by Edwin Black
29. McLaren, pp. 42,125,159-160. See Brian L. Ross, “An Unusual Defeat: The Manitoba Controversy over Eugenical Sterilization in 1933,” unpublished paper, Institute for the History and Philosophy of Science and Technology, University of Toronto, 1981, as cited by McLaren, p. 196 f8. “Eugenical Sterilization in Canada,” Eugenical News, Vol. XIII (1928), p. 47. Timothy J. Christian, “The Mentally ill and Human Rights in Alberta,” unpublished University of Alberta paper, n.d., pp. 13-20,25-29 as cited by McLaren p. 100.
30. Terry L. Chapman, “The Early Eugenics Movement in Western Canada,” Alberta History Vol. 25 (1977), pp. 9-17 as cited by McLaren, pp. 90-91. Statutes of the Province of British Columbia, 1933, “An Act Respecting Sexual Sterilization,” ch. 59, 7 April 1933 as cited by McLaren, p. 91. M. Stewart, “Some Aspects of Eugenical Sterilization in British Columbia with Special Reference to Patients Sterilized from Essondale Provincial Hospital since 1935,” Provincial Archives of British Columbia, Provincial Secretary, Mental Health Services, GR 542, box 14, “Sterilization” as cited by McLaren, p. 160.
31. See “Dr. A. Forel’s Views,” Eugenical News, Vol. XI (1926). Véronique Mottier, “Narratives of National Identity: Sexuality, Race, and the Swiss ‘Dream of Order,’” paper presented at the European Consortium for Political Research Annual Joint Sessions, Workshop: The Political Uses of Narrative, at Mannheim 26-31 March 1999, pp. 11, 13. “The Julius Klaus Fund,” Eugenical News, Vol. VIII (1923), p. 36.
32. Mottier, p. 11. “The Julius Klaus Fund,” p. 36. “Accessions to Archives of the Eugenics Record Office,January, 1924,” Eugenical News, Vol. IX (1924), p. 19. “Julius Klaus-Stiftung,” Eugenical News, Vol. X (l925), pp. 139-140. “Meeting of International Commission,” Eugenical News, Vol. VIII (1923), p. 116.
33. Mottier, pp. 14, 15, 16. “Dr. A Forel’s Views,” p. 134. “Sterilization in Switzerland,” Eugenical News, Vol. XI (1926), p. 91. “New Sterilization Statutes,” Eugenical News, Vol XIV (1929), p. 63. Robert N. Proctor, Racial Hygiene: Medicine Under the Nazis (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1988), p. 97.
34. “Eugenics in Denmark,” Eugenical News, Vol. VIII (1923), pp. 6. Hansen, pp. 9,19. “Eugenics in Denmark,” Eugenical News, Vol. X (1925), p. 81. “Danish-Sterilization Law,” Eugenical News, Vol. XIV (1929), pp. 122-124. “Eugenical Registration in Denmark, “ Eugenical News, Vol. XV (1930), p. 100. Hilda von Hellmer Wullen, “Eugenics in Other Lands,” Journal of Heredity Vol. XXVIII No. 8 (August 1937), p. 274. Letter, Cora Hodson to Sören Hansen, 28 June 1928: APS B:D27.
35. “Eugenical Sterilization in Denmark,” Eugenical News Vol. XXII (1927), p. 178. Letter, Harry H. Laughlin to Harry Olson, 15 November 1927: Truman D-2-2:16. “Danish-Sterilization Law,” p. 122.
36. Rockefeller Foundation, “University of Copenhagen — Institute of Human Genetics,” June 1939 Appraisal, pp. 3, 5: RF RG 1.2 Ser 713 Box 2 Folder 15. Letter, Tage Kemp to the Rockefeller Foundation, 17 November 1932: RF RG 1.2 Ser 713 Box Folder 15.
37. “University of Copenhagen — Institute of Human Genetics,” p. 1.
38. “Race Hygiene in Scandinavia,” Eugenical News, Vol. IV (1919), p. 88. Osborn, p. I. See “Photograph of Jon Alfred Mjøen in Library,” at www.amphilsoc.org. “Part I: The American Eugenics Society, Inc.: B. Early History and Development,” Organized Eugenics, January 1931, p. 3.
39. “Race Hygiene in Scandinavia,” Eugenical News, Vol. IV (1919), p. 88. “Der Nordske Race,” Eugenical News, Vol. V (1920), p. 2. “Personal Notes,” Eugenical News, Vol. VII (1922), p. 113. “Notes and News,” Eugenical News, Vol. VIII (1923), p. 88. “Eugenical Activities in the Different Countries: V. Eugenics in Norway,” Eugenical News, Vol. X (1925), pp. 55-57. “Immigration to Norway,” Eugenical News, Vol. XI (1926), p. 139. “American Lecture Tour of Dr. Mjøen.” Eugenical News, Vol. XII (1927), p. 24. “Galton Society,” Eugenical News, Vol. XII (1927), p. 54. “Dr. Mjøen’s Lectures,” Eugenical News, Vol. XII (1927), pp. 139-140. See “Photograph of Jon Alfred Mjøen and Leon Whimey,” at www.amphilsoc.org. Klaus Hansen, “The Norwegian Sterilization Law of 1934 and its Practical Results,” Eugenical News, Vol. XXI (1936), p. 129. Nils Roll-Hansen, “Norwegian Eugenics: Sterilization as Social Reform,” in Broberg and Roll-Hansen, pp. 176, 178.
40. “Race-Biology in Sweden,” Eugenical News, Vol. VII (1922), p. 121. Letter, Charles B. Davenport to Herman Lundborg, 2 June 1923: APS B:D27. Letter, Herman Lundborg to Charles B. Davenport, 9 February 1926: APS B:D27. Letter, Charles B. Davenport to Herman Lundborg, I March 1926: APS B:D27. Letter, Herman Lundborg to Charles B. Davenport, 24 April 1926: APS B:D27. Letter, Charles B. Davenport to Herman Lundborg, 1 October 1928: APS B:D27. Gunnar Broberg and Mattias Tydén, “Eugenics in Sweden: Efficient Care,” in Broberg and Roll-Hansen, pp. 102-103, 9-110. Kungl. Majt, Lag om sterilisering av vissa sinnessjuka, sinnesslöa eller andra som lida av rubbad sjäsverksamhet, Svensk författningssamling no. 1934/171 [Sterilization Act of 1934] (Stockholm: P.A. Norstedt & Sönners förlag, 1934) as cited by Broberg and Tydén, p. 103. Kungl. Majt, Lag om sterilisering, Svensk forfattillngssamling no. 19411282 [Sterilization Act of 1941] (Stockholm: P.A. Norstedt & Sönners förlag, 1941), as cited by Broberg and Tydén, p. 108. Sveriges Offentliga Statistik: Allmän hälso-och sjukviird [Annual Reports on Health Published by the Swedish Central Bureau of Statistics] (Stockholm: Statistiska centralbyriin, 1935-1976) as cited by Broberg and Tydén, pp. 108- 09.
41. “Sterilization Law in Finland,” Eugenical News, Vol. XXIII (1938), p. 47. “Race-Hygiene in Roumania,” Eugenical News, Vol. XI (1926), p. 136. “The Italian Society of Genetics and Eugenics,” Eugenical News, Vol. X (1925), p. 13. “Eugenical Activities in the Different Countries,” Eugenical News, Vol. X (1925), pp. 49-51. “Eugenical Efforts in Hungary,” Eugenical News, Vol. XVI (1931), pp. 172-173. “Vienna Society of Eugenics,” Eugenical News, Vol. X (1925), p. 152. von Hellmer Wullen, p. 271. “International Congress of Genetics” Rockefeller Foundation memorandum, 4 June 1931: RF RG 1.1 Ser 100 Box 40 Folder 365. “University of Copenhagen — Prof. Thomsen,” Rockefeller Foundation memorandum, 28 September 1934: RF RG l.l Ser 713 Box 2 Folder 15. Radiogram to Gregg, 13 March 1932: RF RG 1.1 Ser 717 Box 10 Folder 63. Paul Weindling, Health, Race and German Politics Between National Unification and Nazism 1870-1945 (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1989), p. 468.
42. A Decade of Progress in Eugenics: Scientific Papers of the Third International Congress of Eugenics (Baltimore: The Williams & Wilkins Company, 1934), p. i. See Paul Popenoe and Roswell Hill Johnson, Applied Eugenics, rev. ed. (New York: The MacMillan Company, 1935). See Charles B. Davenport, Heredity in Relation to Eugenics (New York: Henry Holt and Company, 1911: Reprint, New York: Amo Press & The New York Times, 1972). See E.S. Gosney and Paul Popenoe, Sterilization for Human Betterment (New York: The MacMillan Company, 1929). See Harry H. Laughlin, Eugenical Sterilization: 1926: Historical, Legal, and Statistical Review of Eugenical Sterilization in the United States (Lancaster, PA: Lancaster Press, 1926). See Harry H. Laughlin, Immigration and Conquest (New York: The Special Committee on Immigration and Naturalization of the Chamber of Commerce of the State of New York, 1939). See “Forward,” Eugenical News, Vol. I (1916), p. 1. “College Courses in Genetics and Eugenics,” Eugenical News Vol. 1 (1916), pp. 26-27.
43. D. V. Glass, “Population Policies and Their Objectives,” Eugenical News, Vol. XXVII (1942), p. 8. Schneider, pp. 78, 79. “Actual Aspect of the Problem of Eugenical Sterilization in France,” Eugenical News, Vol. XXI (1936), p. 105. Historical Sample of the Netherlands, “Sources- Population Registers,” at www.iisg.nl. Nancy Leys Stepan, “The Hour of Eugenics”: Race, Gender, and Nation in Latin America (Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press, 1991), p. 126. von Hellmer Wullen, p. 274. “Sterilization Law in Finland,” p. 47.
CHAPTER THIRTEEN
1. Bleecker Van Wagenen, Chairman, Preliminary Report of the Committee of the Eugenic Section of the American Breeder’s Association to Study and to Report on the Best Practical Means for Cutting Off t
he Defective Germ-Plasm in the Human Populatirm, p. 5: ABA.
2. “The Richardson Lethal Chamber (patented) for the Painless Extinction of Lower Animal Life,” undated pamphlet: UCD Special Collections.
3. Roben W. Chambers, The King in Yellow (F. Tennyson Neely, 1895), p. 9. Arnold White, Efficiency and Empire (London: Methuen and Co., 1901), pp. 116-117 as cited by Dan Stone, Breeding Superman: Nietzsche, Race and Eugenics in Edwardian and Interwar Britain (Liverpool: Liverpool University Press, 2002), p. 125.
4. H. G. Wells, A Modern Utopia (New York: Charles Scribner’s Sons, 1905), p. 129 as cited by Michael W. Perry, editor, The Pivot of Civilization: In Historical Perspective (Seattle: Inkling Books, 2001), p. 36. Eden Paul, “Eugenics, Birth-Control, and Socialism” in Population and Birth Control, edited by Eden and Cedar Paul (New York: Critic and Guide, 1917), pp. 144-146 as cited by Perry, p. 108.
5. Roben Reid Rentoul, Race Culture; or, Race Suicide? (London: The Walter Scott Publishing Company, Ltd., 1906), pp. 178, 179.
6. Article, Daily Express, 4 March 1910 as cited by Stone, p. 127. Stone, p. 128.
7. C.W. Wilson as quoted in article, Birmingham Post, 4 February 1910, as cited by Stone, p. 127. Arnold White, The Views of ’Vanoc’: An Englishman’s Outlook (London: Kegan, Paul, Trench, Trubner, and Co., 1910), pp. 282-283 as cited by Stone, p. 126.
8. A.F. Tredgold, “Eugenics and the Future Progress of Man,” Eugenics Review Vol. Ill (1911), p. 100 as cited by Stone, p. 126. Caleb Saleeby, The Methods of Race Regeneration (London: Cassell & Co., 1911), pp. 46-47, as cited by Stonep. 126. Proceedings of the First National Conference of Race Betterment (Race Betterment Foundation, 1914), p. 477.
9. Martin A. Elks, “The ‘Lethal Chamber’: Further Evidence for the Euthanasia Option,” Mental Retardation, Vol. 31 No.4 (August 1993), p. 203. A. F. Tredgold, A Textbook of Mental Deficiency (Amentia), 2nd ed. (New York: William Wood, 1915), p. 455 as cited by Elks, p. 203. A. F. Tredgold, A Textbook of Mental Deficiency (Amentia), 6th ed. (New York: William Wood, 1937), pp. 517-518 as cited by Elks, p. 203. A. F. Tredgold, A Textbook of Mental Deficiency (Amentia), 7th ed. (New York: William Wood, 1977), p. 491 as cited by Elks, pp. 203-204.
10. W. Duncan McKim, Heredity and Human Progress (New York: G. P. Putnam’s Sons, 1900), pp. 120, 168 as cited by Mark H. Haller, Eugenics: Hereditarian Attitudes in American Thought (New Brunswick, NJ: Rutgers University Press, 1963), p. 42. McKim, pp. 192-193, as cited by Russell Hollander, “Euthanasia and Mental Retardation: Suggesting the Unthinable,” Mental Retardation Vol. 27 No.2 (April 1989), p. 58.
11. A. Johnson, “Report of Committee on Colonies for Segregation of Defectives,” Proceedings of the National Conference on Charities and Corrections, 1903 (Fred J. Heer, 1903), p. 249 as cited by Hollander, pp. 58-59. E.R. Johnstone, “President’s Address,” Journal of Psycho-Asthenics, Vol. 8 (1904), pp. 65-70 as cited by Hollander, pp. 55, 58. Haller, p. 207 f. 5.
12. Milroy, “Discussion and Minutes,” Journal of Psycho-Asthenics, Vol. 10 (1906), p. 224 as cited by Hollander, p. 58. Rentoul, p. 178.
13. E.B. Sherlock, The Feeble-minded: A Guide to Study and Practice (New York: Macmillan, 1911), p. 267 as cited by Elks, p. 202.
14. Henry H. Goddard, The Kallikak Family: A Study in the Heredity of Feeble-Mindedness (Vineland, New Jersey: 1913), pp. 101, 105, 106-108.
15. Harry H. Laughlin, secretary, Bulletin No.10A: The Report of the Committee to Study and to Report on the Best Practical Means of Cutting Off the Defective Germ-Plasm in the American Population (Cold Spring Harbor: Cold Spring Harbor, 1914), pp. 46, 55: CSH.
16. William J. Robinson, Eugenics, Marriage, and Birth Control (New York: The Critic and Guide Company, 1917), p. 74. Margaret Sanger, The Pivot of Civilization (New York: Brentano’s, 1922), pp. 100-101.
17. Proceedings of the First National Conference on Race Betterment, (Race Betterment Foundation, 1914), pp. 502, 503.
18. Paul Popenoe and Roswell Hill Johnson, Applied Eugenics (New York: Macmillan, 1918), p. 184.
19. Eugenics Record Office, Official Record of the Gift of the Eugenics Record Office, Cold Spring Harbor, Long Island, New York by Mrs. E.H. Harriman to the Carnegie Institution of Washington and of its Acceptance by the Institution (Cold Spring Harbor, New York: Eugenics Record Office, 1918), p. 33: CSH. “American Eugenical Society, Inc.: B. Early History and Development,” Organized Eugenics, January 1931, pp. 3-4, 7. Madison Grant, The Passing of the Great Race (New York: Charles Scribner’s Sons, 1936), p. 49.
20. Martin S. Pernick, The Black Stork: Eugenics and the Death of “Defective” Babies in American Medicine and Motion Pictures Since 1915 (New York: Oxford University Press, 1996), pp. 3-4. “Jury Clears, Yet Condemns Dr. Haiselden,” The Chicago Daily Tribune, 20 November 1915.
21. “Jury Clears, Yet Condemns Dr. Haiselden.”
22. “Jury Clears, Yet Condemns Dr. Haiselden.”
23. Pernick, pp. 9, 10. “Jury Clears, Yet Condemns Dr. Haiselden.” Chicago Tribune, 20 December 1915, p. 7 as cited by Pemick, p. 41. Chicago American, 3 December 1915, p. 6 as cited by Pernick, p. 41.
24. “Jury Clears, Yet Condemns Dr. Haiselden.”
25. Pernick, p. 5. “Jury Clears, Yet Condemns Dr. Haiselden.”
26. “Jury Clears, Yet Condemns Dr. Haiselden.”
27. “Jury Clears, Yet Condemns Dr. Haiselden.” New York Times, 18 November 1915 as cited by Pernick, pp. 7-8. New York Times, 24 December 1915 as cited by Pernick, pp. 7-8. Chicago Herald, 23 December 1915, as cited by Pernick, pp. 7-8.
28. “Baby Dies; Physician Upheld,” Chicago Daily Tribune, 18 November 1915 as cited by Pernick, figure 3. “Was the Doctor Right? Some Independent Opinions,” The Independent, 3 January 1916.
29. Chicago Tribune, 20 December 1915, p. 7 as cited by Pernick, p. 41. Chicago American, 3 December 1915, p. 6 as cited by Pemick, p. 41.
30. Pernick, pp. 4, 5, 87. Chicago Herald, 24 July 1917, p. 14 as cited by Pernick, p. 87. New York Times, 13 November 1917, p. 12 as cited by Pernick, p. 87.
31. “Was the Doctor Right?”
32. Chicago American, 23 November, 1915 through 30 December, 1915, as cited by Pernick, p. 4. Chicago Herald, 27 July 1916 as cited by Pernick, p. 10. Harry J. Haiselden, “Regarding the Meter Baby of Chicago,” Medical Review of Reviews, 23 (Oct 1917), p. 697 as quoted in author’s interview with Martin Pernick, 22 December 2002.
33. See Neal Black, Animal Health: A Century of Progress, (United States Animal Health Association, 1996) Chapter 4. See BBC, “Cattle TB Threatens Farmers,” 27 June 2002.
34. State of Illinois Board of Administration, Volume II: Biennial Reports of the State Charitable Institutions: October 1, 1914 to September 30, 1916 (State of Illinois, 1917), p. 695. “Superintendent Leonard’s Report to Board of Administration,” Institution Quarterly Vol. 7 (1916), pp. 117-118.
35. Elks, p. 201. “Regarding the Meter Baby of Chicago,” and Chicago Examiner, 25 July 1917, p. 6 as quoted in author’s interview with Martin Pernick, 22 December 2002.
36. “The Report of Judge Scully’s Committee of Three Woman,” Institution Quarterly, Vol. 7 (1916), p. 113. “Superintendent Leonard’s Report to Board of Administration,” p. 117.
37. Biennial Reports of the State Charitable Institutions: October 1, 1914 to September 30, 1916, pp. 678, 682, 686. Patrick Almond Curtis, “Eugenic Reformers, Cultural Perceptions of Dependent Populations, and the Care of the Feebleminded in Illinois: 1909-1920,” (Ph. D. diss., University of Illinois at Chicago, 1983), p. 89. See Paul Popenoe and Roswell Hill Johnson, Applied Eugenics rev. ed. (New York: Macmillan, 1935), pp. 90, 92-93, 94. Eugenics, Genetics and the Family: Volume I: Scientific Papers of the Second International Congress, (Baltimore: Williams & Wilkins Co., 1923), pp. 178-181. “Dr. Albert Govaerts of Belgium,” Eugenical News, Vol. VII (1922), p. 64.
38. Charles B. Davenport, Heredity In Relation To Eugenics (New York: Henry Holt & Company, 1911; reprint, New York: Amo Press Inc., 1972), pp. 164-165. Popenoe and Johnson, 1918 as c
ited by Elks, p. 205.
39. Charles Henderson, “The Relation of Philanthropy to Social Order and Progress,” National Conference of Charities and Corrections: Proceedings of the Twenty-Sixth Annual Session (Cincinnati: May, 1899), p. 4 as cited by Curtis, pp. 53, 55. “Propagation of the Unfit,” Institution Quarterly, I (May 1910), p. 35 as cited by Curtis, pp. 68-69.
40. Charles B. Davenport, “Presidential Address,” A Decade of Progress in Eugenics: Scientific Papers of the Third International Congress of Eugenics (Baltimore: The Williams & Wilkins Company, 1934), p. 21.
41. Chicago American, 24 November 1915, p. 2 as cited by Pernick, p. 84.
42. Illinois Department of Human Services, A Brief History of the Lincoln Developmental Center, p. 1. Biennial Reports of the State Charitable Institutions: October 1, 1914 to September 30, 1916, pp. 679, 681, 686. Also see K. Charlie Lakin, “Demographic Studies of Residential Facilities for the Mentally Retarded: A Historical Review of Methodologies & Findings,” University of Minnesota Department of Psychoeducational Studies.
43. Harrison L. Harley, “Observations on the Operation of the lllinois Commitment Law for the Feeble-Minded,” Institution Quarterly Vol. 8 (1917), p. 97.
44. Biennial Reports of the State Charitable Institutions: October 1, 1914 to September 30, 1916, pp. 682, 686, 687. See Harley, p. 97.
45. Biennial Reports of the State Charitable Institutions: October 1, 1914 to September 30, 1916, pp. 677, 678, 679, 683. Martin W. Barr, Mental Defectives: Their History, Treatment and Training (Philadelphia: P. Blakiston’s Son & Co., 1904, reprint New York: Arno Press, 1973), pp. 195-196. “The Municipal Psychopathic Clinic,” Eugenical News, Vol. I (1916), p. 55. Harry H. Laughlin, Eugenical Sterilization in the United States (Chicago: Psychopathic Laboratory of the Municipal Court of Chicago, 1922), p. i. “Tenth Annual Business Meeting of the Eugenics Research Association, Cold Spring Harbor, June 10, 1922,” Eugenical News, Vol. VII (1922), p. 91. Tredgold, 2nd ed., p. 455 as cited by Elks, p. 203.
