INDEX
Acting out, 267, 279
Adams, John, 205–208, 214, 216, 223, 232
Adaptation, 11, 262, 271
Adaptation to Life (Vaillant), 7, 9, 126, 196, 273, 353
Adjustment assessment schedules, 30
Adolescence, 21, 132, 154; aggression and sexual awareness in, 265; defense mechanisms and, 272; desire to leave parental home, 172; dreams from, 24; hypochondriasis in, 46; safe drinking practices and, 307
Adult Adjustment scales, 145, 197, 342, 344, 386–389
Adult development, 148, 169, 179; laws of, 7–9; lifelong nature of, 352–358; stages as metaphors, 149–150
African Americans, 69, 380
Aging: brain and behavior link in, 107; fear of, 121; losses associated with, 226–227; paths to healthy aging, 240–242; psychosomatic illness and, 254; studies of, 242–249; successful, 41, 109
Aging Well (Vaillant), 5, 98, 113, 141, 230, 250, 353
Agnostics, 343
Agreeableness, 130
Ainsworth, Mary, 63
Alameda County Study, 293
Albee, Edward, 102
Alcoholics Anonymous (AA), 103–104, 249, 292, 293, 319–320; alcoholism defined as disease, 321; effectiveness of recovery through, 314–315; relapse prevention and, 313
Alcoholism and alcohol abuse, 12, 86, 95, 143, 180, 292–294; abstinence from alcohol, 298, 299, 300, 308; as brain-destructive pathology, 227; case studies in, 315–327; central nervous system damaged by, 290; childhood environment and, 113; denial of, 230; diagnosis with longitudinal study, 200; disease model of, 298–302, 321; divorce and, 198, 199, 206; early death and, 345; environmental versus genetic, 302–303; family history of, 36, 40, 128; fatal accidents associated with, 257, 310; freedom from, 32; genetic inheritance and, 53, 109, 129–130, 199, 272; goal of treatment, 307–308; happy marriages undone by, 221; immature defenses and, 287; income level and, 331, 332; lifetime studies of, 358; mental illness and, 303–307; outcome status of alcoholics, 308, 309; in parents, 141; personality types and, 304; physical health decline and, 243, 244, 245; prevalence with age, 298; prevention of relapse, 311–314; problems associated with, 294, 300, 327; questions considered in study, 298–314; of relatives, 37; safe drinking practices, 308–311, 335, 359; studymethods for, 294–298; of wives, 119, 121, 165
Altruism, 47, 50, 121, 287; Career Consolidation and, 153; as mature defense, 268; projection evolved into, 163
Alzheimer’s disease, 109, 180, 227, 228, 251
American Psychiatric Association, 145, 267, 360
American Psychological Association, 64
Amphetamines, 387
Angell, Marcia, 329
Anger, inability to deal with, 126
Anthropology: cultural, 65, 82; physical, 17, 43, 56, 65
Anticipation, as defense mechanism, 268
Antidepressants, 122, 255
Anxiety, 46, 117, 266; age of death and, 348; alcoholism and, 306, 315; anxiety disorders, 268; chronic, 32; maturation and, 280; psychiatric care for, 183; relationship with father and, 134–135
Ardelt, Monika, 148, 160–161, 162, 169, 187
Aristotle, 50, 168
Asperger’s syndrome, 64, 184
As You Like It (Shakespeare), 9, 148
Athletics. See Sports (athletics)
Atlantic, The (magazine), 27, 191, 360, 370
Attachment theory, 13, 38, 64, 65, 75
Attrition rate, 6, 12
Autism, 64
Autistic fantasy, 267
Autobiographies, 3
Baber, David, 332
Baby boomers, 107
Baltes, Paul, 187, 240
Baltimore Longitudinal Study of Aging, 130
Bancroft, George, 158–160, 222
Batalden, Maren, 94, 162, 165, 167, 207, 237
Beauvoir, Simone de, 98
Beethoven, Ludwig van, 261, 277, 345, 367
Behaviorism, 13, 64, 139
Benes, Francine, 147, 236
Berkeley Growth Study, 5–6, 111, 354, 357
Bernard, Claude, 264
Bernstein, Leonard, 234
Biernacki, Patrick, 313
Big Five. See NEO
Biographies, 3, 13, 139
Birren, James, 98
Birth order, 140
Block, Jack, 149
Blood pressure, elevated (hypertension), 129, 132, 244, 245, 249
Blood types, 12–13
Boas, Franz, 65
Boatwright, Charles, 148, 154, 160–169, 176, 187, 190, 193, 223, 232
Bock, Arlen V., 9, 10, 53, 54–55, 61, 86; Earl Bond and, 96; Fatigue Laboratory and, 57–58, 62; founding questions for Study, 220; funding for Study and, 80–81, 84–85; nature–nurture issue and, 77; optimum study of lifetimes and, 353; renaming of Study and, 83; retirement of, 85; selection of men for Grant Study and, 67
Body build: “feminine,” 71; Kretschmer’s work on, 65; personality profiling and, 77–78
Body build, “masculine,” 13, 15, 28, 35, 71; Decathlon score and, 36, 37; military rank in relation to, 79
Bond, Douglas, 62, 96
Bond, Earl, 81, 96
Bowlby, John, 63, 64, 355
Bradlee, Benjamin, 54
Brain, 170, 180, 265; capacity for intimacy and, 122; cognition working with passions, 147–148; emotions of intimacy and, 2, 136; myelinization in, 147; neuroimaging of brain structure, 107, 227, 291, 368; physical maturation in, 133; shrinking with age, 227. See also FMRI studies
Brando, Marlon, 236
Brigham and Women’s Hospital, 98
Bright, Dylan, 276–279, 361, 367
Brouha, Lucien, 62, 73
Bury, M., 224, 228
Bush, George W., 336
California, University of, 6, 382
Calvinism, 361, 366
Camille, Godfrey, 35, 44–53, 57, 109, 117, 123, 129, 136–138, 142, 162, 184–186, 208, 214, 272
Cancer, 25, 188, 225, 250
Cannon, Walter, 57
Career Consolidation, as adult task, 18, 149, 152–154, 236; Career Consolidation vs. Role Diffusion, 152; failure at, 162, 179, 324; mastery of, 47
Career Research Scientist Award, 96
Carey, Eric, 188
Carnegie, Andrew, 155
Carstensen, Laura, 168, 170, 222
Castle, William, 59
Catholics, 14, 16, 23, 69, 343
Cavanaugh, John C., 360
Cerebrotonic, 16
Character, age and setting of, 144
Cherished, the, 112–113, 123, 125, 141, 179
Childhood, bleak, 14, 139, 142, 171, 208; alcoholism and, 305; longevity and, 248, 256–257; physical health decline and, 242, 243, 245
Childhood and Society (Erikson), 9, 149
Childhood Rating Scale, 113
Children, of Grant Study subjects, 19, 47; closeness to, 31, 39, 41, 230, 356; drug use and, 177; estrangement from, 161; fathers learning from children, 48; interview questions about, 375; interviews with, 48
Children and childhood, 20, 52, 150; assessment of childhood scales, 384–385; autism in, 64, 65; child development, 7–8; childhood assessment, 74; childhood environment, 110–113, 117, 124, 128, 133–135, 314; defensive styles of, 271; divorce and, 220; grim childhood, 45; links between childhood and old age, 122–127, 138–141; loving childhood, 28, 29; psychosocial data from childhood, 6; psychotic defenses in, 267; safe drinking practices and, 307; sibling relationships and, 42; “sleeper effects” of childhood, 108–109, 133
Chipp, Fredrick, 201–205, 208, 213, 208, 215, 223
Cholesterol, 248, 255–257
Christianity, 161, 343
Church attendance, 89, 185–186
Civil rights, 68, 335
Class, social, 37, 42, 110, 180, 273; alcoholism and, 302; Harvard degree as ticket of mobility, 71; longevity and, 328–332; markers of, 69; mental health and, 289; parental, 256, 357; successful aging and, 109; Terman women and, 382
Clausen, John, 357–358
Clinton, Bill, 336, 337
Clovis, Ernest, 361–367
Cognitive function, 228, 232, 250–251
Cohorts, 1–2, 3, 5, 6, 66, 67
Colby, Ann, 105
Cold War, 17, 68
College men (Grant Study men), 37, 79, 88, 126, 329; alcoholism and, 293, 296, 297–298, 309–310, 315; childhoods of, 142; cholesterol levels, 256; defined, 5; dominant personality traits, 390–392; longevity of, 246–247, 249; maturation of, 170; maturity of defenses, 274, 289; occupations of, 88
College Men at War (Monks), 79
Community-building, 166, 178
Compassion, 147, 169, 368
Compulsions, 268
Computers, 78–79
Conant, James, 54, 55
Conrad, Joseph, 108, 110, 122, 138
Conscience, 265–266, 320
Conscientiousness, 130, 358
Conservatives, 120, 232, 337–338
Coping mechanisms, involuntary, 38–39, 165–166, 262, 290–291; displacement, 46; humor as, 220; income levels and, 42; marriage and, 199; obsessional, 181; as psychological homeostatic system, 262; resilience and, 359; unempathic, 45. See also Defense mechanisms
Costa, Paul, 130, 354, 355
Crain, William, 360
Cramer, Phebe, 267
Cross-sectional studies, 3, 4, 109
Data analysis, 75–79
Dating, 16, 17, 172, 280
Davies, Lewise Gregory. See Gregory, Lewise
Dawkins, Richard, 340
Death, 50, 158, 168; age at, 225–226; alcoholism and, 292, 301, 308; “compression of morbidity,” 225; dread of, 25; of dropouts from Study, 87; early death of alcoholics and depressives, 130; education level and age of, 330–331; equanimity in face of, 149, 160, 188; of fathers, 14; fear of, 121; of grandparents, 128, 346; of mothers, 46, 173, 185, 316, 317, 318–319; at young age, 32, 178, 249
Decathlon of Flourishing, 29, 30–34, 118, 145, 175, 356; childhood environment and, 140; incidence of seeing psychiatrists and, 123; longevity of ancestors and, 346; maturity of defenses and, 273, 275, 286; NEO-related scores and, 131–132, 355; outcome variables of, 33–34, 37, 72; political affiliation and, 337; scoring of, 34–35, 40
Defense mechanisms (defensive style), 38, 39, 50, 262; assessment of defensive style, 269–273; cultural diversity and, 288–290; defined, 264–267; hierarchy of, 267–269, 285–288; maturity of, 41, 163, 272; scientific validity of, 263–264. See also Coping mechanisms, involuntary
Delusional projection, 267
Dementia, 134, 231, 244, 246, 251, 285
DeMille, Francis, 135, 151, 280–285
Democratic Party, 90, 103, 335, 337
Depression (major depressive disorder), 32, 102, 123, 183; age and, 170; alcoholism and, 304–305; among the elderly, 227; anger and, 46; childhood environment and, 112; defense mechanisms and, 266; diminished with age, 170; family history of, 36, 40, 128; genetic inheritance and, 109, 272; immature defenses and, 287–288; physical health decline and, 242, 243, 245; PTSD and, 334; religious involvement and, 343
Developmental studies, 27
Diabetes, Type II, 244, 299, 330
Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of the American Psychiatric Association. See DSM-III; DSM-IV
Diamond, Jared, 65
Disease, 180, 363–364, 365
Displacement, 46, 268
Dissociation, 267, 280, 281, 287, 290
Divorce, 12, 32, 47, 103; alcoholism and, 198, 199, 359; consideration of, 194, 195, 203; declining rate with age, 222; empathy in handling of, 165; as evidence of failure, 161; future happiness and, 192; mental health and, 196, 199, 219–221; number of divorces, 205
DNA analysis, 13, 75, 107, 349–350, 368
Dropouts, from Study, 87
Drugs, mood-altering, 173, 220, 242, 243, 245; Adult Adjustment scales and, 389; bleak childhood and use of, 124
Drug trials, 75
DSM-III, 294, 295–296, 347
DSM-IV, 145, 267, 274, 360
Ducey, Charles, 84
Dukakis, Michael, 337
Ectomorphic (skinny) physiques, 41, 65, 67, 71–72
Education level, 273; health and, 249–250; longevity and, 248, 258; mental health and, 289; of parents, 36, 37, 69, 251, 272
EEG (electro-encephalograms), 73, 74
Ego, 18, 265, 272, 278
Ego and the Mechanisms of Defense, The (A. Freud), 63
Ego Mechanisms of Defense (Vaillant), 270
Ego Psychology and the Problem of Adaptation (Hartmann), 63
EKGs (electrocardiograms), 90, 104
Elder, Glen, 149, 333
Emotional intelligence, 63, 146
Emotions, 19, 143, 227; brain development and, 147; ego development and, 170; intrapsychic conflict and, 265; in late life, 168; psychoanalytic theories about role of, 253
Empathy, 137, 146, 165; capacity for, 116; congenital absence of, 64; spiritual, 187
Empty nest, 215
Endomorphic (plump) physiques, 41, 65, 67, 71–72
Environment, heredity versus, 127–133
Epidemiology, 11, 105
Episcopalians, 343
Erikson, Erik, 9, 21, 25, 103; child development studied by, 110; developmental stages described by, 149–158; on Freud’s model of maturation, 145; on mature social radius, 124, 146; on orality, 120; as student of Anna Freud, 63
Eugenics, 63, 82
Exercise, 233, 236, 239, 240, 248, 259
Extracurricular activities, 66
Extraversion, 40, 130, 131–132, 354, 355
Extraverted personality, 109
Farnsworth, Dana, 85, 86
Fascism, 15
Father, relations with, 14, 18, 118–119, 141; anxiety and, 134–135; assessment of childhood scales, 385; marriage and, 134; maturity of defenses and, 289; mothering versus, 133–135
Fenn, Dan, Jr., 56
Field, Dorothy, 200–201
Fitzgerald, F. Scott, 155
Five Factor model. See NEO
Flumerfelt, John, 62
FMRI studies, 13, 95, 360
Follow-ups, 27, 51, 352
Ford, Henry, 159
Forgiveness, 147, 165
Forster, E. M., 236
Framingham Study, 6, 9, 293
Freud, Anna, 63, 64, 271
Freud, Sigmund, 16, 21, 49, 63, 360; adult development ignored by, 148; on artistic creativity, 235; behaviorism and, 64; defense mechanisms and, 261, 266–267, 359; love and work (lieben und arbeiten) model, 84, 145; opposition to theories of, 20; on orality, 120; personal physician of, 94
Friedan, Betty, 98
Friedman, Howard S., 249, 332, 358
Friendships, 16, 23, 208, 214; ability to make friends, 210; in college, 17; difficulty in making friends, 119; health and, 229; Identity and, 151; income predictors and, 110; interview questions about, 376; number of friends, 116; presence of close friends, 39
Fries, James, 225
Frost, Eben, 202, 209–215, 223, 362
Gambling, 316, 320
Games, 114, 118, 120; Adult Adjustment scales and, 386, 388, 389; predictors of success and, 39
Garrick, Daniel, 232–240, 276, 285
Generativity, as adult task, 18, 32, 84, 149, 154–155, 162; Decathlon score and, 41; failure to master, 179, 182, 324; hope as ingredient of, 178; mastery of, 31, 47, 158; Stagnation as shadow of, 154, 365
Genetics, 82
G.I. Bill, 68, 71, 380, 383
Gilligan, Carol, 149
Gingrich, Newt, 336
Glueck, Sheldon and Eleanor, 379
Glueck Study of Juvenile Delinquency. See Inner City cohort
Goldwater, Barry, 336, 337
Good Life, A (Bradlee), 54
Gore, Al, 336
Gottman, John, 199
Grandchildren, 3, 377
Grandparents, 60, 147; as “firestick elders,” 159; importance of maternal grandfathers, 346–350; longevity of, 36, 175
Grant, William T., 36, 55, 61, 76, 80–82, 96
Grant Study, 5, 26; author’s participation in, 90–95; comparison with other studies, 5–6; directors of, 54–59; funding of, 96–98; lessons of, 51; as longitudinal study, 3, 76; official names of, 1, 55–56, 83; as ongoing project, 2; pioneers of, 59–63; selection of men for, 65–71; studies of the study, 10–13; twenty-fifth reunion year, 87–90; white Harvard men as subjects of, 9–10. See also Harvard Study of Adult Development
Gratitude, 59, 147, 169
Great Depression, 69, 71, 232, 233; as historical setting for Grant Study Cohort, 67, 68; Terman women and, 382
Gregg, Alan, 83
Gregory, Lewise, 53, 58, 69, 74, 99, 172; interviews conducted by, 71, 72, 95; mothers of Study subjects and, 45, 113–114, 118, 181; as pioneer of Grant Study, 59–61; in retirement, 96; return to the Study, 87; training of, 83–84
Grief, 126, 135, 136
Guardianship, developmental stage of, 23, 149, 155–156, 160, 365
Halo effect, 78, 194
Handwriting analysis, 73, 74, 75
Happiness, 25, 30, 165; divorce and, 192; as legacy for next generation, 189; long wait for, 139; love and, 50, 52
Harlow, Harry, 63–64
Hartmann, Heinz, 63
Harvard Block Assembly Test, 73
Harvard College, 1–2, 66, 103; cost of attending, 69; Department of Hygiene, 58, 80, 85; dropout from, 183; Fatigue Laboratory, 57–58, 62; Health Services, 97, 315; Phillips Brooks House, 166
Harvard Longitudinal Study, 1
Harvard Medical School, 103
Harvard publications: The Advocate, 66, 172; Crimson, 56, 66; Lampoon, 66, 103
Harvard Study of Adult Development, 1, 5, 11, 141, 369; on alcohol abuse, 12; comparison with other studies, 379; Eriksonian Intimacy defined by, 191; records of, 105; threatened with extinction, 351. See also Grant Study
Hastings, Donald, 62, 81
Hastorf, Albert, 381
Health, 3, 9, 168, 212; biomedical, 6; causation and, 25; decline of physical health, 230–231, 242–246; interview questions about, 375–376, 378; longevity and, 224; mental health, 32, 42, 51, 242–244; objective, 31; “optimum,” 4; physical, 32, 224, 242–244; psychosocial, 6; religion and, 339–346; sexual activity and, 218–219; subjective, 31, 41
Health reading fluency, 332
Heath, Clark, 15, 17, 53, 54, 58, 84; administration of study and, 81; data analysis and, 75–79; funding for Study and, 85; on health, 234; interviews conducted by, 71; on maturation, 181, 183; military records reviewed by, 101; as pioneer of Grant Study, 59; on successful Study men, 166
Triumphs of Experience: The Men of the Harvard Grant Study Page 42
