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by Beth Lew-Williams


  to Chinese Consul at San Francisco, October 20, 1885, part 2, item 9, in ZS,

  80–81.

  34. U.S. v. Daniel Cronin et al., case file no. 4702 (King County, 1885),

  WSA / TDC.

  35. Zheng Zaoru to Imperial Court, February 16, 1886, part 3, item 6, ZS, 111–112.

  36. Chang Yen Hoon to Thomas Bayard, Washington, March 3, 1888, doc. 254,

  Papers Relating to the Foreign Relations of the United States, Part I, ed.

  Jules Davids (Wilmington, DE: Scholarly Resources, 1979), 389–390;

  Zhang Yinhaun (Cheng Yen Hoon), Sanzhou riji [Diary of the Three

  Continents] 1896, entry for March 3, 1888.

  37. Chang Yen Hoon to the Chinese Legation, May 4, 1886, Notes from the

  Chinese Legation in the United States to the Department of State, 1863–1906

  (microfilm), vol. 2, no. 98, RG39 M98, Pacific Regional Branch of the

  National Archives, San Bruno, CA. For similar petitions for protection

  from San Francisco, see Zhang Zhidong to Imperial Court, June 16, 1886,

  part 3, item 14, ZS, 115–119.

  38. Chang Yen Hoon to the Chinese Legation, February 7, 1887, Notes from the

  Chinese Legation in the United States to the Department of State, 1863–1906

  (microfilm), vol. 2, no. 98, RG39 M98, Pacific Regional Branch of the

  National Archives, San Bruno, CA.

  39. Henry Yu, “The Intermittent Rhythms of the Cantonese Pacific,” in

  Connecting Seas and Connected Ocean Rims: Indian, Atlantic, and Pacific

  Oceans and China Seas Migrations from the 1830s to the 1930s, ed. Donna

  Gabaccia and Dirk Hoerder (Leiden: Brill, 2011), 393–414; Gunther Peck,

  Reinventing Free Labor: Padrones and Immigrant Workers in the North

  American West, 1880–1930 (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2000),

  50–57; Stevens, “Brokers between Worlds,” 145–146; Hudson N. Janisch,

  “The Chinese, the Courts, and the Constitution: A Study of the Legal

  Issues Raised by Chinese Immigration to the United States, 1850–1902”

  (doctoral diss., University of Chicago Law School, 1971), 529, 353.

  40. Kee Low, interview by C. H. Burnett, August 4, 1924, box 27, no. 179, SRR.

  41. Ibid.; Jules Alexander Karlin, “The Anti- Chinese Outbreaks in Seattle,

  1885–1886,” Pacific Northwest Quarterly 39, no. 2 (April 1948): 103–130;

  296

  NOTES TO PAGES 109–113

  Wynne, Reaction to the Chinese in the Pacific Northwest, 260; SDC,

  February 8, 1886; Thomas Burke to Hon. H. F. Beecher, Collector,

  February 15, 1886, box 22, file 17, TB; Wan Lee, “Writ of Habeas Corpus, ”

  case file no. 4819 (King County Court, 1886), WSA / TDC. Wan Lee

  himself eventually deci ded to leave the territory. Thomas Burke to H. F.

  Beecher, February 15, 1886, box 22, file 17, TB.

  42. Kee Low, interview by C. H. Burnett; Arthur S. Beardsley, “ Lawyers and

  Anti- Chinese Riots,” in The Bench and Bar of Washington, The First Fifty

  Years, 1849–1900 (unpublished manuscript), box 1, file 37, Arthur S.

  Beardsley Collection, Washington State Historical Society, Olympia,

  WA; Karlin, “The Anti- Chinese Outbreaks in Seattle,” 119–121; Wynne,

  Reaction to the Chinese in the Pacific Northwest, 262.

  43. Kee Low, interview by C. H. Burnett.

  44. Ibid. “John” or “John Chinaman” was a common moniker for Chinese

  mi grants.

  45. Wynne, Reaction to the Chinese in the Pacific Northwest.

  46. Chin Cheung, interview by C. H. Burnett, August 21, 1924, box 27,

  no. 187, SRR. For moments of worker re sis tance to expulsion, see Jeffrey

  Alan Dettmann, “Anti- Chinese Vio lence in the American Northwest:

  From Community Politics to International Diplomacy” (Ph.D. diss.,

  University of Texas, 2002), 56–57, 128–129, 169.

  47. Kee Low, interview by C. H. Burnett. See also J. S. Look, interview by

  C. H. Burnett, August 13, 1924, box 27, no. 182, SRR.

  48. MDA, February 2, 1886.

  49. Cheng Tsao Ju to Mr. Bayard, February 15, 1886, doc. 33, in Jules Davis,

  ed., American Diplomatic and Public Papers: The United States and China,

  Series 2, The United States, China, and Imperial Rivalries, 1861– 1893

  (Wilmington, DE: Scholarly Resources, 1979), 12:174.

  50. Zhang Yinhuan (Chang Yin- haun) to Imperial Court, August 14, 1886,

  part 2, item 21, ZS, 94–96; Zhang Yinhuan to American Foreign

  Ministry, August 14, 1886, item 22, ZS, 96–98; “Regulations of Chinese

  Labor,” 1886, part 2, item 23, ZS, 98–99; Zhang Yinhuan to Imperial

  Court, memorial, May 18, 1888, part 3, item 22, ZS, 123–124.

  .

  4 THE PEOPLE

  1. Lynwood Carranco, “Chinese Expulsion from Humboldt County,” Pacific

  Historical Review 30, no. 4 (November 1961): 329–340; Jean Pfaelzer, Driven

  NOTES TO PAGES 114–116

  297

  Out: The Forgotten War against Chinese Americans (New York: Random

  House, 2007), 121–166; James Beith, “Diary,” February 8, 1885, vol. 7

  (Banc film 3088), Bancroft Library, Berkeley, CA.

  2. As quoted by SDRU, February 13, 1885; James Beith, “Diary,” vol. 7 (Banc

  film 3088) February 8, 1885.

  3. James Beith, “Diary,” vol. 7 (Banc film 3088), February 8, 1885,

  September 11, 1886.

  4. Jonathon Glassman, War of Words, War of Stones: Racial Thought and

  Vio lence in Colonial Zanzibar (Bloomington: Indiana University

  Press, 2011), 20, 233–240; Paul R. Brass, ed., Riots and Pogroms (London:

  MacMillan, 1996), 42–44; Lisa Arellano, Vigilantes and Lynch Mobs:

  Narratives of Community and Nation (Philadelphia: Temple University

  Press, 2012).

  5. Eiko Maruko Siniawer, Ruffians, Yakuza, Nationalists: The Violent Politics

  of Modern Japan, 1860–1960 (Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press, 2008),

  5–6; Charles Tilly, The Politics of Collective Vio lence (Cambridge:

  Cambridge University Press, 2003), 204; Sudhir Kakar, The Colors of

  Vio lence: Cultural Identities, Religion, and Conflict (Chicago: University of

  Chicago Press, 1996), 46; Veena Das, Mirrors of Vio lence: Communities,

  Riots and Survivors in South Asia (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1990)

  21–22; Charles Tilly, The Contentious French: Four Centuries of Popu lar

  Strug gle (Cambridge, MA: Belknap Press of Harvard University Press,

  1986), 360; James C. Scott, Weapons of the Weak: Everyday Forms of Peasant

  Re sis tance (New Haven, CT: Yale University Press, 1987).

  6. Glassman, War of Words, War of Stones, 233; Neil Smith, “Contours of a

  Spatialized Politics: Homeless Vehicles and the Production of Geographic

  Scale,” Social Text 33 (1992): 54–81; Neil Brenner, “Beyond State-

  Centrism? Space, Territoriality, and Geo graph ical Scale in Globalization

  Studies,” Theory and Society 28, no. 1 (1999): 39–78; Willem van Schendel,

  “Geographies of Knowing, Geographies of Ignorance: Jumping Scale in

  Southeast Asia,” Environmental and Planning D: Society and Space 20, no. 6

  (2002): 647–668.

  7. On ethnic cleansing, see Andrew Bell- Flalkoff, Ethnic Cleansing (New

  York: St. Martin’s, 1996), 1–3; Michael Mann, The Dark Side of Democracy:

  Explaining Ethnic Cleansing (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press,

  2005), 11. On the nature of expulsion, see Matthe
w F. Fitzpatrick, Purging

  the Empire: Mass Expulsions in Germany, 1871–1914 (Oxford: Oxford

  University Press, 2015), 3–5.

  298

  NOTES TO PAGES 116–118

  8. Jeff Goodwin, “A Theory of Categorical Terrorism,” Social Forces 84, no. 4

  (2006): 2029; Grant Wardlaw, Po liti cal Terrorism: Theory, Tactics, and

  Counter- Measures (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1982), 9–16.

  9.

  TDL, September 3, 1885.

  10. TDL, September 5, 1885; Harper’s Weekly, October 17, 1885; NYT,

  September 26, 1885.

  11. Margaret Kolb Holden, “The Rise and Fall of Oregon Pop u lism: Legal

  Theory, Po liti cal Culture and Public Policy, 1868–1895” (Ph.D. diss.,

  University of Virginia, 1993), 378.

  12. Kim Voss, The Making of American Exceptionalism: The Knights of Labor

  and Class Formation in the Nineteenth Century (Ithaca, NY: Cornell

  University Press, 1993), 3; Tamara Venit Shelton, A Squatter’s Republic:

  Land and the Politics of Mono poly in California, 1850–1900 (Berkeley:

  University of California Press, 2013); Charles Postel, The Populist Vision

  (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2007), 133; Hans Birger Thorelli, The

  Federal Antitrust Policy: Origination of an American Tradition (Stockholm:

  P. A. Norstedt och söner, 1954), 147–148; Leon Fink, Workingmen’s

  Democracy: The Knights of Labor and American Politics (Urbana: University

  of Illinois Press, 1983); Robert E. Weir, Beyond Labor’s Veil: The Culture of

  the Knights of Labor (University Park: Pennsylvania State University Press,

  1996); Robert E. Weir, “Blind in One Eye Only: Western and Eastern

  Knights of Labor View the Chinese Question,” Labor History 41, no. 4

  (2000): 421–436; Richard White, Railroaded: The Transcontinentals and the

  Making of Modern Amer i ca (New York: W. W. Norton, 2011), 293–305;

  Alexander Saxton, The Indispensable Enemy: Labor and the Anti- Chinese

  Movement in California, 2nd ed. (Berkeley: University of California Press,

  1995), 40; Robert Eugene Mack, “The Seattle and Tacoma Anti- Chinese

  Riots of 1885 and 1886” (bachelor’s thesis, Harvard University, 1972), 10.

  For an example of Knights of Labor participation in the anti- Chinese

  movement, see SDC, September 21 and 22, 1885. Carlos Schwantes argues

  that, while officially organ izing for the Knights of Labor, Cronin was also

  recruiting members for the International Workers Association (IWA),

  a secret and radical workingmen’s group based in San Francisco; see

  Carlos A. Schwantes, “From Anti- Chinese Agitation to Reform

  Politics: The Legacy of the Knights of Labor in Washington and the

  Pacific Northwest,” Pacific Northwest Quarterly 88, no. 4 (1997): 174–184.

  13. SDC, December 1, 1885; SPI, January 17, 1886; Robert Edward Wynne,

  Reaction to the Chinese in the Pacific Northwest and British Columbia,

  NOTES TO PAGES 119–123

  299

  1850–1910 (New York: Arno, 1978), 243; Schwantes, “From Anti- Chinese

  Agitation to Reform Politics,” 175.

  14. A. E. Handford, “Affidavit in the matter of Coal Creek,” in Watson Squire

  to Thomas Bayard (and enclosed documents), July 17, 1886, USDS / ML;

  Carlos A. Schwantes, The Pacific Northwest: An Interpretive History

  (Lincoln: University of Nebraska Press, 1989), 251–257.

  15. George W. France, Strug gles for Life and Home in the North- West: By a

  Pioneer Homebuilder, Life 1866–1889 (New York, 1890), 529.

  16. SDC, December 1, 1885.

  17. SDC, November 20, 1885; October 2, 1885; see also SDC, September 25, 26, 1885; Amy Dru Stanley, From Bondage to Contract: Wage Labor, Marriage,

  and the Market in the Age of Slave Emancipation (Cambridge: Cambridge

  University Press, 1998), ix–xi, 1–3. SDC, October 2, September 25, 26, 1885;

  Moon- Ho Jung, Coolies and Cane: Race, Labor and Sugar in the Age of

  Emancipation (Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 2006), 6–9.

  18. SDC, September 21, October 10, 27, 1885.

  19. James Wickersham to Herbert Hunt, April 21, 1916, folder 6, Wickersham

  Collection, Washington State Historical Society, Tacoma.

  20. SDC, September 25, 1885; TDL, October 3, 1885; TDL, August 26, 1885; SDC, November 16, 1885.

  21. SDC, October 26, September 26, 1885.

  22. TDL, September 22, 1885; SDC, November 3, September 22, 1885.

  23. SDC, October 19, November 2, 1885. It is not surprising that members of

  the press participated in the parade instead of simply observing it. Prolabor

  newspapers in the territory (including the Seattle Daily Call, the Tacoma

  Daily Ledger, and the Tacoma Daily News) were the major mouthpieces of

  the working class and anti- Chinese movement.

  24. SDC, October 10, 1885; Edward W. Taylor, “Affidavit in the Matter of the

  Expulsion of the Chinese from Tacoma,” in Watson Squire to Thomas

  Bayard (and enclosed documents), July 17, 1886, USDS / ML.

  25. “To the Citizens of Tacoma,” October 8, 1885, in Edward N. Fuller

  Ephemera Collection, Washington State Historical Society, Tacoma; SDC,

  October 17, 1885; Taylor, “Affidavit.”

  26. SDC, October 21, October 17, 1885.

  27. TDL, November 3, 1885; Taylor, “Affidavit.”

  28. Jacob Weisbach, “Affidavit in the Matter of the Expulsion at Tacoma,” in

  Watson Squire to Thomas Bayard (and enclosed documents), July 17, 1886,

  USDS / ML. See also George Ackinson, “Affidavit in the Matter of the

  300

  NOTES TO PAGES 124–127

  Expulsion at Tacoma,” in Watson Squire to Thomas Bayard (and enclosed

  documents), July 17, 1886, USDS / ML; Lewis Byrd, “Affidavit in the Matter

  of the Expulsion at Tacoma,” in Watson Squire to Thomas Bayard (and

  enclosed documents), July 17, 1886, USDS / ML.

  29. James Wickersham to Herbert Hunt, April 21, 1916. Wickersham appears

  to have misremembered the penitentiary. In 1885, the Walla Walla

  penitentiary was only in the planning stages and McNeil Island served as

  the territory’s prison.

  30. B. R. Everetts, “Affidavit in the Matter of the Expulsion at Tacoma,” in

  Watson Squire to Thomas Bayard (and enclosed documents), July 17, 1886,

  USDS / ML.

  31. TDL, November 4, 1885; Tacoma Daily News, January 18, 1886. See also

  SDC, November 4, 1885.

  32. Linda Gordon, The Great Arizona Orphan Abduction (Cambridge, MA:

  Harvard University Press, 2001), 254–276; Arellano, Vigilantes and Lynch

  Mobs, 23; Richard Maxwell Brown, Strain of Vio lence: Historical Studies of

  American Vio lence and Vigilantism (New York: Oxford University Press,

  1975), 93; Christopher Waldrep, The Many Faces of Judge Lynch: Extralegal

  Vio lence and Punishment in Amer i ca (New York: Palgrave MacMillan,

  2002); Michael J. Pfeifer, Rough Justice: Lynching and American Society

  1874–1947 (Urbana: University of Illinois Press, 2004).

  33. Tacoma Daily News, January 18, 1886.

  34. LAT, November 8, 14, 1885. See also The Daily Gazette (Kalamazoo, MI)

  September 6, 1885; 17 Cong. Rec., 1814 (1886); SDC, November 23, 1885;

  Riverside Press and Horticulturist, December 15, 1885.

  35. Schwantes, “From Anti- Chinese Agitation to Reform Politics,” 179–182.
/>   36. DAC, February 21, 1886; TR, January 27, 1886. The Truckee Republican also explic itly advocated that Truckee should be used as a model. “How It Was

  Done,” TR, January 1, 1886. “John Chinaman” or simply “John” was often

  used colloquially to refer to the Chinese.

  37. SDRU, October 29, 1883; DAC, July 31, 1885. See also LAT, December 6, 1885; “How the Restriction Act Is Evaded,” LAT, October 20, 1885; “How

  Chinamen Get Around the Restriction Act,” DAC, November 13, 1886;

  LAH, November 24, 1883.

  38. Pfaelzer, Driven Out, 253; SDC, September 26, 1885. For other examples of anti- Chinese writers and speakers using the Restriction Act as justification

  for organ izing, see Portland Oregonian, October 7, 1885; Portland Daily

  News, October 5, 1885; Salt Lake Tribune, February 12, 1886; San Francisco

  NOTES TO PAGES 127–129

  301

  Examiner, March 5, 1886; A. A. Sargent, “Wyoming Anti- Chinese Riot,”

  Overland Monthly and Out West Magazine 6 (November 1885): 128–129;

  TDL, September 5, 1885. For an excellent discussion of newspaper coverage

  of the vio lence, see Jeffrey Dettmann, “Chinese American Vio lence in the

  American Northwest: From Community Politics to International

  Diplomacy” (Ph.D. diss., University of Texas at Austin, 2002), 56–57,

  128–129, 169.

  39. As quoted in 17 Cong. Rec., 1814 (1886); See also SDRU, May 10, 1886; TR,

  February 20, 1886; “Report of the Special Committee on the Condition of

  the Chinese Quarters” in The Chinese in San Francisco, ed. Willard B.

  Farwell (San Francisco: Board of Supervisors, 1885), 208.

  40. Beith, “Diary,” vol. 7, September 12, 1886. See also SDC, October 7, 1885;

  TR, February 20, 1886; SDRU, February 10, March 11, 1886.

  41. Terence V. Powderly, Thirty Years of Labor: 1859–1889 (Columbus, OH:

  Excelsior, 1889), 442.

  42. Erika Lee, At Amer i ca’s Gate: Chinese Immigration during the Exclusion

  Era, 1882–1943 (Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 2005),

  13, 147.

  43. SDRU, January 30, 1886; TR, February 20, 1886. In Truckee, California, a movement that began with boycott ended with arson and the death of

  three Chinese men in the fire. Wallace R. Hagaman with Steve F. Cottrell,

  The Chinese Must Go!: The Anti- Chinese Boycott, Truckee, California

  (Nevada City: Cowboy Press, 2004), 47–50; Daily Transcript, June 18, 1886.

 

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