Avi-Yonah (1978).
27 For Babylonia, see Kuhrt and Sherwin-White (1994) which supplements their 1993
edition.
28 Refoundation of Thebes: Diodoros 19.53.2; Kassandreia: Diodoros 19.52.2; Thessalonika: Strabo 7 frags 21, 24, 25, 27.
29 Strabo 7 frag. 51; Pliny, NH 4.10.37.
30 Diodoros 20.9.1; Pausanias 1.9.8.
31 Antigoneia in Syria: Diodoros 20.47.5; for Antigonos in Asia Minor, cf. Billows (1990), 296–8; Smyrna: Strabo 14.1.37.
32 Appian, Syrian Wars 57–8; the date of the city’s foundation is uncertain; it is referred to in Babylonian sources as the ‘city of kingship’, but this is ambiguous.
33 Eusebius, Chronographia 1.249; Arrian 7.2 9 and 2.5; see Eddy (1961) for a most interesting interpretation of these stories.
34 Plutarch, Demetrios 8.3–12; Diodoros 20.45.1–46.4; Polyainos 4.7.6; Habicht (1997), 65–73.
35 Diodoros 20.46.4–52.6; Polyainos 4.7.7; Plutarch, Demetrios 16–17.
36 Diodoros 20.53.1–2; Plutarch, Demetrios 17–18; Billows (1990), 157–60; Gruen (1985), especially 253–7.
Notes to Chapter 10: Antigonos’ failure, 306–298 bc
1 Alexander IV was believed to be alive until 307/306 by the compiler of a local chronicle in Babylonia (S. Smith, 1924), but that only means the compiler did not know of his death.
Tomb III at Vergina (ancient Aigai), containing the cremated remains of a child supposedly
210
N O T E S T O PA G E S 1 2 7 – 1 3 3
aged between 11 and 14 has been identifi ed as that of Alexander (Hammond, 1982), but certainty is impossible, as is the date of the funeral: 306 seems a good guess.
2 Plutarch,
Demetrios 17; Diodoros 20.53.1–2.
3 Pausanias 1.15.1 and 1.26.3; Habicht (1997), 74–5.
4 Plutarch,
Demetrios 19; Diodoros 20.73.1–76.7; Hauben (1975/6).
5 Hauben
(1977).
6 SVA 442; Plutarch, Demetrios 21–2; Diodoros 20.81–8 and 91–100.
7 Holbl (2001), 20, dates this to 306 – before Antigonos’ attack; Billows (1990), 59, to early 304.
8 In 305/304, according to the Babylonian chronicle.
9 Lund (1992), 156–7, gives 304, without discussion; on all this, cf. Gruen (1985).
10 Hammond in Macedonia 3.174.
11 Plutarch, Demetrios 10.3.
12 Gruen (1985); Burstein (1974), 80.
13 Plutarch, Demetrios 23; Diodoros 20.100.5–6.
14 Demetrios in Athens: Plutarch, Demetrios 24; in the Peloponnese: Plutarch, Demetrios 25; Diodoros 20.102.1–7; an alliance between Athens and Sikyon was one result of Demetrios’
work: SVA 445.
15 Plutarch, Demetrios 25; Diodoros 20.46.5. The ‘charter’ of the league is preserved in a fragmentary inscription from Epidauros: Robert (1946), 15–23; this league and the inscription are widely discussed; SVA 446.
16 Diodoros 20.106.1–2.
17 SVA 447; Diodoros 20.106.3–5; Plutarch, Demetrios 28.2; Justin 15.2.15–17.
18 Diodoros 20.110.2–6.
19 Diodoros 20.10.1–2.
20 Diodoros 20.109.1–2.
21 Lund (1992), for sources for this paragraph.
22 Holt (1999), 21–9.
23 SVA 441; Strabo 15.2.9; Justin 15.4.20; Tarn (1951).
24 Grainger (1990b), chs 6 and 7; the numbers are disputed, but Seleukos certainly had a much larger elephant park than Antigonos, who had 83 in 306, and probably fewer in 301.
25 Strabo 15, 724 and 16.752; Plutarch, Alexander 52; Plutarch, Demetrios 28; Bar-Kochva (1976), 76–7.
26 Billows (1990), 175–77; Diodoros 20.107.2–5.
27 Diodoros 20.113.4.
28 Diodoros 20.113.1.
29 Diodoros 20.111.1–2.
30 Diodoros 20.113.1–2.
31 Billows (1990), 178.
32 Diodoros 20.113.2.
33 Diodoros 20.112.1–4.
34 See the map in Billows (1990), 464.
35 Plutarch, Demetrios 28–9; Bar-Kochva (1976), 106–7; Billows (1990), 181–2.
36 Plutarch, Demetrios 30.
N O T E S T O PA G E S 1 3 3 – 1 4 4
211
37 Plutarch, Demetrios 20.2–4.
38 Terms have to be deduced from the later possessions of the kings: Diodoros 21.1.5; Justin 15.4.21–22; Plutarch, Demetrios, 28–31.
39 Plutarch, Demetrios 31; Robert (1945), no. 44; Seibert (1967).
40 Based on Grainger (1990a).
41 Eusebius, Chronographia 2.119.
Notes to Chapter 11: New kings for Macedon, 298–291 bc
1 Habicht (1997), 81–5.
2 Robert (1945), no 44.
3 Billows (1995), 81–109.
4 Errington (1990), 134–7.
5 Diodoros
21.2.1–3.
6 Pausanias 9.7.2; Eusebius, Chronographia 1.231.
7 Porphyry,
FGrH 260 F 3.5.
8 Habicht (1997), 85–7.
&nb
sp; 9 Plutarch,
Pyrrhos 4.6–5.1; Pausanias 1.11.5.
10 Plutarch, Pyrrhos 9.2; Diodoros 21.4.
11 Plutarch, Pyrrhos 5.1–14.
12 Plutarch, Demetrios 33.
13 Plutarch, Demetrios 32.
14 Plutarch, Demetrios 35.
15 Plutarch, Demetrios 33.
16 Habicht (1997), 85–7.
17 Habicht (1997), 86–7; Plutarch, Demetrios 33; Polyainos 4.7.5 and 3.7.1.
18 Plutarch, Demetrios 34; Thonemann (2005).
19 Plutarch, Demetrios 35; SIG 368.
20 Plutarch, Demetrios 36 and Pyrrhos 6; Pausanias 5.7.3; Diodoros 21.7.
21 Plutarch, Pyrrhos 6; Hammond in Macedonia 3.214–215; Justin 10.1.8.
22 Plutarch, Demetrios 36.4–37.15.
23 Plutarch, Demetrios 37.2. This is one of the clearest examples of the Assembly’s role in a succession, and is in part the basis of the theory of its very existence.
24 Plutarch, Demetrios 37; Justin 16.2.4.
25 SVA 460.
26 Plutarch, Demetrios 39; Polyainos 4.7.11.
27 Plutarch, Demetrios 39.
28 Ibid.
29 SVA 463.
30 Plutarch, Demetrios 39.
31 Ibid; Diodoros 21.14.
32 Plutarch, Pyrrhos 6; Justin 16.1.9; Porphyry FGrH 260 F 3.3; Lund (1992), 45–9.
33 Plutarch, Demetrios 39.
212
N O T E S T O PA G E S 1 4 5 – 1 5 5
34 Lund (1992), 82; Burstein (1974).
35 For Lysimachos’ situation, see Lund (1992), 91–5.
36 Plutarch, Demetrios 38; Appian, Syrian Wars 59–61.
37 The date of Antiochos’ appointment was between 294 and 291 bc; the connection with the marriage, and so with the conquest of Kilikia from Demetrios, would suggest the earlier part of that period: Holt (1999), notes 12 and 13.
38 Holt (1999), 26–9; the nomad invasion is postulated by Tarn (1951), 116–18, and elaborated by J. Wolski in several studies.
Notes to Chapter 12: King Demetrios and his enemies, 291–285 bc
1 Plutarch,
Demetrios 40.1–2, and Pyrrhos 7.3.
2 Plutarch,
Demetrios 40.1.
3 Newell (1927); Hammond in Macedonia 3.226–7.
4 Diogenes Laertius 2.140
5 McNicoll
(1997).
6 Plutarch,
Demetrios 43.2–7 and Pyrrhos 10.3; these fi gures are accepted by Walbank in Macedonia 3.226, ignored by Errington (1990) and Will, CAH VII, 1, ch. 4.
7 Plutarch,
Demetrios 43.2.
8 Plutarch,
Demetrios 42.
9 Plutarch,
Demetrios 41.2 and Pyrrhos 7.4–10.
10 Plutarch, Demetrios 42.3 and Pyrrhos 10.1–4.
11 This alliance is required by the situation and by the events of the next years.
Alexander the Great Failure Page 34
