Sèvres Protocol
DAVID LEE CORLEY
Copyright © 2019 David Lee Corley
All rights reserved.
DEDICATION
I dedicate this story to my son Justin Michael Corley. He is my first born and one of the smartest people I know. It never ceases to amaze me how much knowledge he has about the most obscure subjects that don’t seem to be related but are in his mind. I will never fully understand him but I love him dearly.
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
I would like to thank Antoneta Wotringer for her excellent book cover design. She is truly an artist with a unique sense of style. I would also like to thank JJ Toner for proofreading. He is by far better at spelling and grammar than I and an author himself.
NOTE FROM AUTHOR
This is a work of fiction based on historical events. It is not history. To create a coherent story and to satisfy the need for brevity I found it necessary to combine characters and create fictional events. In such cases I did my best to remain as genuine as possible to the events and true to the nature of the characters as I saw them. Many of the character names in this story belong to real people. This was done to allow the reader to research the true stories behind these people if they wish.
I also want to make note that the entire story is divided into two books. There were two military campaigns during the Suez Crisis. The first was the Israeli campaign called Operation Kadesh. The second was a British and French campaign called Operation Musketeer and Operation Revise. As much as I tried to keep it to just one book, there was too much interesting material and I wanted to give the reader a thorough view of these important historical events. This book covers Operation Kadesh and the sequel covers Operations Musketeer and Revise. Both campaigns overlapped and therefore both books overlap somewhat. I separated events into two stories so the reader will find some backtracking in the beginning of the second book. The dates in both books are as accurate as I could make them while still telling a cohesive story.
I hope you enjoy the story as much as I enjoyed writing it.
“War is the failure of diplomacy.”
John Dingell
PROLOGUE
February 28th, 1922
After three years of armed rebellion, Egypt gained its independence from Britain. As a condition of independence, the British maintained the right to defend international interests in Egypt, namely, the Suez Canal Company. The company was owned by British and French investors. It operated the canal and collected tolls from passing ships. None of the revenue went to Egypt, one of the poorest countries in the world.
As industry grew and oil was developed in the Middle East, the Suez Canal became more crucial to European countries rebuilding from the devastation of World War II. To keep the vital passage open the British established the world’s largest military base in the Suez Canal Zone. Eighty-eight thousand British troops were station on Egyptian soil. The base exceeded the ten thousand troop limit allowed by the 1922 agreement. The Egyptians objected to the British intrusion and demanded that the British leave. Britain ignored them and Europe turned a blind eye.
Then came Nasser…
One
November 23, 1954 - Suez Canal Zone, Egypt
The night air was hot and the Suez was still. The moon in a cloudless sky reflected off the water. Two British soldiers manned a machinegun surrounded by sandbags. It was one of hundreds of outposts flanking the canal. “I’ve gotta pee like a race horse,” said a private.
“You just said you were thirsty,” said a corporal.
“I am. I’m thirsty and I’ve got to pee. The water runs right through me. I think it’s got bugs in it.”
“Wait until the end of our watch.”
“I can’t. It hurts. I’ll pee in the corner if I have to.”
“Like hell you will. All right. Go and pee. Just don’t do it too close. Your urine smells like curry.”
The private climbed over the sandbags and walked toward the canal. The corporal kept a sharp eye out. The desert was flat except for the canal. The private unbuttoned his trousers and urinated into the canal. “Oh, that’s just wrong,” said the corporal shaking his head in disgust.
The canal was narrow. Only one hundred feet across at some points. The size of the ships that passed through the canal was increasing, especially the oil tankers. Traffic was becoming a problem. Ships were lining up at the canal entrances in both the Mediterranean and the Red Sea.
The three hundred European pilots that navigated the canal preferred the daylight so they could clearly see the red and green buoys that marked the way. One poorly executed maneuver could ground a ship and block the canal for weeks, or even months. If that happened, Europe would suffer. There would be fuel shortages. Industry would grind to a halt. Jobs would be lost. The Suez Canal Company would be deprived of its precious tolls.
The Egyptians would feel nothing. They derived no benefit from the canal. They did not share in the tolls since the Egyptian government was forced to sell their share of the Suez Canal Company to the British in order to shore up their failing banks. The British were only too happy to purchase the shares and take over the operation of the canal. They helped Egypt in its time of need, and now Britain was reaping the benefits. This was capitalism at its finest.
The British Army base in the canal zone was massive – the largest military base in the world. Home to eighty-eight thousand British soldiers, it was their job to protect the canal against terrorists and foreign invaders. Their presence caused tension with the Egyptian Nationalists. Times were changing. The Egyptians were no longer willing to follow the British lead when it came to international politics. The Egyptian leaders had their own agenda and were determined to see it realized.
The private finished up with two taps and re-buttoned his trousers. He pulled out a pack from his pocket and lit a cigarette with his lighter. “Hey. Be careful. You’ll give away our position,” said the corporal.
“Right-o,” said the private taking another puff and dropping the cigarette in the canal.
The private turned and walked back toward the corporal. The corporal saw a flash on the opposite bank. The private’s head exploded followed immediately by the crack of a rifle shot. The bullet had entered through the back of his skull, broke into multiple fragments and exited through the front taking most of the private’s face with it. It was a dum-dum bullet, outlawed by international conventions but often used by Egyptian raiders.
The corporal swung his machinegun around and opened fire in the direction of the flash. The roar of the machine gun echoed off the canal banks, its flashing muzzle lighting up the surrounding area. He saw three more flashes from the opposite bank before his own head exploded and he fell dead on to the sandbags.
Two Egyptian raiders rose from the desert floor in front of the outpost. They signaled the three snipers on the opposite bank and ran to the dead British soldiers. They emptied the soldiers’ pockets of all valuables, picked up their rifles, spare ammunition and the machinegun, and disappeared back into the darkness.
January 23, 1955 - London, England
Gamal Abdel Nasser, the soon-to-be president of Egypt, crossed over the River Thames on Westminster Bridge riding in the back of a Rolls Royce. He was accompanied by his Foreign Secretary and Egypt’s ambassador to Britain. His bodyguard, armed with two large caliber revolvers beneath his suit coat, rode beside the driver, also armed. There had already been several attempts on his life by the Muslim Brotherhood. Nasser badly wanted to be the leader of the Arab world. The Muslim Brotherhood had other ideas, and Nasser wasn’t taking any chances, not even in London.
Nasser had been born into a middle-class family. His father managed a post office. His mother died when he was a teenager and it af
fected him deeply. He was smart and charismatic. He was an avid reader and observer. As a teenager, he observed the unfairness of the Egyptian class structure. Studying the problem on his own, he became convinced that British colonialism was at the heart of the injustice. He vowed to see the British leave his country forever.
After witnessing protestors and police clash in Manshia Square, he joined the demonstration without knowing its purpose. He was arrested and detained for a night before his angry father bailed him out. In November 1935, he organized and led a student demonstration against British rule. Two students were shot and killed. Nasser was wounded when a police bullet grazed the top of his head, and his name appeared in the newspaper for the first time, labeling him a political activist. He kept a clipping of the article in his wallet for the rest of his life.
In 1937, Nasser joined the military. In the academy, he met Abdel Hakim Amer and Anwar Sadat who would become important advisors to Nasser during his presidency. The three discussed the corruption prevalent throughout the administration and were determined that justice should prevail, even if it meant overthrowing the monarchy. Nasser, clear-thinking, passionate and energetic, became the unspoken leader of the miniature cabal. He devoted himself to his military career and rose quickly through the ranks, even though his political connections were few and far between. Armed with unshakable confidence and charisma, Nasser was a natural leader. He and his two friends sought out young military officers with strong nationalist sentiments who supported some form of revolution, and expanded their secret organization.
When the British withdrew from Israel in 1948, King Farouk sent his armies into the newly-formed Jewish nation with the intention of wiping it off the face of the earth. Nasser saw his first military action as part of the 6th Infantry Battalion. The invasion was a disaster. Nasser’s unit was surrounded by Israeli forces in Faluja but refused to surrender. The Egyptians took a beating from the Israeli artillery and Nasser was wounded. The siege lasted over a month before the Egyptians finally turned Faluja over to the Israelis. When he returned home, Nasser became a national hero for having withstood the Israeli bombardments. Nasser had lost the battle but in the end he had won in peace. A lesson learned and remembered.
In 1948, Nasser tried to form an alliance with the Muslim Brotherhood but soon discovered that the religious principles of the Brotherhood clashed with Egyptian Nationalism. He abandoned his efforts and formed his own organization calling it the Association of Free Officers. Nasser was elected president of the Free Officers. He recruited more officers for three years stating that the association’s only goal was to restore Egypt’s reputation and glory. On July 22, 1952, Nasser and the Free Officers executed a coup d’état against the monarchy, and overthrew King Farouk. General Mohamed Naguib was named the first president of the new Egyptian Republic. Nasser was named vice-president. Within two years, Naguib became wary of Nasser’s ever-increasing popularity and, with the help of the Muslim Brotherhood, attempted to have Nasser assassinated. The assassination failed. Nasser, backed by the military, arrested Naguib and became the acting head of state until elections could be held, elections that Nasser was sure to win as his popularity soared.
Big Ben chimed. Two British police officers patrolled the area on white horses. Artists stood by their easels and painted Westminster Abbey. It is all so damned quaint, Nasser thought as he stared out the window of the Rolls. A facade of civilization.
Nasser liked London. Everyone obeyed the rules. The streets and parks were clean. The buildings were tall and stately. The bridges were well maintained with a fresh coat of paint each year. Even the rivers and canals flowed green and smelled sweet. It was a far cry from his own capital – Cairo.
Even he had to admit that Cairo was a cesspool compared to London. The streets were crowded with millions of peasants that had nowhere else to go, and traffic was impossible. Garbage was stacked on the few sidewalks that had been built, and the people defecated in the alleys and parks. There were no public toilets. The Nile, the lifeblood of Egypt, was brown and smelled sour. Cairo was an old city and the foundations of many buildings were cracked. It was not without its charms, though. It had the pyramids, after all. But even the ancient monuments needed repair before they crumbled to dust. The Egyptian Museum held many of the world’s greatest treasures and artifacts. But the streets were not safe. Only the bravest of tourists visited Cairo.
Nasser understood why the two cities were so different. Egypt was one of the poorest countries in the world and Britain one of the wealthiest. The British had stolen the wealth of her colonies for centuries and given little in return. Egypt knew this all too well. Not long ago Egypt had been a British colony and toiled under its master’s whip. Even after Egypt had won its independence, Britain continued to steal Egyptian wealth by refusing to share in the lucrative tolls from the Suez Canal. It’s all so misguided, thought Nasser. The British wear patent leather shoes while most Egyptians walk barefoot.
The driver turned right after crossing the bridge and headed into Whitehall. He pulled to a stop in front of number 10 Downing Street. Nasser waited patiently as his driver and bodyguard got out and surveyed the area. When he was satisfied it was safe, the driver opened the back door and Nasser emerged. He was tall, at six foot, but seemed taller because of his broad shoulders. His hair and mustache were coal black and his face was long. He straightened the jacket on his tailored grey suit. He was greeted by Selwyn Lloyd, the British Foreign Secretary and his assistant Patrick Dean. Nasser had not expected that the Prime Minister would greet him personally. That would have offered Egypt too much respect. Nasser knew the game well and would play it their way for a few moments longer. It started to rain. The driver pulled out an umbrella and covered Nasser while allowing himself to get wet from the big English raindrops. They moved into the building.
Nasser sat quietly on a couch sipping his tea. He was not interested in making the first move. That would be left to Sir Anthony Eden, the British Prime Minister, sitting across from him in an easy chair.
Eden was a conservative; the handpicked successor to Winston Churchill. He was highly intelligent and well-organized, often serving as a secretary for powerful leaders who became his mentors. He spoke five foreign languages. He had learnt French and German as a child, learnt Turkish from a teenage friend and studied Arabic and Persian while at Oxford. Eden had served as a second lieutenant in the King’s Royal Rifle Corp. Commanding a platoon on the Western Front during World War I, Eden won the Military Cross for saving a badly wounded sergeant under fire, something he made little mention of during his political career. At twenty he became the British army’s youngest brigade major. He was an author, and collected impressionist paintings. He was an extraordinary man at the pinnacle of his political career.
Egypt was a thorn in Eden’s side. The treaty that gave Britain the right to protect Egypt’s commercial interest was almost at an end. Eden could not understand why a country like Egypt would not want British protection. It was no longer a colony and paid nothing to Britain for the privilege. Britain’s only interest was in keeping the canal open and functioning properly. The Suez Canal was a commercial interest owned by investors who had a right to collect profits on the money they had invested. This had nothing to do with Britain being an ally of Egypt and continuing to guide the young democracy in its international endeavors. What could Nasser possibly have to lose by accepting Britain’s friendship?
Eden suspected that Nasser was posturing for power. By defying the British, Nasser would look strong to the other Arab leaders. Intelligence reports had revealed that Nasser wanted to become the leader of a new Arab federation made up of other Middle Eastern and North African countries. There were other leaders such as Jordan’s King Hussein and Saudi Arabia’s King Saud who were jockeying for the same prestigious position. Both King Hussein and King Saud were far more pro-western than Nasser, and therefore favored by the British.
Eden had requested that Nasser and he speak alone so they could h
ave a ‘frank discussion.’ This was the first time the two had met and both men were keen to assess their counterpart. The two leaders sat in Eden’s office. It was an impressive room. The cloth on the furniture and drapes were of the finest fabrics, the photos and paintings on the wallpapered walls steeped in history, the obligatory painting of the new Queen Elizabeth II hanging prominent in the center. A framed photo of Winston Churchill sat on Eden’s credenza. It must be hard, thought Nasser. Living in Churchill’s shadow.
“I know you are anxious to discuss the distribution of canal tolls but first I should like to discuss these continued rebel attacks on our troops in the canal zone,” said Eden. “The situation has become intolerable and must be dealt with immediately.”
“I agree,” said Nasser.
“Very good. I was hoping you would see it my way.”
“Of course. What other way is there?”
Eden smiled at Nasser’s veiled snip and continued, “I believe the best way to proceed is a joint action between our two intelligence services. Once we root out the perpetrators, we can send in the army to deal with the problem.”
“Which army?”
“British forces. We understand that your resources are stretched to the limit and we do not wish to put any more of a strain on Egypt. Besides, our troops are well versed in civilian uprisings and know how to deal with this sort of thing.”
“Very kind of you,” said Nasser. “I would like to propose a different plan to deal with the problem.”
“Of course. I am all ears,” said Eden, a bit taken aback that his plan was not accepted without question.
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