boycott of British trade, plea for, 35–38
Committee of Correspondence, 21, 23, 32, 36, 144, 145, 146
Dorchester Heights, victory at, 335
increase of British troops in, 144
military occupation of, 32
report to Congress of siege of, 105–107
role of in resistance, 15, 32
Sons of Liberty, 18–19, 23, 42, 214
Stamp Act, protests against, 18–19
Boston Gazette, 69, 70
Boston Port Bill or Act (1774), 28, 402
Boycott of British trade
New York’s response, 33–34
Philadelphia’s response, 37–38
previous uses, 185
support of by Maryland, 38
support of by Virginia, 9, 39
Boyd, Julian, 250
Bradford, Thomas, 320
Bradford, William, 320
Bradford, William, Jr., 348
Braxton, Carter, 347, 357
Breed’s Hill, 239–241, 274
British, reaction to Congress’s Address, 181
Bullock, Archibald, 259
Bunker Hill, Battle of, 239–241, 274
Burke, Edmund, 25–26, 168, 177, 179–181, 204, 274, 276, 279
Burnett, Edmund Cody, 235
Bute, Lord (John Stuart, 3rd Earl of Bute), 166
Cabot (ship), 268
Campbell, Lord William, 285
A Candid Examination of the Mutual Claims of Great Britain and the Colonies; with a Plan of Accommodation, on Constitutional Principles (Galloway), 132
Carleton, Guy, 298
Carpenters’ Hall, 54, 80
Carter, Landon, 347
The Case of the Officers of Excise (Paine), 308
Caswell, Richard, 260
Chalmers, James, 325
Charleston, South Carolina, 268
Chase, Samuel, 6, 120, 142, 151, 268, 335, 363–364
Chatham, Lord (William Pitt, the Elder), 177–178, 204, 279
Checkley, Elizabeth, 16–17
Chew, Benjamin, 138
City Tavern, 36, 48, 54, 79, 136, 188, 247, 255
Clark, Abraham, 2
Clinton, George, 184, 198
Cochran, John, 282
Coercive Acts (1774), 28–29, 111, 401
Colden, Cadwallader, 129
Cole, Nicholas, 357
College of Philadelphia, 54
Colonial legislatures, autonomy, 13
Committee of Fifty-One, 33–34, 99
Committee of Five, 396, 406, 407, 408
Committee on Parliamentary Statutes, 108
Committees, local governing, 185–187
Committees, congressional, method of appointing, 108–109, 388–389
Committees of correspondence, 21–22
Committees of safety, 190, 222
Common Sense (Paine), 6, 118, 244
on absurdity of British rule, 317
on advocates of reconciliation, 318
on American capability of attaining independence, 317–318
attack on concept of monarchy, 314–316
criticism of Quakerism, 324–325
impact of on American public, 320, 326, 328
on paths to independence, 319
popular success of, 319–320
reaction of second congress to, 320–322
Concord, Massachusetts, 175, 192
Connecticut
committees of correspondence in, 22
committees of safety, 222
Powder Alarm, response to, 105, 107
relationship with royal authority, 282, 343–344
support for independence by, 359, 370
Connecticut Gazette, 320
Considerations on the Nature and Extent of the Legislative Authority of the British Parliament (Wilson), 302, 313
Constitutional Gazette, 328
Continental Army
articles of war, 263
assault on Quebec, Canada, 298–299
capture of Montreal, Canada, 298
creation, 226
financing, 235
free blacks, enlistment, 293
lack of discipline, 261–262
occupation of Dorchester Heights, Boston, 334–335
officers, 233–234
volunteer army, disadvantages, 266–267
Cranch, Richard, 68
Crane, Stephen, 56
Crown Point, fort at, 222
Cruger, Henry, 280
Cushing, Thomas, 42, 57, 105, 109, 119, 121, 138, 151, 175, 193, 305, 358
Dartmouth, 2nd Earl of, (William Legge), 21, 25, 176, 183, 184, 191, 192, 274, 275, 276, 278, 279
Dartmouth (ship), 11, 23
Dawes, William, 193
Deane, Silas, 44, 47, 58, 142, 267
on Benjamin Franklin, 243
on delegates’ reaction to news of uprising in Boston, 106
description of George Washington, 50, 231
descriptions of southern delegates, 136–137
as emissary to France, 339
impression of Philadelphia, 55–56
on John Dickinson’s plea for reconciliation, 203, 206
on Thomson’s election as secretary, 85
Deane, Simon, 187
Death, William, 306
Declaration of Independence
closing argument, 404–405
comparison to Virginia Declaration of Rights, 396–397, 399, 402–403
distribution, 417–418
drafting, 393–394
editing, 408–413
first use of term “United states,” 405
Indians, mention of harassment by, 410–411
list of grievances, 398–405
Preamble, 394–398
reading of draft to Congress, 407
selection of drafting committee, 387–390
signing, 414–416
signing, Jefferson’s account, 413
slave trade, mention of, 409–410
Declaration of Rights and Grievances, 150–154
“The Declaration of the Causes and Necessity of Taking Up Arms,” 247–250
Declaratory Act (1766), 19
Dehart, John, 56
DeLancey, James, 34
Delaware
Caesar Rodney’s ride to Philadelphia, 377–378
criticism of British policies, 88–89
indecision about independence, 359, 362, 374, 375
organization of new government, 362
slavery in, 158
vote for independence, 377
Dickinson, John, 58, 60, 148, 151, 159, 242, 251, 288, 329, 339, 347, 352, 354
abstention from vote on independence, 378–379
address to people of Quebec, drafting, 169
admiration for, 7
as advocate for Olive Branch Petition, 251–253
ambivalence of, 325–326, 331–332
assessment of first congress, 170
as author of address to American colonies, 165
collaboration with Thomas Jefferson, 249–250
as commander of Philadelphia militia, 332, 380
continued hope for reconciliation, 167, 170, 202–206, 249, 251–252, 301, 302–303, 359, 471n3
Declaration on Taking Arms, role of in, 249
education, 75
on Galloway’s Plan of Union, 133
instructions for Pennsylvania delegation, 349–350
John Adams, relationship with, 64, 78, 167
Joseph Galloway, enmity toward, 77
King George III, petition to, 248, 251–253
Letters from a Farmer in Pennsylvania, 35, 74–75, 150
as member of Pennsylvania Assembly, 76, 133, 332, 349, 359–360
objection to premature declaration of independence, 353
personality traits, 35
political career, 76–77
proposals for second congress, 202–206
report on American rights, 149–150
response t
o Boston’s pleas for support, 35–37
speech on delaying independence (July 1, 1776), 370–372
speech to New Jersey legislature, 290
Dickinson, Polly Norris, 75
Dickinson, Walter, 77
“Dissertation on the Canon and Feudal Law” (Adams), 69
Dorchester Heights, Boston, Massachusetts, 334
Drayton, John, 3
Drinker, Henry, 37
Drummond, Lord (Thomas Lundin), 301–303
Duane, James, 56, 98, 110, 139, 142, 145, 150, 153, 159, 169, 235, 301, 312, 329, 364
on meeting place for Congress, 80
outline of agenda for second congress, 115–117
support for Galloway’s Plan of Union, 128–130
Duche, Jacob, 106, 200, 281
Dunlap, John, 329, 417
Dunmore, 4th Earl of (John Murray)
challenges to authority, 189
dissolution of House of Burgesses, 39
Dunmore’s Proclamation, 291–292
Dunmore’s War, 292
insistence on Lord North’s proposals, 257
naval attack on Norfolk, Virginia, 297
offer of freedom to slaves and indentured servants, 291–292
Patrick Henry, hostility toward, 95, 172, 183
retreat of, 293
Dyer, Eliphalet, 47, 56, 58, 60, 109, 169, 231, 258
East India Company, 22–24
Eden, William, 274
Eleanor (ship), 11, 23
Ellis, Joseph, 267
An Enquiry into the Causes of the Alienation of the Delaware and Shawnee Indians from the British Interest (Thomson), 86
Fairfax, Bryan, 156
Fairfax County Resolutions, 156
Faneuil Hall, Boston, 23
Faquier, Francis, 32, 246
The Federalist Papers, 97
Ferling, John, 133
Finkelman, Paul, 410
First Continental Congress
absenteeism, 165
address to American colonists, 164–165, 452–453n2
address to King George III, 165–168, 169
address to people of Great Britain, 163–164
agenda, 115–117
on America’s place in British Empire, 118–119
anti-Catholic bias in, 153
appointment of committees, 108
Articles of Association, 155–162
changing impressions of delegates, 135–137
choice of term “president,” 84
collective delegate profile, 57–61
colonial agents in London, letter to, 168, 453n8
“congress,” evolution of term, 83–84
Declaration of Rights and Grievances, 150–154
on English constitution vs. natural rights, 117–118
establishment of rules for voting, 91, 96, 99–102
evolution of, 173–174
exports to Great Britain, ban on, 119
Galloway’s Plan of Union, reaction to, 130–131, 133–134
George III, letter to, 138–143
Grand Committee, 108–110
independence, ambivalence about, 2
instructions to delegations, 88–89, 119–121
news of siege of Boston, reaction to, 105–107
non-exportation to Britain, 119, 120–122, 125, 138, 143–144, 154–155, 157
non-importation and non-exportation, agreements on, 155
non-importation of British goods, 99, 114, 119–120, 122, 125, 128, 129, 132, 136, 143, 156
objectives, 63, 88
opening day attendees, 56–57
Philadelphia hospitality to, 137–138
president, election, 81
public support for, 182
Quebec, address to citizens, 168–169
Quebec Act, debate about, 152–154
response to Boston and General Gage, 144–147
secrecy, rule of, 102–104
secretary, election of, 84–85
selection of Carpenters’ Hall as meeting place, 79–81
single colonial militia, suggestion, 139–140
slave trade, 157–159
Suffolk Resolves, approval, 115
Flower, Milton, 332
Floyd, William, 56
Folsom, Nathaniel, 48, 56, 109
Fort Chambly, 298
Fort Duquesne, 227
Fort Ticonderoga, 201, 221–222, 223, 334
Fort William and Mary, 282
Franklin, Benjamin, 53, 54, 76, 85, 168, 198, 205, 242, 251, 257, 265, 266, 312, 335, 336, 339, 354, 378
“Albany Plan of Union,” 255
“Articles of Confederation and Perpetual Union,” 255–256
in the “cockpit” with Wedderburn, 25–27
as colonial agent in London, 168, 176, 243
on Common Sense, 321
election to Second Continental Congress, 243
Thomas Pain, letter of introduction for, 309
“Vindication,” 244–245
vote in favor of independence, 375
Franklin, Deborah, 3
Franklin, William, 287, 362, 374
Frederick, Prince of Wales, 273
Gadsden, Christopher, 6, 44, 47, 60, 101, 120, 142, 155, 159, 268, 286
Gage, Thomas, 28, 107, 144
Bunker and Breed’s Hill, attack on, 239–241
Lexington and Concord, attack on, 193
orders to crack down on resistance, 191–192
removal as Massachusetts military governor, 275–276
report on Battle of Bunker Hill, 274
Galloway, Grace Growden, 123
Galloway, Joseph, 35, 57, 79, 108, 110, 115, 117, 145, 162, 169
absence from second congress, 198–199, 329
aspirations as king, 272–275
assessment of congress, 170–171
assessment of New England delegates, 32, 48–49
background, 123
A Candid Examination of the Mutual Claims of Great Britain and the Colonies; with a Plan of Accommodation, on Constitutional Principles, 132
Charles Thomson, opposition to, 84–85
John Dickinson, relationship with, 74, 76–77
personality traits, 123, 133
“Plan of a Proposed Union Between Great Britain and the Colonies,” 7, 125–128
political career, 123–124
on Samuel Adams, 132
Garth, Charles, 276
Gates, Horatio, 229, 234, 333
George II, King, 227, 273
George III, King, 129, 138, 141, 166, 184, 308, 316
colonial grievances against, 400–404
declaration of state of rebellion in colonies, 177
dismissal of General Gage, 275–276
early years, 272–273
interpretation of American rebellion, 276–277
Proclamation for Suppressing Rebellion and Sedition, 276–277
refusal to acknowledge Address to the King, 176–177
refusal to read Olive Branch petition, 276, 277
speech to Parliament, 278–279, 301
statue made into musket bullets, 418
Georgia
absence from first congress, 39
presence at second congress, 184, 198
slave trade and, 409
support for independence, 356
Gerry, Elbridge, 234, 305, 358
Goddard, William, 138
Goldsborough, Robert, 58, 162
Gooch, William, 82
Graff, Jacob, 385, 392
Grafton, 3rd Duke of (Augustus Fitzroy), 275, 277, 279
Grand Committee, 108–110
Greenleaf, Stephen, 19
Grenville, George, 14
Gridley, Jeremy, 66
Gwinnett, Button, 356
Hall, Lyman, 198, 356
Hamilton, Andrew, 53
Hancock, John, 23, 65, 71, 188, 194, 197, 198, 226
background, 210
on Common Sense, 305
el
ection as president of Second Continental Congress, 218
escape from British troops, 175, 193–194
Governor Hutchinson, rapprochement with, 216
at Harvard, 210–211
interest in appointment as army commander-in-chief, 229–230
the Liberty affair, 213–214, 215
as merchant, 211–212
on military situation in Canada, 336
Samuel Adams, relationship with, 215–218
signing of Declaration of Independence, 415
stolen letters, use of, 217–218
Hanover, New Jersey, 174
Haring, John, 59
Harrison, Benjamin, 49, 57, 58, 101, 140, 159, 165, 188, 218, 265, 266, 354, 370
Hartley, David, 178
Henry, John, 92
Henry, Patrick, 8, 39, 49, 50, 59, 110, 119, 120, 139, 142, 159, 165, 166, 172, 233, 253
anti-Catholic bias, 153
arming colonies, support for, 140
attack on Galloway’s Plan of Union, 130–131
background, 92–93
campaign for resolution for independence, 357
on dissolution of government, 91–92
five resolutions, 94–95
George Washington, friendship with, 45–46
in House of Burgesses, 94–95
law practice, 93–94
“liberty or death” speech, 183
personality traits, 92
on proportional representation, 96
on trade concessions to British, 206
Virginia militia, commander, 260, 291
Henry, Sarah Shelton, 93
Henry, Sarah Winston, 92
Henry, Viscount Bolingbroke, 272
Hewes, Joseph, 197, 331
Heyward, Thomas, 377
Hill, Henry, 281
Hillsborough, Earl of (Wills Hill), 25
HMS Tamar (ship), 286
Hooper, William, 58, 121, 140
Hopkins, Stephen, 56, 59, 109, 151
Hopkinson, Francis, 373
House, Eliza, 47
House, Mary, 47
Houstounn, John, 259
Howe, William, 334–335
Humphreys, Charles, 57, 375, 378
Hutchinson, Thomas, 18, 19, 21, 23–25, 28, 65, 70, 191, 216–217, 399
The Idea of a Patriot King (Bolingbroke), 272
Impartial Administration of Justice Act (1774), 28
Independence Hall (formerly Pennsylvania State House), 53
Indians, as means of harassing colonists, 402–403
Jay, John, 34, 56, 57, 58, 59, 110, 117, 142, 163, 169, 224, 242, 251, 288, 290, 301–302, 312, 329, 339, 365
address to people of Great Britain, 164
personality traits, 97–98
political career, 98
on Quebec Act, 153
resolution to delay decision on independence, 366–367
suggestion to pay for tea destroyed in Boston, 139
Jay, Mary Van Cortlandt, 97
Jay, Peter, 97
Jay, Sarah Van Brugh Livingston, 97
Our Lives, Our Fortunes and Our Sacred Honor Page 58
