by Gerald Horne
9 Keith Brown affidavit, circa 1943, C113–40 and C113–264, National Archives and Records Administration, New York (via National Archives and Records Administration, Kansas City).
10 Release, ANP, October 1940, Reel 21, #607, Part I, Series A.
11 Kenneth Robert Janken, Rayford W. Logan and the Dilemma of the African American Intellectual (Amherst: University of Massachusetts Press, 1993).
12 Release, ANP, March 1941, Reel 22, #210, Part I, Series A.
13 “Intelligencer,” May 1944, HQ, A2, Stout Field, Indianapolis, 250.608, 250.717–1, 12.43–5.44, Air Force Historical Research Agency.
14 Report, 15 December 1943, Roll 2, FBI File on Moorish Science Temple. See also Michael Gomez, Black Crescent: The Experience and Legacy of African Muslims in the Americas (New York: Cambridge University Press, 2005); and Richard Brent Turner, Islam in the African American Experience (Bloomington: Indiana University Press, 1997).
15 Report, 30 October 1944, Roll 2, FBI File on Moorish Science Temple.
16 “Confidential” Report, 28 May 1943, Roll 2, FBI File on Moorish Science Temple.
17 Report, 6 April 1940, Roll 2, FBI File on Moorish Science Temple.
18 “Confidential” Report, 10 April 1942, Roll 2, FBI File on Moorish Science Temple.
19 Report, 28 May 1941, Roll 2, FBI File on Moorish Science Temple.
20 Colonel J. T. Bissell, General Staff, to “Lt. Colonel J. Edgar Hoover,” 2 March 1943, Roll 2, FBI File on Moorish Science Temple.
21 Report, 26 May 1943, Roll 2, FBI File on Moorish Science Temple.
22 Okakura Tenshin, “The Awakening of the East,” in Saaler and Szpilman, Pan-Asianism: A Documentary History, vol. 1, 98–99.
23 Colonel Elliot D. Cooks to Inspector General, 25 June 1942, 145.81.84–91, 1942–Apr. 1943, Air Force Historical Research Agency.
24 “Japanese Racial Agitation among American Negroes,” n.d., circa 1942, 145.81.84–91, 1942–Apr. 1943, Air Force Historical Research Agency.
25 Ibid.
26 Ibid.
27 “Intelligencer,” August 1944, 250.608–717.1, Dec. 1943–May 1944, Air Force Historical Research Agency.
28 “Harlem’s Nazi Is Convicted . . . ,” New York Herald Tribune, 10 March 1942, 38.
29 Clipping, 15 September 1942, Box IF18, National Urban League Papers, Library of Congress.
30 Release, ANP, December 1942, Reel 25, #128, Part I, Series A.
31 Release, ANP, June 1943, Reel 25, #1202, Part I, Series A.
32 Ibid.
33 Alan Hynd, Betrayal from the East: The Inside Story of Japanese Spies in America (New York: McBride, 1943), 146–47, 152. See also Alan Hynd, Passport to Treason: The Inside Story of Spies in America (New York: McBride, 1943).
34 “Final Report: Japanese Evacuation from the West Coast, 1942,” Headquarters Defense Command and Fourth Army, Office of the Commanding General, Presidio of San Francisco, CA, “Exhibit D,” Box 125, Herbert Hill Papers.
35 Statement by Martin Dies, 20 September 1941, Reel 4, #1049, Louis Nichols Official and Confidential File and Clyde Tolson Personal Files.
36 Harry Woodring, Secretary of War, and Claude Swanson, Secretary of the Navy, to President Roosevelt, 22 October 1936, Box 167, Harold Ickes Papers, Library of Congress.
37 Judge Advocate General to Secretary of Navy, 18 September 1936, “secret,” Box 125, Herbert Hill Papers.
38 Jack Jones to Helen Gandy of Department of Justice, 10 October 1943, Reel 15, #80, J. Edgar Hoover Official and Confidential File, Library of Congress, Washington, D.C.
39 Toru Kiuchi et al., eds., The Critical Response in Japan to African American Writers (New York: Peter Lang, 2003), x-xi, x.
40 Release, ANP, January 1942, Reel 23, #639, Part I, Series A.
41 Release, ANP, February 1942, Reel 23, #882, Part I, Series A.
42 Release, ANP, March 1942, Reel 23, #1034, Part I, Series A.
43 Release, ANP, March 1945, Reel 30, #549, Part I, Series A.
44 Release, ANP, March 1942, Reel 23, #1062, Part I, Series A.
45 Release, ANP, November 1943, Reel 27, #109: “Trace Jap ambition to League failure to recognize equality.”
46 Release, ANP, March 1942, Reel 23, #1042.
47 Release, ANP, November 1942, Reel 24, #1103.
48 “Halsey ‘Yellow Monkey’ Interview Is Protested,” Arkansas State Press, 28 January 1944, 1.
49 Release, ANP, February 1942, Reel 23, #836, Part I, Series A.
50 Release, ANP, September 1943, Reel 24, #822.
51 Release, ANP, January 1943, Reel 25, #221.
52 Gerald Horne, Fighting in Paradise: Labor Unions, Racism and Communists in the Making of Modern Hawaii (Honolulu: University of Hawaii Press, 2012).
53 Release, ANP, November 1943, Reel 27, #126.
54 E. H. Pitts to Senator Bilbo, 16 June 1945, Box 1084, Bilbo Papers.
55 Senator Bilbo to E. H. Pitts, 25 June 1948, Box 1084, Bilbo Papers.
56 Clipping, circa 1943, Box 1028, Bilbo Papers.
57 Joseph Edgar to Sporting Editor, 13 March 1940, Box 1073, Bilbo Papers.
58 Senator Bilbo to J. L. Pierce, Secretary of the Brotherhood of Road Trainmen, McComb, MS, 23 June 1943, Box 1067, Bilbo Papers.
59 Senator Bilbo to E. A. Bates, 26 June 1942, Box 1090, Bilbo Papers.
60 Mary Polk to Senator Bilbo, 12 January 1943, Box 1090, Bilbo Papers.
61 Senator Bilbo to Thomas Lane, 20 February 1942, Box 1091, Bilbo Papers.
62 Senator Bilbo to Louie Thomas, 1 February 1944, Box 1091, Bilbo Papers.
63 L. B. Norton, Arizona House of Representatives, to Senator Bilbo, 25 June 1943, Box 1091, Bilbo Papers.
64 Cleveland (MS) Enterprise, 24 June 1942, Box 1046, Bilbo Papers.
65 Homer Brett, Blueprint for Victory (New York: D. Appleton-Century, 1942), 1, 34, 74, 54, 84.
66 Thorne Lane to Senator Bilbo, 14 February 1942, Box 1091, Bilbo Papers.
Chapter 5. Pro-Tokyo Negroes Convicted and Imprisoned
1 Frazier, The East Is Black. African American intellectuals and activists were far from alone in being seduced by Maoism; see, e.g., Richard Wolin, The Wind from the East: French Intellectuals, the Cultural Revolution and the Legacy of the 1960s (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 2010).
2 Gerald Horne, Race Woman: The Lives of Shirley Graham Du Bois (New York: New York University Press, 2001); Gerald Horne, Blows against the Empire: U.S. Imperialism in Crisis (New York: International, 2008); Gerald Horne, From the Barrel of a Gun: The United States and the War against Zimbabwe, 1965–1980 (Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 2001).
3 Release, ANP, September 1942, Reel 24, #958, Part I.
4 Horne, Negro Comrades of the Crown.
5 Release, ANP, 30 December 1942, Reel 25, #158, Part I, Series A.
6 Vernon Williams to NAACP, 17 December 1942, Box II, B12, NAACP Papers.
7 Release, ANP, September 1942, Reel 24, #904.
8 U.S. v. Jordan et al., 1942–1943, U.S. District Court for the Southern District of New York, Record Group 21, Criminal Dockets, 8–27/1942–2/1/1943, HMFY 2013, Box 113, National Archives and Records Administration, New York.
9 Application for Writ of Habeas Corpus of Lester Holness, circa 1942, U.S. District Court, Southern District of New York, C113–40 and C113–364, National Archives and Records Administration, New York (via National Archives and Records Administration, Kansas City).
10 U.S. v. Jordan et al.
11 Release, ANP, January 1943, Reel 25, #197, Part I, Series A.
12 People’s Voice, 28 February 1942, Roll 3, FBI File on Moorish Science Temple.
13 James Henry Thornhill, Petitioner v. C. J. Shuttlesworth, Defendant, Application for Writ of Habeas Corpus, C: V 4356, U.S. Circuit Court of Appeals for Eastern District of Michigan, Detroit, National Archives and Records Administration, Chicago.
14 Ibid.; U.S. v. Jordan et al., Box 113.
15 “Harlem Orator Sentenced for Praising
Hitler,” New York Herald Tribune, 5 August 1942, 6.
16 J. A. Ruggles, FBI Agent, Savannah, to New York City, 11 February 1943; attached is Clipping, 25 February 1943, Roll 3, FBI File on Moorish Science Temple.
17 “F.B.I. Arrests 7 Cult Members as Foes of Draft,” New York Herald Tribune, 14 January 1943, 7.
18 Release, ANP, February 1943, Reel 25, #347.
19 Testimony of Daisy Herron, circa 1943, Box 2, Folder 3, PMEW File: “Stretch forth your left arm straight forward, four fingers close together and straight up with the thumb of the hand wide open, place the right hand in like manner but draw it close to your right shoulder; place your left hand across your right elbow in the bend of the arm and bend it twice.”
20 Release, ANP, 11 March 1942, Reel 23, #1031, Part I, Series A.
21 Scribbled remarks of Pickens, 1942, Reel 25, #181, Part I, Series A.
22 Testimony of Trammie Polk, circa 1942, Box 2, Folder 2, PMEW File.
23 Release, ANP, May 1943, Reel 25, #1018.
24 Release, ANP, March 1942, Reel 23, #1081, Part I, Series A.
25 Release, ANP, October 1942, Reel 24, #991, Part I, Series A.
26 Release, ANP, April 1944, Reel 1, #673, Part III, Series C, Barnett Papers.
27 Ibid.
28 Earl Brown and George P. Leighton, “The Negro and the War,” Public Affairs Pamphlet no. 71, 1942, Chicago History Museum. See also Dominic J. Capeci, The Lynching of Cleo Wright (Lexington: University Press of Kentucky, 1998).
29 “Fifth Column Alarms Negro Leaders,” St. Louis Post-Dispatch, 8 March 1942, 3A.
30 Release, ANP, March 1942, Reel 23, #1081, Part I, Series A.
31 Release, ANP, September 1942, Reel 24, #896.
32 Release, ANP, October 1942, Reel 24, #947, citing Chicago Sun-Times.
33 Release, ANP, October 1942, Reel 24, #991.
34 U.S. v. Gordon et al., 23 October 1942, U.S. District Court, Northern District of Illinois, Eastern Division of Chicago, Record Group 21, 33645, Box 1152, National Archives and Records Administration, Chicago.
35 Affidavit of Mittie Maude Lena Gordon, 25 February 1943, for leave to appeal in forma pauperis, Record Group 21, Box 1153, National Archives and Records Administration, Chicago.
36 U.S. v. Gordon et al., October Term 1942, 33646, Box 1152, National Archives and Records Administration, Chicago.
37 Affidavit of Mittie Maude Lena Gordon, 25 February 1943.
38 Seon Jones to Senator Bilbo, n.d., Box 1073, Bilbo Papers.
39 Informant to J. Edgar Hoover, 18 August 1942, Roll 3, FBI File on Moorish Science Temple.
40 Karl Evanzz, The Messenger: The Rise and Fall of Elijah Muhammad (New York: Pantheon, 1999), 106, 135, 145.
41 U.S. v. Linn Karriem, October Term 1942, 33648, Box 1152, Record Group 21, National Archives and Records Administration, Chicago.
42 Travis, An Autobiography of Black Chicago, 94.
43 Baltimore Afro-American, 20 February 1941. See also Washburn, A Question of Sedition, 63; and Lee Finkle, Forum for Protest: The Black Press during World War II (Rutherford: Fairleigh Dickinson University Press, 1975).
44 U.S. v. Charles Newby, October Term 1942, 33650, Box 1152, National Archives and Records Administration, Chicago.
45 Report, 27 February 1935, Box 942, Record Group 21, National Archives and Records Administration, Chicago.
46 U.S. v. Stokley Delmar Hart, October Term 1942, 33651, Box 1152, National Archives and Records Administration, Chicago.
47 Remarks, 10 August 1942, U.S. v. Stokley Delmar Hart, 33651. In the same file, see Hart’s remarks of 11 August 1942: Speaking at Washington Park at a meeting of the “Brotherhood of Liberty for Black Men of America” before a “large number of persons,” he asserted that the “American Government is headed for a fall and that he [Hart] would do all in his power to help crush it”; reportedly, “he glories in Hitler.”
48 See, e.g., Horne, Black Revolutionary; and Horne, Black Liberation/Red Scare.
49 U.S. v. Stokley Hart, October Term 1942, 33652, Box 1152: Robb also speaking at the Brotherhood of Liberty for the Black Man meeting at Washington Park was cited as saying, “The Negroes had better learn the color of the Japanese flag if they wanted to go on living for the next three or four years.” It was “necessary for the Negro to eat the right food, drill, exercise and learn how to handle a gun” in order to survive. “There was not a single cross on a black man’s grave in France because he had been there himself after the last war.” Robb also wrote for the Associated Negro Press. See, e.g., article on Chicago Fair, August 1933, Reel 7, #817, Part I, Series A.
50 “. . . Jap Directed Spy Ring,” Chicago Herald American, 23 September 1942, 7.
51 U.S. v. Frederick Robb, 33652, Affidavit of Edith Sampson of 310 East 38th Street: “Social Worker” owns in “fee simple” lot at above address with rents and income at $1,890 annually, worth $16,000, bought in 1939 from “Louise F. Lomax.” She is worth at least $30,000. On Sampson, see, e.g., Carol Anderson, Bourgeois Radicals: The NAACP and the Struggle for Colonial Liberation, 1941–1960 (New York: Cambridge University Press, 2014).
52 Horne, Black and Red.
53 Release, ANP, April 1943, Reel 25, #789, Part I, Series A.
54 Bench Opinion of Judge William R. Holly, U.S. v. Gordon et al., 15 February 1943, U.S. Circuit Court of Appeals, Seventh Circuit, Brief and Argument for the Appellants, #8256, National Archives and Records Administration, Chicago.
55 “Jap Leader Branded ‘Most Disloyal Citizen’ Gets Three Years,” Wichita Negro Star, 7 May 1943, 1.
56 Report, 28 January 1942, Roll 3, FBI File on Moorish Science Temple.
57 Report, 26 March 1942, Roll 3, FBI File on Moorish Science Temple.
58 William Cathey to Senator Bilbo, 19 June 1943, Box 1084, Bilbo Papers.
59 Report, 15 December 1942, Roll 3, FBI File on Moorish Science Temple.
60 Charles W. Wade to Senator Bilbo, 4 June 1943, Box 1084, Bilbo Papers. Subsequently, the Mississippian Carroll Case argued that a “mass killing of black soldiers” had taken place on a “nearby Army base” in Centerville precisely in 1943. “Over a thousand black soldiers from the 364th Infantry were slaughtered. The perpetrators were not local white racists but the United States Army itself.” According to Case, “My research revealed a collage of racial violence involving black troops during World War II. There were hundreds of disturbances at military bases across the country,” all of which “threatened the war effort” while “Military Intelligence” suspected “outside agitators”—that is, the Japanese. His claims were disparaged, however: see, e.g., Roberto Suro and Michael A. Fletcher, “Mississippi Massacre, or Myth?,” Washington Post, 23 December 1999. See Carroll Case, The Slaughter: An American Atrocity, 1998, University of Southern Mississippi, Hattiesburg.
61 Gerald Horne, Confronting Black Jacobins: The U.S., the Haitian Revolution, and the Origins of the Dominican Republic (New York: Monthly Review Press, 2015).
62 Elwood B. Chapman, Chestnut Street Association, Philadelphia, to Theodore Spaulding, 6 October 1944, Box II, 325, NAACP Papers.
63 U.S. v. PMEW, 27 January 1943, Box 1, Folder 1, PMEW File.
64 U.S. v. PMEW, opinion by Judge Wham, Box 1, Folder 2, PMEW File.
65 Krugler, 1919, The Year of Racial Violence, 305–6.
66 Motion on Exhibits, 1 March 1944, Box 1, Folder 3, PMEW File.
67 Photographs, n.d., Box 1, Folder 5, PMEW File.
68 Testimony of Harrison Fair, circa 1943, Box 2, Folder 2, PMEW File.
69 Brochures, circa 1942, Box 1, Folder 8, PMEW File.
70 Testimony of K. D. Branch, circa 1942, Box 2, Folder 1, PMEW File.
71 Testimony of K. D. Branch, grand jury, September 1942, Box 3, Folder 2, PMEW File.
72 Testimony of Beverly R. Waddell and David O’Brien, circa 1942, Box 2, Folder 1, PMEW File.
73 Testimony of Henry Bishop, circa 1942, Box 2, Folder 1, PMEW File.
74 Testimony of Edgar Sherrod, ci
rca 1942, Box 2, Folder 2, PMEW File.
75 Testimony of Frank P. Townsend, circa 1943, Box 2, Folder 1, PMEW File.
76 Testimony of L. B. Huff, circa 1943, Box 2, Folder 2.
