20. Martin Van Creveld, Supplying War; Logistics from Wailenstein to Patton (London, 1977), 150–51.
21. Grew Diary, 22 June 1941, Joseph C. Grew Papers, Harvard University, Cambridge; Stimson to FDR, 23 June 1941, PSF:War Department:Henry Stimson, FDRL; letter from Polish ambassador in Washington, 22 June 1941, FO 371/29485, N3283/78/38, PRO; Leahy to SecState, 22, 23, June 1941, 740.0011 EW/12304, 12400, RG 59.
22. FDR to Leahy, 26 June 1941, PSF: France, FDRL; Halifax to FO, 7 July 1941, FO 371/29486, N3540/78/38, PRO.
23. Morris to SecState, 25 June 1941, 740.0011 EW/12458, RG 59; military attaché London, report of 28 June 1941, ibid./13771; military attaché Moscow, report of 30 June 1941, ibid.; Steinhardt to SecState, 26 June 1941, ibid/12615; Stimson to FDR, 23 June 1941, PSF: War Department: Stimson, FDRL; 30 June 1941 conference, box 885, secretary of war conferences, conferences 1938–42, entry 31, army-chief of staff secretariat (cited as COS secretariat conferences), RG 165.
24. 23 June 1941 conference, ibid.; Stimson diary, 2 July 1941.
25. Steinhardt to SecState, 2, 3, 7, 8, 10, 16, 22, July 1941, 740.0011 EW/12741, 12790, 12864, 12907, 12990, 13000, 13232, 13354, RG 59; Steinhardt to SecState, 1 July 1941, 124.61/187, RG 59; Welles to Steinhardt, 17 July 1941, 740.0011 EW/13317A, RG 59; military attaché Moscow, report of 19 July 1941, ibid./13771.
26. Morris to SecState, 30 June, 12 July 1941, ibid./12649, 13078; Harrison to SecState 10, 23 July 1941, ibid./12975, 13420; Leahy to SecState, 14 July 1941, ibid./13151.
27. Memo for General McNarney, 5 July 1941, on meeting in War Cabinet office, #190, minutes of U.S.-British liaison conferences, 1941, series 2, COMNAVFOREUR files, NOA; Moscow military mission to Joint Intelligence Committee (JIC), 17 July 1941, FO 371/29487, N3959/78/38, PRO; Victor Mallet to Sir Orme Sargent, 13 July 1941, FO 371/26522, C8489/19/18, PRO; Reginald Leeper, “Political Aspects of a German Defeat by Russia,” 7 July 1941, FO 371/29486, N3718/78/38, PRO; military attaché London, report of 15 July 1941, 740.0011 EW/13771, RG 59.
28. Berle Diary, 15, 16, 23 July 1941.
29. New York Times, 21, 24, July 1941.
30. Acting SecState to Steinhardt, 23 June 1941, FR 1941, 1:767–68.
31. Acting SecState to Steinhardt, 28 June 1941, ibid. 773; Henderson memo of conversation with Oumansky and others, 2 July 1941, ibid., 784–85.
32. Welles memo of conversation with Halifax, 10 July 1941, ibid., 788–89; Winant to SecState, 9 July 1941, 740.0011 EW/12943, RG 59.
33. George C. Herring, Jr., Aid to Russia, 1941–1946: Strategy, Diplomacy and Origins of the Cold War (New York, 1973), 11; Leighton and Coakley, Global Logistics and Strategy, 126–27. Russian supply problems: FR 1941, 1:769–802.
34. Berle Diary, 19 June, 8–11 July 1941 with memoranda to FDR, 8, 9 July 1941.
35. Steinhardt to SecState, 9 July 1941, FR 1941, 1:179–80; Winant to SecState, July 9, 1941, 740.0011 EW/12943, RG 59; Loy Henderson memo of conversation with Polish ambassador Jan Ciechanowski, 30 July 1941, 860C.01/589, RG 59 (Poles seek American intervention); Berle memo to FDR, 8 July 1941, PSF: Great Britain: Winston Churchill, FDRL (national committees in USSR); FR 1941, 1:236–43.
36. FDR to Churchill, 14 July 1941, R-50x, Kimball, ed., Churchill-Roosevelt Correspondence, 1:221–22; Berle diary, 8 July 1941.
37. Oliver Harvey diary, 22 July 1941, John Harvey, ed., The War Diaries of Oliver Harvey (London, 1978), 22.
38. Sherwood, Roosevelt and Hopkins, 308.
39. Winant to SecState, 30 July 1941, FR 1941, 1:243–45; draft telegram, SecState to Winant for Biddle, 5 Aug. 1941, ibid, 247–48; Winant to SecState, 30 July, 1941, 740.0011 EW/13548, RG 59; Anthony Eden, The Memoirs of Anthony Eden, Earl of Avon: The Reckoning (Boston, 1962), 316.
40. July 1941 charts, briefing chart file, NOA; “Patrol Reports of Task Forces 2 and 3,” 26 April-30 August 1941, O. M. Read memo for Turner, 30 Sept. 1941, box 82, SPDR, NOA; Ghormley to Pound, 22 May 22–30 July 1941, ADM 205/9, PRO.
41. Deck log of U.S.S. Texas, 11–30 June 1941, RG 24, NA; U-203 to commander U-boats, 20 June 1941, SRGN 1264, German navy, U-boat messages, RG 457, NA.
42. Commander U-boats to all boats, 21 June 1941, SRGN 1281, ibid; also SRGN 1061, 1210, 1212, 1268, 1273, 1278, ibid.; Fuehrer Naval Conferences, 3: 9 July 1941.
43. Deck log of U.S.S. Yorktown, 4 June 1941, RG 24; Churchill to FDR, 23 May 1941, C-90x, Kimball, ed., Churchill-Roosevelt Correspondence, 1:193; Roskill, War at Sea, 1:542 and map opposite.
44. Hinsley, British Intelligence, 345–46.
45. FDR to Hull and Welles, 11 June 1941, PSF: Cordell Hull: State Department, FDRL.
46. Welles memo of conversation, 28 June 1941, FR 1941, 2:783; Gerow memo for adjutant general, 5 July 1941, WPD 4493, RG 165; Gerow diary, 19 June 1941, exec. #10, item 2, box 49, OPD executive files, RG 165; Conn, Engelman, and Fairchild, Guarding the U.S., 479–85.
47. Morison, Battle of the Atlantic, 76.
48. Perkins (Copenhagen) to SecState, 10 July 1941, 740.0011 EW/13036, RG 59; memo for COS, 12 July 1941, box 889, COS secretariat conferences, RG 165; OPNAV to ALUSNA, 12 July 1941, box 1, CINCLANT World War II message files, NHOB, FRS; Stimson Diary, 12 July 1941; Morgenthau presidential diary, 8 July 1941 (FDR thrilled).
49. Task Force 16 OPLAN (Operations Plan) 1–41, 22 July 1941, A4–3 Ships and Aircraft Movements, box 108, CINCLANT GAF, RG 313 (warships to Iceland); military attaché London, report of 18 April 1941, 740.0011 EW/10345, RG 59 and naval attaché Vichy, report of 2 May 1941, ibid./12137 (bombings at Brest); ibid./12043A, 12473, 12727A (U-boat bases); Cole (Murphy) to SecState, 7 June 1941, ibid./11737, 11738 (Vichy policy); Langer, Vichy Gamble, 157–60.
50. Kittredge, “British-American Naval Cooperation,” 540–41; Stark memo, 1 July 1941, Iceland dispatches and signed orders, box 50, SPDR, NOA. The president saw Stark 25 June (appointment diaries, box 166, PPF: 1–0(1), FDRL).
51. “Abstract of History of Atlantic Convoys as Communicated by Commander Rowbotham, July 13, 1942,” “Convoys” folder, box 11, Morison Papers, NOA; memo on North Atlantic Convoy routes, 14 Dec. 1941, box 116, SPDR, NOA; Marc Milner, North Atlantic Run, chap. 2; Historical Section, Admiralty, Naval Staff History, Second World War: Defeat of the Enemy Attack on Shipping: A Study of Policy and Operations (London, 1957), 33, 71; Morison, Battle of the Atlantic, chap. 5; Roskill, War at Sea, 1: 453–67.
52. Special naval observer London to OPNAV, 13 June 1941, box 122, SPDR, NOA.
53. On these historical tensions in the U.S. Navy: Dean C. Allard to author, 16 July 1985; Allard, “Anglo-American Differences During World War 1,” Military Affairs (April 1980), 44: 75–81.
54. CINCLANT to CNO, 2 July 1941, A14–1 (jacket 2), box 108, CINCLANT GAF, RG 313. Also CINCLANT to CNO, 18 June 1941, A7–3(l), box 153, ibid.
55. President’s appointment diary, 3 June 1941, PPF 1–0(1), box 166, FDRL; Robert William Love, Jr., “Ernest Joseph King,” Love, ed., The Chiefs of Naval Operations (Annapolis, 1980), 138; Time, 2 June 1941 (“storm within him”).
56. CNO to CINCLANT, 16 July 1941, box 82, SPDR, NOA; Stimson diary, 24 June 1941; Halifax to FO, 25 June 1941, FO 371/26221, A4901/384/45, PRO.
57. CNO to special naval observer London, 20 June 1941, box 122, SPDR, NOA; minutes of 2 July 1941 meeting, box 1921, U.S. Army Joint Board Papers, RG 165.
58. Stark to Capt. Charles M. Cooke, 31 July 1941, PHA, 16:2175 (Stark’s advice to FDR); Western Hemisphere Defense Plan Three, microfilm SPD-19, WPL 50 and 51 and related correspondence, NOA.
59. CNO to CINCLANT, 22 May 1941, A3–1/DD, box 3, CNO confidential, RG 80 and citations in fn. 26, chap. 2.
60. Stark to FDR, 9 July 1941, “Iceland” folder, box 4, PSF: Safe, FDRL.
61. Appointment diaries, PPF 1–0(1), box 166, and White House usher’s diary, box 320, FDR papers, FDRL; CINCLANT to CNO, 13 July 1941, microfilm SPD-19, NOA.
62. (Plan Four) PHA, 5:2294–5; Admiral Charles Little to Admiral Sir Dudley Pound, 15 July 1941, ADM 205/9, PRO.
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63. CNO to CINCLANT, 17 July 1941, microfilm SPD-19, NOA. U-boat locations: ALUSNA to OPNAV, 13 June 1941, file #5, COMNAVFOREUR records; ALUSNA to OPNAV, April-June 1941, microfilm reel 2586, “Convoy, In” series, OPNAV message files, RG 38; OPNAV to CINCLANT, June-July 1941, Box 25, CINCLANT World War II message files, NHOB, FRS.
64. On convoy planning and problems in July: microfilm SPD-19, NOA; memorandum of conference in CNO office, 22 July 1941, “Conferences” folder (no record group), NOA; Under Secretary of External Affairs to Rear Adm. P. W. Nelles, 30 June 1941, file 1550–157/1, Directorate of History, National Defense Headquarters, Ottawa, Canada; Commander W.G.D. Lund, “The Royal Canadian Navy’s Quest for Autonomy in the Northwest Atlantic: 1941–1943,” Naval War College Review, 32 (May-June, 1980), 75–77; Milner, North Atlantic Run, 58–61.
65. Emory Land, chairman of U.S. Maritime Commission to Knox, 22 July 1941, WPD 4493, box 285, RG 165; Stark to Land, 25 July 1941, “Great Britain, Pre-War Aid to,” folder, box 156, group 24, Hopkins papers; correspondence in SPD-19, NOA; Ghormley to Pound, 30 July 1941 (Ghormley apparently had not been informed by 30 July that the agreement had been rejected); memo of conference in CNO office, 22 July 1941, “Conferences” folder, NOA; CNO to CINCLANT, 29 July 1941, box 82, SPDR, NOA.
66. Admiralty Historical Section, Naval Staff History, 1A:71 (U-boat handicaps); Hinsley, British Intelligence, 2:163–73 (ULTRA advantage); Fuehrer Naval Conferences, 2: 22 May 1941 and also 9 and 25 July, ibid, (“greatly hampered”); Jürgen Rohwer, The Critical Convoy Battles of March 1943: The Battle of HX 229/SC 122 (Annapolis, 1977), 23–24 (U-boat shift); W.A.B. Douglas and Jürgen Rohwer, “The Most Thankless Task Revisited: Convoys, Escorts, and Radio Intelligence in the Western Atlantic, 1941–1943,” James A. Boutilier, ed., The RCN in Retrospect (Vancouver, 1982), 192 (“almost impossible”); Roskill, War at Sea 1: chap. 21 and Appendix R, 618 (tonnage lost); “Daily Summary of Naval Events,” June-Sept. 1941, #129, COMNAVFOREUR records and CNO intelligence reports on convoys, 12 July-5 Sept. 1941, A8–2, box 156, CINCLANT GAF, RG 313 (no ships lost).
67. 30 July, 9 Aug. 1941 charts, daily briefing charts, NOA; Commander Task Force 1 to commander Task Group 1.2, 21 July 1941, box 1, “CINCLANT June-September 1941” box, SOPD, NOA; Commander Task Force 4 to U.S.S. Lansdale and Hughes, 5 Aug. 1941, box 1, CINCLANT World War II message files, NHOB, FRS.
68. “Latest Returns on Princeton Ballot,” PSF: Public Opinion, FDRL; Tokyo to Vichy, 22 June 1941, tr. 23 June 1941, SRDJ 12426 and Tokyo to Berlin, 2 July 1941, SRDJ 12722, RG 457; Dallek, Roosevelt and American Foreign Policy, 276–78.
Chapter 5. July: The Containment of Japan
1. On Japanese policy deliberations 22 June-2 July 1941: Hosoya, “Japanese-Soviet Neutrality Pact,” Morley, ed., Fateful Choice, 94–104; Asada, “Japanese Navy and the United States,” Borg and Okamoto, eds., Pearl Harbor as History, 252–55; Nobutaka Ike, tr. and ed., Japan’s Decision for War: Records of the 1941 Policy Conferences (Stanford, 1967), 56–90; Michael Barnhart, Japan Prepares for Total War, chap. 11.
2. FDR to Ickes, 1 July 1941, as quoted in Langer and Gleason, Undeclared War, 646.
3. Official appreciations of Japanese intentions: R: E. Schuirmann memo for Welles, 9 July 1941, FR 1941, 4:298–99; Max Schmidt (Far Eastern Division) memo, 12 July 1941, 740.0011 EW/13905, RG 59; Hamilton, Adams, Langdon, and Schmidt memos, 23–25 June, 1941, FR 1941, 4:276–80, 981–85; Turner to CNO, 11 July 1941, and CNO to Admiral Thomas C. Hart, 3 July 1941, director NWPD Special File #1, box 20, Turner Papers, NOA; Turner to Knox, 26 June 1941, A1–2/EF37, box 219, CNO secret, RG 80; Australian legation in Washington to Canberra, 24 June 1941, FO 371/29484, N3047/78/38, PRO; OPNAV to CINCAF, CINCPAC, CINCLANT, 3 July 1941, PHA, 14:1396.
4. Tokyo (Matsuoka) to Berlin, 2 July 1941, tr. 3 July 1941, #725–726, “Magic” Background, 2A:373; Winant to SecState, 4 July 1941, 7400011 EW/12770, RG 59; military attaché London, report of 5 July 1941, 740.0011 PW/384, ibid.; Eden memo, “Japanese Intentions in Indochina,” 6 July 1941, War Cabinet WP (41) 154, FO 371/27763, F5953/9/61, PRO. On 4 July the British Foreign Office instructed its embassy in Moscow to inform the Soviet government that it had “sure: information” that the Japanese had decided “only to watch developments in Eastern Siberia” for the time being (FO 371/29486, N3669/48/38, PRO). On 4 July Winant informed Washington of what appears to have been the contents of Tokyo’s 2 July message (740.0011 EW/12770). Presumably he would not have bothered if the British were still depending on American decrypts. So it seems reasonable to conclude that they were themselves decrypting Japanese diplomatic traffic by this time and had independent access to the 2 July intercept.
5. R. E. Schuirmann to Welles, 9 July 1941, FR 1941, 4:208–99; Ghotmley to Pound, 4 July 1941, ADM 205/9, PRO; Welles to Grew, 4 July 1941, FR 1941, 4:994.
6. Navy Department to naval attaché, Tokyo, 3 July 1941, 761.94/1 365, RG 59; A. H. McCollum to director, ONI, 2 July 1941, PHA 15:1852; Brig. Gen. Leonard T. Gerow diary, 3 July 1941, exec. #10, item #2, box 49, OPD, RG 165; Gauss to SecState, 4 July 1941, 740.0011 EW/12815, RG 59.
7. “Reminiscences of Rear Admiral Arthur N. McCollum,” U.S. Naval Institute, Annapolis, 1973, 1:310–16, NOA; Admiral Alan G. Kirk oral history transcript, Columbia University Oral History Collection; “Reminiscences of Rear Admiral Walter C. W. Ansel,” U.S. Naval Institute, Annapolis, 1972, p. 88. NOA.
8. Turner to Stark, 11 July 1941, director NWPD special file #1, box 20, Turner papers, NOA; Welles to Winant, 7 July 1941, 740.0011 EW/12771, RG 59.
9. 740.0011 EW/13269, 13297, 13500–13502, 13629, RG 59; Grew to SecState, 29 July 1941 and SecState to Grew, 1 Aug. 1941, ibid/13517.
10. #801, #812–824, #834–872, “Magic” Background, 2A:414, 419–29, 435–56.
11. Tokyo to Singapore, 17July 1941, #822, and Canton to Tokyo, 14 July 1941, #835, “Magic” Background, 2A:428, 436; Stimson diary, 29 July 1941; assistant naval attaché Shanghai, report of 19 July 1941, 740.0011 PW/357, RG 59; Wohlstetter, Pearl Harbor, 98–131.
12. #100, #318, #354–57, #365–71, #377–79, #382, #384 (worse to worst”), #400–404, #410–11, #420, #464, “Magic” Background, 2A;54–232 passim; New York Times, 4, 5 July 1941; minutes of meeting, 12 July 1941, U.S. Joint Army-Navy Board, U.S. Army Joint Board papers, box 1921, entry 284, RG 165; Welles memos of conversations with Halifax. 3, 10 July 1941, FR 1941, 4:289–90, 300–303; Morgenchau presidential diary, 2 July 1941; OPNAV to CINCAF, CINCPAC, 3 July 1941, PHA, 14.1397.
13. Grew to SecState, 17 July 1941, FR 1941, 4:1007.
14. Lu, From Marco Polo Bridge, 174–84.
15. Acting SecState to Grew, 30 June 1941, FR 1941, 4:990; Acting SecState to Grew, 9 July 1941, 740.0011 EW 1939/12731, RG 59.
16. Turner to CNO, 21 July 1941, FR Japan, 2:517.
17. Hamilton memo, 17 July 1941, FR 1941, 4:323–24; #144–49, “Magic” Background, 2A:79–82.
18. Grew to SecState, 18, 23 July 1941, FR 1941, 4:328–29, 337–38.
19. Tokyo to Berlin, 19 July 1941, tr. 21 July, #593, “Magic” Background, 2A:304.
20. Welles memo, 23 July 1941, FR Japan, 2:525–26,
21. Welles memo, 24 July 1941, ibid, 529; Washington to Tokyo, 24 July 1941, #171, “Magic” Background, 2A:97.
22. SRDJ 12752, 12856 (“concerted air and submarine defense”), 1Z986, 13045, 13082, 13150, 13240, 13251, 13365, 13681 (“cunning dragon”), 13817, 6 June-2 Aug. 1941, RG 457, Tokyo to Nanking et al., 29 May 1941, tr. 3 June, SRH 018, Collection of Japanese Diplomatic Messages, July 1938-January 1942, Department of the Army Intelligence Files, RG 457.
23. “American-Dutch-British Conversations, Singapore, April 1941 Report,” PHA, 15:1551–84; Stark and Marshall to special navy and army observers, London, 3 July 1941, PHA 15:1677–79; Capt. W. E. Purnell, report of conversations with Dutch naval authorities at Batavia, 10–14 Jan. 1941, ABDA-ANZAC correspondence, 1941–42, box 117, SPDR, NOA; CINCAF to OPNAV, 3 March 1941, Atlantic dispatches, box 122, ibid.;
Hart to Stark, 31 July 1941, director NWPD special file #1, box 20, Turner papers, NOA; OPNAV to naval attaché London, 13 May 1941, series I, COMNAVFOREUR records, NOA; OPNAV to CINCAF, 6 March 1941, OPNAV message file, microreel 2893, RG 38, NA (cypher machine).
24. Morison, Rising Sun, 158–60; Gwyer, part 1, in Butler, Grand Strategy, 3:267–68; Arthur J. Marder, Old Friends, New Enemies: The Royal Navy and the Imperial Japanese Navy: Strategic Illusions, 1936–1941 (Oxford, 1981), 219–21.
25. CNO to CINCLANT, 26 July 1941, box 82, SPDR, NOA; British Naval Detachment in Washington to Admiralty, 17 July 1941, FO 371/26621, A5657/384/45, PRO.
26. Gwyer, part 1, in Butler, Grand Strategy, 3:274–80; S. W. Kirby, Singapore: The Cham of Disaster (London, 1971), 106–13.
27. Memo by A. Cadogan, n.d., PREM 3/156–1, PRO; War Cabinet Defense Committee meeting, 1 Aug. 1941, CAB 69/8, PRO; memo by Lord Ismay, “A Further Southward Move by Japan,” n.d., CAB 120/20, PRO; FO 371/27978, F8633 and F8634/1299/23, PRO.
28. Winant to SecState, 1 Aug. 1941, and draft reply, 740.0011 PW/371, RG 59.
29. Bruce, Australian High Commissioner, to Eden, 15 July 1941, FO 371/27764, F6733/9/61, PRO; Halifax to FO, 6 Aug. 1941, FO 371/27974, F7443/1299/23, PRO; Welles memo of conversation with Halifax, 4 Aug. 1941, 740.0011 PW/401, RG 59.
30. “Military Aspects of the Situation That Would Result from the Retention by the U.S. of a Military (Including Naval) Commitment to the Philippines,” n.d., WPD 3389–29, RG 165. On the reinforcement of the Philippines: Pogue, Marshall: Ordeal and Hope, 176–83; Louis Morton, The Fall of the Philippines (Washington, 1953), chap. 2; Mark Skinner Watson, The War Department: Chief of Staff: Prewar Plans and Preparations (Washington, 1950), 417–39.
31. J. L. McCrea to Stark, 5 Feb. 1941, A2-A14/EG52, CNO Secret, RG 80, NA.
32. Turner to Capt. A. W. Clarke, 7 June 1941, ABDA-ANZAC correspondence, box 117, SPDR, NOA; comments by British Chiefs of Staff on telegraphic summary of April 1941 report, #8, American-Dutch-British conference at Singapore, April 1941, Series II, COMNAVFOREUR records, NOA.
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