33. Plain Dealer, March 13, 1930.
34. Plain Dealer, January 13, 1948.
Chapter 3
1. Bill Crawford, All-American: The Rise and Fall of Jim Thorpe (Hoboken, NJ: John Wiley and Sons, 2005), 167.
2. Plain Dealer, December 3, 1930.
3. Plain Dealer, August 16, 1931; Plain Dealer, August 20, 1931; Matt Tullis, “Who Was Stella Walsh? The Story of the Intersex Olympian,” SB Nation, June 27, 2013, http://www.sbnation.com/longform/2013/6/27/4466724/stella-walsh-profile-intersex-olympian.
4. New York Times, May 21, 1999.
5. John A. Lucas, “There’s a Great Deal More to Elizabeth Robinson’s Gold Medal Sprint Victory at the 1928 Olympic Games,” Journal of Olympic History 13 (January 2005): 17.
6. New York Times, May 21, 1999; Louise Mead Tricard, American Women’s Track and Field, 1895–1980 (Jefferson, NC: McFarland, 2008), 139.
7. Joe Gergen, The First Lady of Olympic Track: The Life and Times of Betty Robinson (Evanston, IL: Northwestern University Press, 2014), 86.
8. Chicago Tribune, May 20, 1999.
9. Tricard, American Women’s Track and Field, 140; New York Times, May 21, 1999.
10. Tricard, American Women’s Track and Field, 99.
11. J. Thomas Jable, “Eleanor Egg: Paterson’s Track and Field Heroine,” New Jersey History (Fall/Winter 1984): 73–74.
12. Jable, “Eleanor Egg,” 76; Tricard, American Women’s Track and Field, 100–101.
13. Jable, “Eleanor Egg,” 78–79.
14. New York Times, July 26, 1931.
15. Tricard, American Women’s Track and Field, 99, 173.
16. Jable, “Eleanor Egg,” 79.
17. Jable, “Eleanor Egg,” 80–81.
18. Susan E. Cayleff, Babe: The Life and Legend of Babe Didrikson Zaharias (Urbana: University of Illinois Press, 1995), 65–66.
19. Plain Dealer, July 8, 1932.
20. Plain Dealer, July 9, 1932.
21. David Clay Large, Nazi Games: The Olympics of 1936 (New York: W. W. Norton, 2007), 22.
22. Plain Dealer, July 9, 1932.
23. Washington Post, July 12, 1932.
24. Polish Olympic Committee, “Poland and Olympism,” 176, http://library.la84.org/OlympicInformationCenter/OlympicReview/1976/ore101/ore101w.pdf.
25. Washington Post, July 13, 1932.
26. Plain Dealer, July 9, 1932.
27. New York Times, July 31, 1932.
28. Krzysztof Szujecki, Życie Sportowe w Drugiej Rzeczpospolitej [Sporting Life in the Second Republic] (Warsaw: Bellona, 2012), 142.
29. Chicago Tribune, July 14, 1932. A “Chinese rice Christian” was a derogatory term for someone who converted for financial reasons. Pegler later became a harsh critic of President Franklin Roosevelt and the New Deal, which significantly increased federal spending to stimulate the depressed economy.
30. Plain Dealer, July 14, 1932.
31. Barbara Keys, “The Olympics, Hollywood-Style: Commerce, Coca-Cola, and the Culture of Celebrity at the 1932 Los Angeles Olympic Games,” 43, http://library.la84.org/SportsLibrary/NASSH_Proceedings/NP2004/np2004aj.pdf.
32. Robert C. Post, Street Railways and the Growth of Los Angeles (San Marino, CA: Golden West Books, 1989), 150.
33. Post, Street Railways and the Growth of Los Angeles, 150–52.
34. Richard Rayner, A Bright and Guilty Place (New York: Doubleday, 2009), 4–5.
35. Willy Meisl, Die Olympischen Spiele in Los Angeles, 1932 [The Olympic Games in Los Angeles, 1932] (Hamburg: H. F. & Ph. F. Reetsma, 1932), 4–5.
36. Doris Pieroth, Their Day in the Sun: Women of the 1932 Olympics (Seattle: University of Washington Press, 1996), 86.
37. Pieroth, Their Day in the Sun, 86.
38. Xth Olympic Committee, The Official Report of the Games of the Xth Olympiad Los Angeles 1932, Part 2, 235, http://library.la84.org/6oic/OfficialReports/1932/1932spart2.pdf.
39. Abby Chin-Martin, “The First-Ever Olympic Village was Built in Los Angeles,” July 26, 2012, KCET.org, www.kcet.org/departures-columns/the-first-ever-olympic-village-was-built-in-los-angeles.
40. Dirk Mathison, “Heartbreak Hotel,” Los Angeles Magazine, June 1998, 79–81.
41. Mathison, “Heartbreak Hotel,” 79.
42. George Hodak, “Interview with Evelyne Hall Adams,” 1988, 13, http://library.la84.org/6oic/OralHistory/OHHallAdams.pdf.
43. Pieroth, Their Day in the Sun, 89–90.
44. Nakładem Zwiazku Polskich Zwiazków Sportowych, Polacy Na Igrzyskach X Olimpjady w 1932 r [Poles at the Tenth Olympiad in 1932], Polskiego Komitetu Olimpijskiego, 39.
45. Los Angeles Times, August 12, 1932.
Chapter 4
1. Doris Pieroth, “Los Angeles 1932,” in Encyclopedia of the Modern Olympic Movement, eds. John E. Findling and Kimberly D. Pelle (Westport, CT: Greenwood, 2004), 97.
2. Kurjer Polski [Polish Courier], August 7, 1932.
3. Charleston Daily Mail (West Virginia), August 2, 1932.
4. Charleston Daily Mail, August 2, 1932. Starting blocks had been invented in the late 1920s, but purists in the IAAF prevented their use until 1937. Blocks were first used at the 1948 London Games.
5. Ron Hotchkiss, “Crossing the Line,” Canada’s History 90, no. 6 (2010–2011): 43.
6. Louise Mead Tricard, American Women’s Track and Field, 1895–1980 (Jefferson, NC: McFarland, 2008), 194.
7. Charleston Daily Mail, August 2, 1932.
8. 50 Lat na Olympijskim Szlaku [Fifty Years of Olympic Track] (Warsaw: Wydwawnictwo Sport I Turystyka, 1969), 73; Doris Pieroth, Their Day in the Sun: Women of the 1932 Olympics (Seattle: University of Washington Press, 1996), 102–3.
9. Krzysztof Szujecki, Zycie Sportowe w Drugiej Rzeczpospolitej [Sporting Life in the Second Republic] (Warsaw: Bellona, 2012), 141.
10. Nakładem Zwiazku Polskich Zwiazków Sportowych, Polacy Na Igrzyskach X Olimpjady w 1932 r [Poles at the Tenth Olympiad in 1932], Polskiego Komitetu Olimpijskiego, 84.
11. Martin Winstone, The Dark Heart of Hitler’s Europe (London: I. B. Tauris, 2015), 64. The AB-Aktion eliminated nearly half of Poland’s intelligentsia and political figures. Palmiry is northwest of Warsaw.
12. 50 Lat na Olimpijskim Szlaku, 421.
13. Plain Dealer, July 28, 1932.
14. Plain Dealer, August 3, 1932.
15. Plain Dealer, August 6, 1932.
16. Pieroth, Their Day in the Sun, 90.
17. George Hodak, “Interview with Evelyne Hall Adams,” 1988, 17, http://library.la84.org/6oic/OralHistory/OHHallAdams.pdf.
18. Tricard, American Women’s Track and Field, 204.
19. Pieroth, Their Day in the Sun, 113.
20. Tricard, American Women’s Track and Field, 209.
21. Pieroth, Their Day in the Sun, 29.
22. Susan E. Cayleff, Babe: The Life and Legend of Babe Didrikson Zaharias (Urbana: University of Illinois Press, 1995), 92.
23. Robert O. Davies, Sports in American Life (Chichester, UK: John Wiley and Sons, 2012), 112.
24. Pieroth, Their Day in the Sun, 96.
25. Pieroth, Their Day in the Sun, 101.
26. Hotchkiss, “Crossing the Line,” 40.
27. Amanda Schweinbenz, “Let the Games Begin,” Sixth International Symposium for Olympic Research, 217, http://library.la84.org/SportsLibrary/ISOR/ISOR2002zb.pdf.
28. Allen Guttmann, Women’s Sports: A History (New York: Columbia University Press, 1991), 176.
29. Randy Roberts and James Olson, Winning Is the Only Thing: Sports in America since 1945 (Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1989), 8.
30. Helen Lenskyj, Out of Bounds: Women, Sport, and Sexuality (Toronto: Women’s Press, 1986), 88.
31. Lenskyj, Out of Bounds, 88.
32. Milwaukee
Journal, February 18, 1930.
33. Plain Dealer, January 13, 1948.
34. Nakładem Zwiazku Polskich Zwiazków Sportowych, Polacy Na Igrzyskach X Olimpjady, 79.
35. Los Angeles Times, August 12, 1932.
36. Donald Kagan, et al., The Western Heritage since 1789 (New York: Prentice Hall, 2001), 956.
37. Plain Dealer, January 22, 1933.
38. New York Times, October 27, 1935.
39. Plain Dealer, October 19, 1932; Plain Dealer, October 22, 1932.
40. Los Angeles Times, January 22, 1933; Oakland Tribune, January 23, 1933.
41. New York Times, January 22, 1933.
42. Plain Dealer, January 22, 1933.
43. Polacy Zagranica 5, no. 4 (April 1934): 12–13.
44. Plain Dealer, February 15, 1933.
45. Plain Dealer, April 13, 1933.
46. New York Times, August 15, 1933.
47. Ron Hotchkiss, The Matchless Six: The Story of Canada’s First Women’s Olympic Team (Toronto: Tundra Books, 2006), 127.
48. Plain Dealer, February 12, 1935; Plain Dealer, December 13, 1935.
49. Winston Churchill, Winston S. Churchill: His Complete Speeches, 1897–1963, vol. 7, 1943–1949, ed. Robert R. James (New York: Chelsea House, 1983), 290–91.
50. Sunday Times, December 4, 2011.
51. Plain Dealer, July 26, 1936.
52. Plain Dealer, July 26, 1936.
53. Plain Dealer, December 8, 1934.
54. Plain Dealer, August 2, 1984.
55. Plain Dealer, March 23, 1935; Sharon K. Hanson, The Life of Helen Stephens, the Fulton Flash (Carbondale: Southern Illinois University Press, 2004), 26–29.
56. Plain Dealer, March 23, 1935; Hanson, The Life of Helen Stephens, 26–29; Matt Tullis, “Who Was Stella Walsh? The Story of the Intersex Olympian,” SB Nation, June 27, 2013, http://www.sbnation.com/longform/2013/6/27/4466724/stella-walsh-profile-intersex-olympian.
57. Plain Dealer, March 23, 1935.
58. Hanson, The Life of Helen Stephens, 26–29; State Historical Society of Missouri, “Helen Stephens,” http://shsmo.org/historicmissourians/name/s/stephens/.
59. Polish American Review 1, no. 1 (January 1935): unpaginated.
60. Plain Dealer, July 26, 1936.
61. Plain Dealer, August 2, 1984.
62. Daily Capital News (Jefferson City, Missouri), June 20, 1935.
63. New York Times, June 19, 1935.
Chapter 5
1. Polish American Review 1, no. 7 (August 1935): 7.
2. Plain Dealer, December 8, 1935.
3. Plain Dealer, October 18, 2015.
4. Robert J. Sinclair, “Baseball’s Rising Sun: American Interwar Diplomacy and Japan,” Canadian Journal of the History of Sport 16, no. 2 (December 1985): 48–49.
5. Washington Post, January 13, 1936; Plain Dealer, January 13, 1936; Plain Dealer, January 16, 1936.
6. Plain Dealer, July 26, 1936.
7. Polish American Review 2, no. 4 (July 1936): 7.
8. New York Times, October 27, 1935.
9. Chris Elzey, “American Jews and the Summer Olympics,” in Jews in American Popular Culture: Volume 3, Sports, Leisure, and Lifestyle, ed. Paul Buhle (New York: Praeger, 2006), 59.
10. “The Movement to Boycott the Berlin Olympics of 1936,” U.S.HolocaustMuseum.org, http://www.ushmm.org/wlc/en/article.php?ModuleId=10007087.
11. Allen Guttmann, The Games Must Go On: Avery Brundage and the Olympic Movement (New York: Columbia University Press, 1984), 69.
12. Washington Post, September 7, 1935.
13. Washington Post, January 22, 1980.
14. Paul Soifer, “Lillian Copeland Speaks Out on the Olympics: Los Angeles 1932, Berlin 1936,” Western States Jewish History 38, no. 1 (Fall 2005): 7.
15. Jeremy Schaap, Triumph: The Untold Story of Jesse Owens and Hitler’s Olympics (New York: Houghton Mifflin Harcourt, 2007), 98.
16. Walter White, letter to Jesse Owens, December 4, 1935, in The Unlevel Playing Field: A Documentary History of the African American Experience in Sport, eds. David K. Wiggins and Patrick B. Miller (Urbana: University of Illinois Press, 2003), 164–65.
17. Norman Davies, God’s Playground: A History of Poland, Volume II: 1795 to the Present (New York: Columbia University Press, 1982), 260.
18. Polacy Zagranica 7, no. 7 (July 1936): 42.
19. Polacy Zagranica 7, no. 7 (July 1936): 42.
20. Polish American Review 2, no. 5 (July 1936): 7.
21. Lawrence Journal-World (Kansas), June 17, 1936.
22. Gretel Bergmann, Ich war die grosse judische Hoffnung: Erinnerungen einer aussergewöhnlichen Sportlerin [I Was the Greatest Jewish Hope: Memoirs of an Extraordinary Athlete] (Baden-Wuerttemberg: Haus der Geschichte, 2003), 128.
23. Volker Kluge, “Scandal about ‘Dora’ and the ‘Bergmann Case,’” Journal of Olympic History 17, no. 3 (December 2009): 22.
24. David Clay Large, Nazi Games: The Olympics of 1936 (New York: W. W. Norton, 2007), 86.
25. Los Angeles Times, August 14, 1932.
26. Los Angeles Times, February 4, 2004.
27. Washington Post, January 22, 1980.
28. Organization Committee for the Berlin Olympics, The XIth Olympics, Berlin 1936, Official Report, Volume I, 547, http://library.la84.org/6oic/OfficialReports/1936/1936v1sum.pdf.
29. Washington Post, January 22, 1980.
30. Arnd Krüger, “Germany: The Propaganda Machine,” in The Nazi Olympics: Sports, Policy, and Appeasement in the 1930s, eds. Arnd Krüger and William Murray (Urbana: University of Illinois Press, 2003), 27.
31. Joe Gergen, The First Lady of Olympic Track: The Life and Times of Betty Robinson (Evanston, IL: Northwestern University Press, 2014), 151
32. David Clay Large, Berlin (New York: Basic Books, 2000), 296.
33. William Murray, “France, Coubertin, and the Nazi Olympics: The Response,” Olympika: The International Journal of Olympic Studies 1 (1992): 47.
34. Murray, “France, Coubertin, and the Nazi Olympics,” 47; Arnd Krüger, “What’s the Difference between Propaganda for Tourism or for a Political Regime?” in Post-Olympism? Questioning Sport in the Twenty-First Century, eds. John Bale and Mette Krogh Christensen (Oxford, UK: Berg, 2004), 37.
35. Lincoln Evening Journal, August 5, 1936.
36. Organization Committee for the Berlin Olympics, The XIth Olympics, Berlin 1936, Official Report, 639, http://library.la84.org/6oic/OfficialReports/1936/1936v1sum.pdf.
37. Przegląd Sportowy, August 6, 1936.
38. Kurjer Warszawski, August 4, 1936.
39. Los Angeles Times, August 4, 1936.
40. Sunday Times, December 4, 2011; Los Angeles Times, July 31, 1984; Louise Mead Tricard, American Women’s Track and Field, 1895–1980 (Jefferson, NC: McFarland, 2008), 237.
41. Polish American Journal, January 16, 1981.
42. Karin Wieland, Dietrich and Riefenstahl: Hollywood, Berlin, and a Century in Two Lives (New York: Liveright, 2011), 301.
43. Guy Walters, Berlin Games: How the Nazis Stole the American Dream (New York: William Morrow, 2006), 210.
44. Stefan Berg, “The 1936 Berlin Olympics: How Dora the Man Competed in the Women’s High Jump,” Spiegel International Online, September 9, 2009, http://www.spiegel.de/international/germany/1936-berlin-olympics-how-dora-the-man-competed-in-the-woman-s-high-jump-a-649104.html.
45. “Preserving la Difference,” Time, September 16, 1966.
46. Berg, “The 1936 Berlin Olympics.”
47. New York World-Telegram, August 12, 1936.
48. Berg, “The 1936 Berlin Olympics.”
49. Jennifer Hargreaves, “Olympic Women: A Struggle for Recognition,” in Women and Sports in the United States, eds. Jean O’Reilly and Susan K. Cahn (Boston: Northeastern Un
iversity Press, 2007), 11.
50. Los Angeles Times, May 19, 2007.
51. Jennifer H. Lansbury, A Spectacular Leap: Black Women Athletes in Twentieth-Century America (Fayetteville: University of Arkansas Press, 2014), 235.
52. Herald Sun (Australia), July 12, 2008.
53. Walters, Berlin Games, 211.
Chapter 6
1. Plain Dealer, October 13, 1938.
2. New York Times, September 19, 1937.
3. Polish Olympic Committee, “Poland and Olympism,” 176, http://library.la84.org/OlympicInformationCenter/OlympicReview/1976/ore101/ore101w.pdf.
4. Plain Dealer, October 27, 1938. Mata Hari was a Dutch woman who was executed by the French in 1917, for spying for Germany during World War I.
5. Norman Davies, God’s Playground: A History of Poland, Volume II: 1795 to the Present (New York: Columbia University Press, 1982), 435.
6. New York Times, September 4, 1939.
7. Plain Dealer, August 6, 1941.
8. Washington Post, July 7, 1940.
9. Susan K. Cahn, Coming on Strong: Gender and Sexuality in Twentieth-Century Women’s Sport (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1994), 150–51; Susan E. Cayleff, Babe: The Life and Legend of Babe Didrikson Zaharias (Urbana: University of Illinois Press, 1995), 187.
10. Patricia Vignola, “The Patriotic Pinch Hitter: The AAGPBL and How the American Woman Earned a Permanent Spot on the Roster,” NINE: A Journal of Baseball History and Culture 12, no. 2 (Spring 2004): 105.
11. Plain Dealer, December 24, 1939.
12. Plain Dealer, November 9, 1942.
13. Plain Dealer, November 9, 1942.
14. Eugene Register-Guard, November 11, 1942; Pittsburgh Press, November 11, 1942; Plain Dealer, November 11, 1942.
15. Plain Dealer, August 24, 1943.
16. Louise Mead Tricard, American Women’s Track and Field, 1895–1980 (Jefferson, NC: McFarland, 2008), 301–3.
17. Plain Dealer, June 18, 1945.
18. Plain Dealer, June 25, 1945; Plain Dealer, June 30, 1945.
19. Richard Espy, The Politics of the Olympic Games (Berkeley: University of Cali-fornia Press, 1981), 24.
20. Plain Dealer, January 13, 1948.
21. Diane Karpinski, “Frances Kaszubski,” ClevelandSeniors.com, http://www.clevelandseniors.com/family/kaszubski.htm.
The Forgotten Legacy of Stella Walsh Page 23
