by Ben Tarnoff
Second Bank of the United States, 130–32, 133, 141, 161–63, 165–68, 170, 176, 182, 238, 253
Treasury Department, see Treasury Department
Grant, Ulysses S., 234, 249
Great Depression, 253, 254
Greeley, Horace, 227
Greenhow, Rose O’Neal, 244
Green Mountains, 180, 181
habeas corpus, 214
Hagerstown Bank, 116
Haiti, 144
Hamilton, Alexander, 5, 104–5, 130, 161, 214, 216, 238, 249–50
hanging, 77
of Sullivan, 76–78, 79
Hanson, James, 135–40
hard currency, 17, 18, 87, 165, 185, 201, 215, 217, 236, 254
class system and, 25
debates on, 20–25
Franklin’s view of, 23–24
in Massachusetts, 17–22
value of, 22
see also coins, coinage; precious metals
Harding, William W., 177
Harper’s Weekly, 227
Harrisburg, Pa., 149, 152
Harrisburg Chronicle, 151
Hawthorne, Nathaniel, 181
Herndon, William Lewis, 191–92
Hiester, Joseph, 160–61
Hilton, Winthrop E., 226–27, 228, 229–33
conspiracy against, 230–32
Holliday, Robert, 204, 206
House of the Seven Gables, The (Hawthorne), 181
Hoyer and Ludwig, 219
Hurlbut (counterfeiter), 50
Huston, Charles, 122, 124, 125
Hutchinson, Thomas, 17–22, 25, 31, 36, 52–53, 56, 79, 82, 86, 134, 168, 185, 254
Adams and, 134
Ide, Ichabod, 55–56
Île Royale, 19, 33
Illinois, 243
immigrants, 106, 161, 182, 194
Indiana, 132, 182, 243
Indians, 3, 31, 32–34, 57, 149
in Pennsylvania, 95, 96
surveyors and, 95
industrialization, 161, 193, 198, 234–35
inflation, 4, 5, 19, 80, 84, 111, 254
Confederate currency and, 225, 230
informants, 39, 246–47, 248, 249
insurance companies, 5, 170, 195
intaglio presses, 255
intelligence gathering, 241–45
see also Secret Service
investors, 105–6, 132, 163, 201
Ireland, 26–27
Jackson, Andrew, 163–69, 179, 185, 193, 214, 216, 236, 238, 249
Chase and, 200
Kitchen Cabinet of, 165, 167
Specie Circular of, 168–69
Jackson, Thomas “Stonewall,” 222
jails, 45
Jefferson, Thomas, 95, 105, 129, 170, 193, 216, 238
Jones, John Beauchamp, 223–24, 225
Keith, Alexander, Jr., 230
Killingly, Conn., 54
King George’s War, 19, 32–37
Kinton Knob, 138
labor:
immigration and, 194
money and, 22, 23, 24, 185
-laissez-faire, 165, 169, 179, 182, 194
Lake Geneva, 127
Lake Ontario, 97
land surveying, 95–97
Langdon, John, 86
Latin America, 3, 255
Law, Jonathan, 49, 52
Leathers, Frederick, 97
Lee, Robert E., 221–22, 239
Lee, William P., 220–21
legal tender, 80, 81, 83, 85, 87, 103, 107, 213–15, 216, 217, 236, 237
Legal Tender Act of 1862, 213–15, 216, 236, 237
Levi, Nathan, 209
Lewis, David, 6, 91–100, 107, 116–19, 120–30, 133–43, 146–60, 171, 179, 182, 195, 196, 207, 235, 252
aliases of, 116
in army, 100, 119, 157
arrest of (1812), 98–99, 106
arrest and imprisonment of (1816), 92–94, 118–19, 120–22, 124, 125–26
arrest and imprisonment of (1819), 137–40
arrest and imprisonment of (1820), 156
in Bedford, 94, 118–19, 120–26, 128, 137–40, 143, 146
Bellefonte posse and, 152–56
captures of, 137, 146, 155–56
in Chambersburg, 146, 149
childhood of, 97
“confession” of, 157–60, 164
conviction and sentencing of (1816), 125–26
death of, 156, 157
escapes of, 126, 137, 138–40, 141, 143, 146, 149, 150
fame of, 94, 123, 133–34, 140–43, 146
Findlay and, 129, 136, 146–49, 151–52, 158–60
as folk hero, 6, 133–34, 141–43, 151, 156, 159, 164, 247
horse bought by, 91–92, 118, 121, 122
imprisonment in Philadelphia, 126–30, 136
indictment of (1820), 143
Jackson compared with, 164
McClelland robbed by, 135–37, 141
McFarland and, 148–49, 152, 157–60, 164
newspaper stories on, 122–23, 136, 140–41, 146, 147, 149, 156
Noble and, 100–101, 107–16, 121, 123, 124, 125, 135, 153, 182
personality of, 94, 124–25, 128, 133, 156
persuasive talents of, 118
physical appearance of, 92, 94, 113, 140
posthumous celebrity of, 159–60
reward for capture of, 136
robbing spree of, 151–52, 156, 157, 159
Rodney’s confession and, 151
shooting of, 155, 156
Simmons and, 142–43
trial of (1816), 93, 94, 118–19, 121–26, 128, 137
widow helped by, 142
Lewis, Jane Dill, 96, 97, 108, 153–54
Lewis, Lewis, 94–97, 100
Lewis, Meriwether, 96, 162
Lewis, Thomas, 107–8, 109
Libby Prison, 204
Lincoln, Abraham, 2, 96, 180, 198, 199, 200, 202, 208, 221–22, 226, 231, 237
attempted kidnapping of body of, 1–2
Emancipation Proclamation of, 222, 226
National Currency Act signed by, 239
Second Confiscation Act signed by, 222
Little, John, 124–25
Louisbourg, 19, 33–37, 57, 61, 80
Lovejoy, Owen, 213
McCartney, Peter, 5–6
McClellan, George B., 242
McClellan, Thomas, 118
McClelland, John, 134–37, 141
McCurdy (criminal), 139, 141
McCurdy, John, 59
McDowell, Charles, 122–23, 124
McFarland, John, 148–49, 152
fake Lewis memoir published by, 157–60, 164
Jackson supported by, 164
McGuire, Felix, 151, 152
Madison, James, 105, 107, 130–31
Maine, 31
Maria Theresa, 32
Marshall, James W., 183–84
marshals, federal, 240–41, 246
Martin, Ebenezer, 57
Maryland, 116, 222
Massachusetts, 3, 4, 5, 16–22, 49, 254
Boston, 11, 12–14, 37, 45–46
boundary dispute between New Hampshire and, 56
hard currency in, 17–22
Hutchinson in, 17–22, 25, 31, 36, 52–53, 56, 79, 82, 134, 168, 254
paper currency in, 16–22, 31, 32, 36, 52–53, 79, 87, 102, 168, 251
Memminger, Christopher Gustavus, 201–2, 205, 216–21, 223–25, 231–32
Memphis, Tenn., 209
Mercer, John F., 86
Mermaid, 20
Merrimack River, 56–57, 58, 60, 69
-Mexican-American War, 184, 194
Mexico, 208
Michigan, 170
Miller, Michael, 113–14
Missouri, 243
“Modest Enquiry into the Nature and Necessity of a -Paper-Currency, A” (Franklin), 22–23
Moffitt, Robert, 150
money:
labor and, 22, 23, 24, 185
value of, 22, 23, 24
see also currency
monopolies, 165
Monroe, James, 162
Montpelier, Vt., 180, 181–82
Morgan, J. P., 252, 253
Munroe, Joseph, 54–55
Murray, Robert, 229, 231
National Bank Note Company of New York, 217
National Currency Act, 239
National Detective Police, 242–43
National Gazette, 167
-New-England Courant, 64
New Hampshire, 4, 56–57
boundary dispute between Massachusetts and, 56
counterfeit currency of, 12–14, 58, 64, 69
New Haven, Conn., 67, 68, 70, 73
New Jersey, 243
New Orleans, La., 217
Newport, R.I., 41, 69
newspapers, 115, 116, 147–48
New York, 48–49, 70, 74–75, 243, 245, 247, 248
counterfeit currency of, 47, 69
counterfeiting laws in, 74, 78
Dover, 46–48, 50, 70, 71
Dutchess County, 44, 45–50
Sullivan’s trial and execution in, 73–79
New York City, 182
banknote counterfeiting in, 196
banks in, 169, 192–93, 202
British capture of, 84
economy of, 75
industrialization of, 198
Panic of 1837 and, 169
Panic of 1857 and, 193
population of, 75, 196
unemployment in, 194
Wall Street in, 130, 182, 192, 193, 194, 200, 256–57
-New-York Gazette, 55, 76
New York Herald, 184
-New-York Mercury, 55
New York Stock & Exchange Board, 130
New York Times, 227, 231, 248
New York Tribune, 206, 227
New York World, 232
Niagara River, 97, 98, 99, 107
Nichols, Abigail, 67, 68
Nichols, Joseph, 67, 68
Nixon, Richard M., 254
Noble, Philander, 100–102, 106–16, 121, 123, 124, 125, 135, 153, 182
North American and United States Gazette, 176
North Korea, 255
Norwalk, Conn., 67, 68
Notes of a Voyage to California via Cape Horn, Together with Scenes in El Dorado, in the Years 1849–’50, 185–86, 234
Nova Scotia, 19, 32, 33, 61
Oblong area, 46–50, 51–52, 54, 66, 67, 69–71, 78, 245
Ogdensburg, N.Y., 109–10
Ohio, 132
Ohio Life Insurance and Trust Company, 193
Ohio River, 95
Old Capitol Prison, 243–45
Ontario, 98
Oregon, 170
orphans, 141
Osceola, 183, 185–87, 188
Pacific News, 190
Paine, Thomas, 86, 103, 110, 112, 254, 256
panics, 252
of 1819, 130, 132–33, 134, 140, 146, 160, 161, 164, 169, 182, 247
of 1837, 169
of 1857, 192, 193–95, 199
of 1907, 252, 253
panthers, 47
paper money, 3–5, 16, 79–87, 134, 185, 213, 215, 238, 240, 251–52
banknotes, see banknotes
class system and, 25
Confederate, see Confederate currency
Continental Congress’s printing of, 5, 82–84, 85, 176–77, 215
continentals, 82–84, 85, 103, 176–77, 179, 215, 240
creation of uniform national currency, 2, 213, 215, 236–40, 241, 249–50
crude quality of, 4
and Currency Act of 1751, 80
and Currency Act of 1764, 81
debates on, 5, 20–25, 86
engraving techniques for, see engraving techniques
Federal Reserve Notes, 254, 256
Franklin as advocate of, 22–24
Franklin’s design and printing of, 23, 64, 83, 255–56
French and Indian War and, 79, 80
future of, 256
-government-printed, as legal tender, 213–15, 216
government printing of, and Constitution, 214, 215
increase in amount of, 111, 195
increase in different types of, 115, 195
inflation and, see inflation
intangible nature of, 24–25, 86, 103, 213, 256–57
Jackson and, 164–65, 168, 185
legal tender status of, 80, 81, 83, 85, 87, 103, 107, 213–15, 216, 217, 236, 237
local trade facilitated by, 18, 23–24, 36, 45, 79, 161, 170
in Massachusetts, 16–22, 31, 32, 36, 52–53, 79, 87, 102, 168, 251
national, 213, 215
Paine’s view of, 86, 103, 110, 112, 254
in Pennsylvania, 23
precious metals and, see precious metals
profits made in exchanging, 116, 117–18
proliferation of different currencies, 5
regional money markets and, 52–53
religious arguments against, 24–25
in Rhode Island, 41, 69, 80, 102
as sacrosanct, 250
states’ printing of, 84, 87, 103
travelers’ exchanging of, 71
Treasury bonds and notes, 112, 200–201, 213, 215, 216
United States Notes, 213, 253–54
value of, 4–7, 19, 22, 24, 80, 83, 115–16, 171, 213, 240, 254
Washington on, 86
passers, 15–16, 50, 51, 55, 196, 206, 246, 247
soldiers as, 208
Pennsylvania, 23, 61, 91, 107–11, 115–17, 119, 144–45, 147, 160–61, 247
Bedford, see Bedford, Pa.
Bellefonte, 107–10, 111, 114, 116, 152–56
Chambersburg, 145–46, 149, 150, 151
colonization in, 95, 96
Pennsylvania (cont.)
Jackson and, 164
Lewis memoir and, 158–59, 158–59, 164
Philadelphia, see Philadelphia, Pa.
Pittsburgh, 113, 116, 140
Pennsylvania Agricultural and Manufacturing Bank, 145
Peoples, Jim, 92, 93
Pepperrell, William, 35
Peru, 255
Philadelphia, Pa., 91, 95, 103, 126, 133, 247
Centennial Exhibition in, 234–35, 250
industrialization of, 198
Lewis’s imprisonment in, 126–30, 136
Walnut Street Jail in, 127–29, 131, 136, 148
unemployment in, 130
Philadelphia Bank, 116, 117, 118
Philadelphia Inquirer, 176–77, 178, 179, 205, 211–12, 235
Pinkerton, Allan, 6, 242, 243
Pittsburgh, Pa., 113, 116, 140
Pittsburgh Gazette, 140–41
Plymouth, Vt., 101
Polk, James K., 184
Pope, John, 208–9, 210
Portuguese settlers, 3
precious metals, 130, 169, 170, 185, 240, 253–54, 256
banknotes and, 103, 106, 110, 111–12, 130, 131–32, 162
Confederate currency and, 202
gold, see gold
Jackson and, 164–65, 168
silver, 3, 4, 17, 19, 20–24, 36, 52, 80, 83, 86, 87, 103, 106, 110, 112, 130, 131, 168, 200, 202, 213–15
Treasury notes and, 201, 213
see also coins, coinage
Pressley, B. C., 220, 223
Prevost, George, 98
printers, 15–16, 50
Printing House Square, 227, 229
Providence, R.I., 38–46, 69
Quebec, 17, 251
Queenston, 99
Raguet, Condy, 144–45
railroads, 5, 194, 195, 196
raised bills, 115
Read, George, 86
Reformer, 27
Reid, John, 123
Remington and Sons, 235
Revolutionary War, 82–85, 240, 251
Rhode Island, 51–52
counterfeit currency of, 39–42, 44–45, 49, 51–52, 54, 64, 69
paper money printed by, 41, 69, 80, 102
Providence, 38–46, 69
&
nbsp; Richardson, John, 219–20, 221
Richmond, Va., 204–6, 209, 218–21, 223–24
wartime conditions in, 224
Richmond Daily Dispatch, 205, 207, 210, 219
Riddle, Samuel, 121, 122, 124, 125, 126
Ridgefield, Conn., 67–68, 73
Rio de Janeiro, 199
Rodney, Caesar, 150–51
Rogers, Robert, 56–64
Rogers’ Rangers, 63
Roosevelt, Franklin D., 254
Sacramento, Calif., 190–91
Sacramento Transcript, 190–91
St. Lawrence River, 109
St. Louis, Mo., 247
Salem, N.Y., 66, 67
Sanford, David, 66–69, 75
San Francisco, Calif., 188, 189, 234
Committee of Vigilance in, 241, 242
-Sea-Flower, 29–30
Second Bank of the United States, 130–32, 133, 141, 161–63, 165–68, 170, 176, 182, 238, 253
Second Confiscation Act, 222
Secret Service, 1–2, 6, 245–49, 250, 252, 255
creation of, 2, 245, 246
criminal records of members of, 247
servants, indentured, on transatlantic journeys, 28, 30–31
Seward, William H., 180, 211, 212, 241, 242
Shays, Daniel, 85
Shelley, Mary, 127
Shelley, Percy Bysshe, 127
Shepard, William, 101, 154–55
Sherman, John, 237–39
Sherman, William Tecumseh, 209, 234, 237
shinplasters, 206, 207, 216–17
Shipman, William Davis, 248
Shirley, William, 19, 32–33, 49, 62
Shoaff, James, 117–18
silver, 3, 4, 17, 19, 20–24, 36, 52, 80, 83, 86, 87, 103, 106, 110, 112, 130, 131, 168, 200, 202, 213–15
see also coins, coinage
Simmons (German immigrant), 142–43
Sinnemahoning Creek, 153–54, 155, 156
slavery, 197, 199, 200, 210, 222
abolitionists and, 197, 198, 199, 200
Emancipation Proclamation and, 222, 226
Second Confiscation Act and, 222
Smith, James, 113
Snyder, Simon, 111
“Song of the Argonauts; or, the Days of’-Forty-nine” (Upham), 234
South, 198–99
economy of, 210
secession of, 198, 199, 202, 214
tensions between North and, 196–97
see also Confederate States of America
South Carolina, 4, 198, 202
Spanish settlers, 3
Spaulding, Elbridge, 237
specie, see coins, coinage
Specie Circular, 168–69
speculators, 105–6, 130, 132, 145, 165, 168, 185, 210, 216, 252
spurious money, 115
spying, 241–42, 246
Stamp Act, 81, 82
Stanton, Edwin M., 211, 212, 230, 231
state banks, 106–7, 133, 161–65, 167–69, 236–39, 253
states’ rights, 197, 214, 216, 238
steam engine, 234
Stephens, Alexander Hamilton, 223
Stephens, Nicholas, 38, 39, 41–45, 59, 246
Stevens, Thaddeus, 215, 237
Stockton, Calif., 189
