3,768
1903
1,523
1,459
2,982
1904
1,284
1,392
2,676
For the period of restriction, these totals include Chinese “immigrants” from all ports and
“return” immigrants from San Francisco only, so this is an undercount. During all periods,
admission numbers include Chinese who entered the United States multiple times and do not
include Chinese who immigrated undetected across the U.S.- Canadian or U.S.- Mexican borders
or those who entered while “in transit” elsewhere. For all years where there are inconsistent federal and state statistics, I have used the largest numbers reported. Chinese immigrated to the United States before 1850, but only in small numbers. Annual totals were counted in June of each year, with the exception of 1882 when totals were tabulated on August 4 as the Restriction Act went into effect. The year 1889 has been included in the Restriction Period because the vast majority of immigrants that year arrived before the 1888 Exclusion Act went into effect. From 1883 to 1904, totals do not include “in transit” Chinese.
Compiled by the author from the following sources: For the years from 1851 to 1882, see Mary
Roberts Coo lidge, Chinese Immigration (New York: Henry Holt, 1909), 498. For the years from 1883 to 1891, see Trea sury Department, “Letter from the Secretary of the Trea sury . . . statement of arrivals of Chinese at the port of San Francisco,” 51st Cong., 1st sess., Ex. Doc. 97 (April 12, 1890) and Commissioner- General of Immigration, Annual Report of the Commissioner- General of
Immigration for the Fiscal Year Ended June 30, 1903 (Washington, DC: Government Printing Office, 1903), 34–37, 110–111. For 1892, see Bureau of Statistics, Annual Report and Statements of the Chief of the Bureau of Statistics on the Foreign Commerce, Navigation, Immigration and Tonnage of the U.S. for the year ending June 30, 1892, 52d Cong., 2d Sess., 3102 Ex. Doc. 6 (November 29, 1892). For 1893, see Trea sury Department, Immigration and Passenger Movement at Ports of the United States during the year ending June 30, 1894, 53rd Cong., 3rd Sess., 3317 H.R. Ex. Doc. 6
(January 2, 1895). For the years from 1894 to 1904, see William Williams, Annual Report of the Commissioner- General of Immigration, 58th Cong., 3rd sess., H.R. Doc. No. 404 (1904), Chart 2.
ABBREVIATIONS
NEWSPAPERS
DAC
Daily Alta California
LAH
Los Angeles Herald
LAT
Los Angeles Times
MDA
Marysville Daily Appeal
NYT
New York Times
SDC
Seattle Daily Call
SDRU
Sacramento Daily Record- Union
SFCA
San Francisco Daily Call
SFCH
San Francisco Chronicle
SPI
Seattle Post- Intelligencer
TDL
Tacoma Daily Ledger
TR
Truckee Republican
GOVERNMENT REC ORDS
ARCGI
Annual Report of the Commissioner General of Immigration,
58th Cong., 2d Sess., Doc. No. 758 (1903)
RGWT
Watson C. Squire, “Report of the Governor of Washington
Territory, made to the Secretary of the Interior”
(Washington, DC: Government Printing Office, 1886)
RJSCCI
Report of the Joint Special Committee to Investigate Chinese
Immigration. February 28, 1877 (New York: Arno, 1978)
USC / CA
United States Census, California
USC / WA
United States Census, Washington State
255
256 ABBREVIATIONS
USC / WT
United States Census, Washington Territory
USCS / ALB
A. L. Blake Diaries, Rec ords of the U.S. Customs Ser vice,
RG36, National Archives and Rec ords Administration,
Pacific Alaska Region, Seattle, WA
USCS / CM
Re: Chinese Matters, Rec ords of the U.S. Customs Ser vice,
RG36, National Archives and Rec ords Administration,
Pacific Alaska Region, Seattle, WA
USCS / IE
Immigration Entry 134 transferred from the U.S. Customs
Ser vice, RG85, National Archives and Rec ords Administra-
tion, Washington, DC
USCS / RDC
Reports of Deputy Collectors and Inspectors, Osooyos, Fort
Colville, Sehome and Seattle, 1882–1885, Rec ords of the U.S.
Customs Ser vice, RG36, National Archives and Rec ords
Administration, Pacific Alaska Region, Seattle, WA
USCS / SJS
San Juan Islands Subport, Rec ords of the U.S. Customs
Ser vice, RG36, National Archives and Rec ords Administra-
tion, Pacific Alaska Region, Seattle, WA
USDS / DCO
Despatches from U.S. Consular Offices, Canton, China,
1790–1906, M101, General Rec ords of the Department of
State, RG59, National Archives and Rec ords Administration,
Washington, DC
USDS / DDO
Despatches from Diplomatic Offices, China, 1789–1906,
M92, General Rec ords of the Department of State, RG59,
National Archives and Rec ords Administration, Wash-
ington, DC
USDS / ML
Miscellaneous Letters of the Department of State, 1789–
1906, M179, roll 707, General Rec ords of the Department of
State, RG59, National Archives and Rec ords Administration,
Washington, DC
WSA / TDC
Territorial District Court, Washington State Archives, Puget
Sound Regional Branch, Bellevue, WA
INSTITUTIONAL AND PERSONAL PAPERS
SCP
Sucheng Chan Papers, Immigration History Research Center
Archives, University of Minnesota, Twin Cities
ABBREVIATIONS
257
SRR
Survey of Race Relations, Hoover Institute, Stanford
University, CA
TB
Thomas Burke Papers, Special Collections, University of
Washington, Seattle
WCS
Watson C. Squire Papers, Special Collections, University of
Washington, Seattle
WJ / CGH
Willard Jue Papers, Chin Gee Hee Subgroup, Special
Collections, University of Washington Libraries, Seattle
ZS
Zhu Shijia, Meiguo pohai hua gong shiliao [Historical
Materials Concerning Amer ica’s Persecution of Chinese
Laborers] (Beijing: Zhonghua shuju, 1958)
NOTES
INTRODUCTION
Throughout the book, I use romanized versions of Chinese names as they
appear in the original sources. Since nineteenth- century romanization was
haphazard, con temporary spellings of the same name can vary considerably.
When this occurs, I use the most common version. Typically, Chinese surnames
precede proper names. When it is difficult to determine a Chinese surname, I
employ the name in its entirety throughout the text. To this general rule I
make one exception. When writing about prominent individuals or place
names, I use the more recent and standardized Pinyin romanization system. In
these instances, I note the nineteenth- century romanization at first mention in
the text.
1. Tak [Tuck] Nam, “Affidavit in the Matter of the Expulsion of the Chinese
from Tacoma,” Watson Squire to Thomas Bayard and Secretary of the
Interior (and enclosed documents), July
17, 1886, USDS / ML. [Comma
inserted by the author for clarity.]
2. This count refers to the number of sites of anti- Chinese vio lence, not
the number of individual incidents. Most locations experienced multiple
incidents. This list, which is not exhaustive, was compiled based on
“Newspaper Clippings,” box 7 and 8, SCP; Liping Zhu, A Chinaman’s
Chance: The Chinese on the Rocky Mountain Mining Frontier (Boulder:
University of Colorado Press, 1997), 171; Jean Pfaelzer, Driven Out: The
Forgotten War Against Chinese Americans (New York: Random House,
2007), 256–290; Sucheng Chan, Asian Americans: An Interpretive History
(Boston: Twayne, 1991), 51; NYT, March 1, 1886; John Wunder, “Anti-
Chinese Vio lence in the American West, 1850–1910,” in Law for the
Elephant, Law for the Beaver: Essays in the Legal History of the North
American West, ed. John McLaren, Hamar Foster, and Chet Orloff
259
260
NOTES TO PAGES 1–3
(Pasadena, CA: Canadian Plains Research Center, 1992), 214–231; Patrick
Joseph Healy and Poon Chew Ng, A Statement for Non- Exclusion (San
Francisco, 1905), 224–244: Bennet Bronson and Chuimei Ho, Coming
Home in Gold Brocade: Chinese in Early Northwest Amer i ca (Seattle, WA:
Chinese in Northwest Amer ica Research Committee, 2015); and digital
searches of the New York Times, Los Angeles Times, Los Angeles Herald,
Marysville Daily Appeal, Daily Alta California, San Francisco Chronicle, and
San Francisco Call.
3. Jonathon Glassman, War of Words, War of Stones: Racial Thought and
Vio lence in Colonial Zanzibar (Bloomington: University of Indiana Press,
2011); Andrew Bell- Fialkoff, Ethnic Cleansing (New York: St. Martin’s,
1996); Donald L. Horo witz, The Deadly Ethnic Riot (Berkeley: University
of California Press, 2003).
4. Richard Maxwell Brown, Strain of Vio lence: Historical Studies of American
Vio lence and Vigilantism (New York: Oxford University Press, 1975);
Christopher Waldrep, The Many Faces of Judge Lynch: Extralegal Vio lence
and Punishment in Amer i ca (New York: Palgrave MacMillan, 2002);
Michael J. Pfeifer, Rough Justice: Lynching and American Society, 1874–1947
(Urbana: University of Illinois Press, 2004); Benjamin Madley, An
American Genocide: The United States and the California Indian Catastrophe
(New Haven, CT: Yale University Press, 2016); Karl Jacoby, Shadows at
Dawn: An Apache Massacre and the Vio lence of History (New York: Penguin
Books, 2008).
5. For the treatment of Asian American history in U.S. textbooks, see
Okiyoshi Takeda, “A Forgotten Minority? A Content Analy sis of Asian
Pacific Americans in Introductory American Government Textbooks,”
Ps- Political Science & Politics 48, no. 3 (2015): 430–439. On the “forgotten”
anti- Chinese vio lence, see Pfaelzer, Driven Out, xxiv– xxix. Anti- Mexican
and anti- Mormon vio lence in the United States is also often overlooked;
see William D. Carrigan and Clive Webb, Forgotten Dead: Mob Vio lence
against Mexicans in the United States, 1848–1928 (Oxford: Oxford
University Press, 2013) and Patrick Q. Mason, The Mormon Menace:
Vio lence and Anti- Mormonism in the Postbellum South (Oxford: Oxford
University Press, 2011).
6. For the Chinese population, see Mary Roberts Coo lidge, Chinese
Immigration (New York: Henry Holt, 1909), 498–504. Mary Gaylord,
Eastern Washington’s Past: Chinese and Other Pioneers 1860–1910
([Washington, D.C.]: U.S. Department of Agriculture, 1993), 66, 84–85; R.
NOTES TO PAGES 3–6
261
Gregory Nokes, Massacred for Gold: The Chinese in Hells Canyon (Corvallis:
Oregon State University Press, 2009); NYT, September 23, 1885; Daily
Miner, April 17, 1885; Chicago Tribune, March 6, 1886; Stewart E. Tolnay
and E. M. Beck, A Festival of Vio lence: An Analy sis of Southern Lynchings,
1882–1930 (Urbana: University of Illinois Press, 1995), 48–50, 269; Madley,
An American Genocide, 375–480; John Mack Faragher, Eternity Street:
Vio lence and Justice in Frontier Los Angeles (New York: W. W. Norton,
2016), 463–480; LAT, July 12, 1887; Richard Steven Street, Beasts of the
Field: A Narrative History of California Farmworkers, 1769–1913 (Stanford,
CA: Stanford University Press, 2004), 358.
7. Coo lidge, Chinese Immigration, 500; USC / WT 1885, 1887; DAC,
February 13, 1886; Larry Hosley, interview with the author, February 22,
2009, Tacoma, WA.
8. The only federal restrictions on immigration before 1875 were the Alien
Enemies and Alien Friends Acts of 1789; an 1803 act prohibiting the
importation into select states of “any negro, mulatto, or other person of
colour, not being a native, a citizen, or registered seaman, of the United
States, or seamen, natives of countries beyond the Cape of Good Hope” and
vari ous regulations of the slave trade. “An Act respecting alien enemies,”
(Alien Enemies Act) chap. 66, 1 Stat. 570 (July 6, 1798); “An Act concerning
aliens,” (Alien Friends Act), chap. 58, 1 Stat. 577 (June 25, 1798); “An Act to
prevent the importation of certain persons into certain states, where, by the
laws thereof, their admission is prohibited,” chap. 10, 2 Stat. 205
(February 28, 1803); “An Act to prohibit the importation of slaves,” chap. 22,
2 Stat. 426 (March 2, 1807). Hidetaka Hirota, Expelling the Poor: Atlantic
Seaboard States and the 19th- Century Origins of American Immigration Policy
(New York: Oxford University Press, 2017); Brendan P. O’Malley,
“Protecting the Stranger: The Origins of U.S. Immigration Regulation in
Nineteenth- Century New York” (Ph.D. diss., City University of New York,
2015); Kunal M. Parker, Making Foreigners: Immigration and Citizenship Law
in Amer i ca, 1600–2000 (New York: Cambridge University Press, 2015); David
Scott FitzGerald and David Cook- Martin, Cul ing the Masses: The Demo-
cratic Origins of Racist Immigration Policy in the Amer i cas (Cambridge, MA:
Harvard University Press, 2014); Aristide R. Zolberg, A Nation by Design:
Immigration Policy in the Fashioning of Amer i ca (Cambridge, MA: Harvard
University Press, 2008), 168–175.
9. James Wickersham to Herbert Hunt, April 21, 1916, folder 6, Wickersham
Collection, Washington State Historical Society, Tacoma.
262
NOTES TO PAGES 6–7
10. Elliott West, “Reconstructing Race,” Western Historical Quarterly 34, no. 1
(Spring 2003): 7–26; Najia Aarim- Heriot, Chinese Immigrants, African
Americans, and Racial Anxiety in the United States, 1848–82 (Urbana:
University of Illinois Press, 2006); Evelyn Nakano Glenn, Unequal
Freedom: How Race and Gender Shaped American Citizenship and Labor
(Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 2004); Richard White, “Race
Relations in the American West,” American Quarterly 38, no. 3 (1986):
396–416; Desmond S. King and Rogers M. Smith, “Racial Orders in
American Po liti cal Development,” American Po liti cal Science Review 99,
no. 1 (February 2005): 75–92; D. Michael Bottoms, An Aristocracy of
Color: Race and Reconstruction in California
and the West, 1850–1890
(Norman: University of Oklahoma Press, 2013); Joshua Paddison, American
Heathens: Religion, Race and Reconstruction in California (Berkeley:
University of California Press, 2012); Edlie L. Wong, Racial Reconstruction:
Black Inclusion, Chinese Exclusion, and the Fictions of Citizenship (New
York: New York University Press, 2015); Natalia Molina, How Race Is Made
in Amer i ca: Immigration, Citizenship, and the Historical Power of Racial
Scripts (Berkeley: University of California Press, 2014).
11. Gordon H. Chang, “China and the Pursuit of Amer ica’s Destiny:
Nineteenth- Century Imaginings and Why Immigration Restriction Took
So Long,” Journal of Asian American Studies 15, no. 2 (June 2012): 145–169.
12. For this purpose, the U.S. West includes California, Oregon, Washington
Territory, Idaho Territory, Nevada, Utah Territory, Arizona Territory, New
Mexico Territory, Colorado, Wyoming Territory, and Montana Territory.
California, Oregon, and Washington had the largest number of Chinese,
a combined 83 percent of the Chinese population. Coo lidge, Chinese
Immigration, 501.
13. Tak [Tuck] Nam, “Affidavit,” in Watson Squire to Thomas Bayard (and
enclosed documents), July 17, 1886, USDS / ML.
14. On vio lence in politics, see Steven Hahn, A Nation under Our Feet: Black
Po liti cal Strug gles in the Rural South from Slavery to the Great Migration
(Cambridge, MA: Belknap Press of Harvard University Press, 2003), 266;
Gregory P. Downs and Kate Masur, eds. The World the Civil War Made
(Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 2015), 1–17. On territorial
status, see Jack Ericson Eblen, The First and Second United States Empires,
1784–1912 (Pittsburgh: University of Pittsburgh Press, 1968); Earl S.
Pomeroy, The Territories and the United States, 1861–1890: Studies in Colonial
Administration (Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press, 1947).
NOTES TO PAGE 8
263
15. “Alien, adj. and n. ” OED Online, accessed March 2017, http:// www.oed
. com / view / Entry / 4988 ? rskey=hGViDP&result=1&isAdvanced=false.
Historians have been more attentive to the formal and social status of
citizens than to noncitizens. For the U.S. citizen, see James H. Kettner, The
Development of American Citizenship, 1608–1870 (Chapel Hill: University of
North Carolina Press, 1978); Rogers M. Smith, Civil Ideals: Conflicting
The Chinese Must Go Page 37
