125. DÉD, 11 July 1945, Vol. 97, Col. 2147/8.
126. 14 June 1949, Taoiseach memorandum for the Government, NAI, S 12644 B.
127. DÉD, 13 December 1945, Vol. 98, Cols. 1945, 1946, 1954 and 1955.
128. DÉD, 27 March 1946, Vol. 100, Col. 686.
129. DÉD, 28 March 1946, Vol. 100, Col. 793.
130. DÉD, 3 April 1946, Vol. 100, Cols 1115/6.
131. DÉD, 3 April 1946, Vol. 100, Col 1134.
132. DÉD, 5 April 1946, Vol. 100, Cols. 1384–6.
133. DÉD, 11 April 1946, Vol. 100, Cols. 1816–8.
134. DÉD, 11 July 1946, Vol. 102, Cols. 655–68.
135. DÉD, 25 February 1947, Vol. 104, Col. 1252.
136. Manning, p. 219.
137. DÉD, 6 February 1946, Vol. 99, Col. 508.
138. DÉD, 14 February 1946, Vol. 99, Col. 1094.
139. DÉD, 27 February 1946, Vol. 99, Cols. 1656 and 1665.
140. DÉD, 11 April 1946, Vol. 100, Col. 1766.
141. DÉD, 21 May 1946, Vol. 101, Cols. 469–73.
142. DÉD, 27 June 1946, Col. 2605.
143. 4 July 1946, Stephen Roche to Gerry Boland, NAI, JUS 8/938.
144. General note on Deputy Costello’s criticism of Emergency Powers Orders, NAI, JUS 8/938.
145. DÉD, 19 June 1946, Vol. 101, Cols 2183 and 2186; 2205; 2208; 2212; and 2213.
146. DÉD, 20 June 1947, Vol. 106, Col. 2322.
147. DÉD, 24 July 1946, Vol. 102, Cols. 1377/8, 1374 and 1376.
148. Feeney, Brian, Sinn Féin, pp 178–81.
149. DÉD, 24 April 1947, Vol. 105, Cols. 1456–8, and 1452.
150. IP, 24 February 1948.
151. 10 March 1948, P.P. O’Donoghue to Moynihan; 11 March 1948, Moynihan note on discussion with Lavery, and 12 March 1948, note of Government decision, NAI, S 12110 D/1.
152. Feeney, p. 180.
153. 21 June 1950, Casey to Moynihan, NAI, S 12110 D/1.
154. 23 January 1945, FG Parliamentary Party minutes, and 30 January 1945, note by P.S. Doyle, UCDA, P39/MIN/4.
155. 15 February 1945, parliamentary party minutes, and 13 March 1945, Chief Whip’s report, UCDA, P39/Min/4.
156. 26 April 1945, parliamentary party minutes, UCDA, P39/MIN/4.
157. Stationery Office, Prl. 8624.
158. “Seven Days”.
159. 14 May 1947, Cosgrave to Mulcahy, UCDA, P7/D/123.
160. DÉD, 30 October 1947, Vol. 108, Col. 1309.
161. See Manning, pp 209 and 220.
162. DÉD, 30 April 1947, Vol. 105, Col. 1767.
163. 3 January 1948, Costello speech at Fine Gael meeting in Donnybrook, JACP, P190/285.
164. Election leaflet in NAI, S 14224.
Chapter 7 Playing with fire
1. 8 December 1969, speech to retirement function, JACP, P190/350.
2. JAC to Declan Costello, 29 February 1948, in possession of Declan Costello.
3. Letter to Declan.
4. Healy, T.M. Portmarnock Golf Club, 1894–1994: A Centenary History, p. i.
5. Interview with Declan Costello.
6. Irishman’s Diary, IT, 21 February 1948.
7. Letter to Declan.
8. Letter to Declan.
9. Based on MacEoin memorandum on the formation of the Government, UCDA, P151/1919.
10. 17 July 1967, Mulcahy to Costello, UCDA, P7/D/116.
11. MacEoin memorandum on the formation of the Government, UCDA, P151/1919.
12. 17 July 1967, Mulcahy to Costello, UCDA, P7/D/116.
13. 17 July 1967, Mulcahy to Costello, UCDA, P7/D/116.
14. “Seven Days”.
15. 29 April 1967, Mulcahy to Costello, UCDA, P7/D/116.
16. May 1967, The Citizen, Vincent Browne interview with Costello.
17. 6 January 1976, RTÉ Radio, 1330 News.
18. Letter to Declan.
19. MacEoin memo on formation of Government, UCDA, P151/919.
20. 8 December 1969, speech to retirement function, JACP, P190/350.
21. Lynch, ‘Pages from a Memoir’, in Lynch and Meenan (eds), pp 37/8.
22. MacBride, Séan, That Day’s Struggle, p. 144.
23. Ibid., p. 145.
24. 16 July 1996, letter to the author from Patrick Lynch.
25. Letter to Declan.
26. 2 August 1967, Seán MacEoin memo on formation of the government, JACP, P190/973.
27. 14 April 1949, News Review interview with Costello, JACP, P190/547.
28. MacDermott, Eithne, Clann na Poblachta, note 58, p. 192.
29. MacBride, pp 149/150.
30. 17 February 1948, Mulcahy statement, NAI, S 14165.
31. Undated memo signed by Costello, JACP, P190/973.
32. IP, 27 January 1969.
33. EH, 16 February 1973.
34. DÉD, 18 February 1948, Vol 110, Cols 22, 24, 25/6 and 27/8.
35. DÉD, 18 February 1948, Vol. 110, Col 48; also letter to Declan.
36. DÉD, 18 February 1948, Vol. 110, Col. 48.
37. O’Higgins, Tom, A Double Life, p. 134. For the strikingly similar impressions of Noël Browne, see EH, 16 February 1973.
38. 31 March 1948, Department of the Taoiseach note on appointment of Government, NAI, S 10719 A.
39. Letter to Declan. According to Alexis FitzGerald, McElligott told the new Taoiseach that the country had been a dictatorship under Fianna Fáil, and that it had been Lemass, not de Valera, who was the dictator. Horgan, John, Seán Lemass, p. 134.
40. 31 March 1948, Department of the Taoiseach note on appointment of Government, NAI, S 10719 A.
41. 8 March 1948, George Garrett to Norman Armour, USNA, RG 88, Dublin Legation, Security Segregated Reports, 1936–49, Box 16, 800—Ireland.
42. “Seven Days”.
43. Interview with Patrick Lynch.
44. 25 October 1952, The Leader, profile of Norton.
45. McGilligan notes on formation of Inter-Party Government, UCDA, P35/177.
46. Mulcahy, p. 244.
47. Interview with Patrick Lynch.
48. The Leader, 28 February 1953, profile of McGilligan.
49. Browne, Noël, Against The Tide, p. 107.
50. Quoted in Fanning, Ronan, Independent Ireland, p. 168.
51. MacBride, pp 146/7.
52. Horgan, Noël Browne, p. 56.
53. Ibid., p. 149.
54. 25 November 1998, Liam Cosgrave speech at book launch.
55. 8 December 1969, Cosgrave speech at Costello retirement dinner, JACP, P190/350.
56. Ó Broin, Leon, Just Like Yesterday, p. 176.
57. Letter from Liam Cosgrave, 7 November 2008.
58. “This Week”, RTÉ Radio, 11 February 1973.
59. IP, 20 February 1948.
60. 31 March 1948, Dept. of the Taoiseach note on appointment of Government, NAI, S 10719 A.
61. 25 November 1964, W.J. Hyland to Costello, JACP, P190/919.
62. Letter to Declan.
63. This phrase was a direct quote from an election flyer for Costello and his running mate, J. Harold Douglas, in the 1948 election, which also suggested that “even if a party has a parliamentary majority it should consult with and consider suggestions from other parties or groups”. JACP, P190/284.
64. 24 February 1948, text of broadcast, JACP, P190/430.
65. II, 25 February 1948.
66. II, 19 February 1948.
67. IP, 19 February 1948.
68. Andrews, C.S., Man of No Property, p. 195.
69. 19 February 1948, Blythe to Costello, JACP, P190/363.
70. 19 February 1948, Kevin Liston to Costello, JACP, P190/371.
71. P.J. Smythe to Costello, JACP, P190/379.
72. Lindsay, Patrick, Memories, pp 151/2.
73. 10 March 1948, Costello to MacWhite, UCDA, P194/564.
74. 18 February 1948, Rugby to de Valera, and reply, 27 February 1948, UCDA, P150/2940.
75. 16 February 1948, Chapin to Secretary of State; 8 March 1948, Garrett to Norman Armour, Asst Sec of S
tate; 29 July 1948, Robert M. Beaudry to Joseph Sweeny, Dept of State; all in USNA, RG 84, Dublin Legation, Security Segregated Records, 1936–49, Box 16, 800—Ireland.
76. Manning, p. 233; Dillon quotes from his memoir, p. 70, quoted in ibid.
77. Interview with Patrick Lynch.
78. Interview with Dr T.K. Whitaker.
79. Lynch, Patrick, “More Pages from a Memoir”, in English and Skelly (eds), Ideas Matter, p. 129.
80. 5 March 1949, Costello to Bodkin, and 15 March 1949, Bodkin to Costello, in TCD, Bodkin Papers, MSS 7003/135 and 136.
81. 1 June 1950, Laithwaite report of conversation with Lord Glenavy, TNA, DO 130/110.
82. MacBride, p. 191.
83. Dillon memoir quoted in Manning, p. 233.
84. 17 December 1948, weekly report, in USNA, RG 84, Dublin Legation, Security Segregated Records, 1936–49, Box 12.
85. 18 January 1949, Parliamentary Party minutes, UCDA, P39/MIN/5.
86. 17 February 1948, Sheldon to Costello, JACP, P190/404.
87. 15 January 1949, Sheldon to Costello, JACP, P190/404.
88. 16 May 1950, Cogan to Costello, JACP, P190/387.
89. Browne, p. 125.
90. “Seven Days”.
91. 5 May 1948, Parliamentary Party minutes, UCDA, P39/MIN/5.
92. 7 July 1948, Parliamentary Party minutes, UCDA, P39/MIN/5.
93. 10 March 1949, Parliamentary Party minutes, UCDA, P39/MIN/5.
94. 30 March 1949, P.F. Dineen, Director of Organisation, Quarterly Bulletin, NAI, Taoiseach’s Private Office, 97/9/117.
95. 16 January 1949, notes on conference, UCDA, P35/c/184.
96. See NAI, Taoiseach’s Private Office, 97/9/1083.
97. 7 June 1949, McElligott to Secretary, D/SW, JACP, P190/554; Costello’s copy of the White Paper is in the same file.
98. 23 June 1949, Lynch notes on White Paper, JACP, P190/554.
99. 1 October 1949, memo, JACP, P190/554.
100. IT, 15 February 1950.
101. Browne, p. 126.
102. 28 November 1949, MacEoin to Costello, UCDA, P151/462.
103. 9 March 1949, minutes of Advisory Committee, UCDA, P35/c/184.
104. Lynch, p. 42.
105. 27 January 1948, Minister for Defence memorandum for Government, NAI, S 13315 A/61.
106. II, 10 March 1948.
107. Interview with Kyran FitzGerald.
108. Browne, p. 104.
109. See 3 May 1955, Moynihan to Sec, D/D, NAI, S 13315 A/61.
110. 16 August 1956, FitzGerald to Costello, in possession of Fergus and Jacqueline Armstrong.
111. News Review, 14 April 1949, JACP, P190/547.
112. 12 June 1951, Government decision, NAI, S 11832 C.
113. Interview with Kyran FitzGerald.
114. 20 February 1948, News Chronicle cutting, JACP, P190/354.
115. MacBride, p. 151.
116. 8 March 1948, George Garrett to Norman Armour, USNA, RG 84, Dublin Legation, Security Segregated Records, 1936–49, Box 16, 800—Ireland.
117. 26 February 1948, Roche to Moynihan, NAI, S 13262.
118. See NAI S 11931 B for MacCurtain and S 13975 for White.
119. See NAI, S 14380.
120. DÉD, 15 April 1948, Vol. 110, Cols 931/2.
121. O’Halpin, Eunan, Defending Ireland, p. 303.
122. Bell, J. Bowyer, The Secret Army, p. 249.
123. Ó Longaigh, Seosamh, Emergency Law in Independent Ireland, p. 277.
124. 19 August 1950, diary entry, UCDA, P122/83.
125. 27 February 1948, Government decision, NAI, S 14252. See S 10496 A for list of committees in different governments.
126. 26 August 1922, Provisional Government minutes, NAI, S 7870 A.
127. NAI, S 7871.
128. 28 April 1924, Cosgrave to J.C. Meredith, NAI, S 7869 A.
129. DÉD, 24 November 1948, Vol 113, Col 312.
130. DÉD, 23 March 1950, Vol. 119, Col. 2521.
131. 8 March 1950, Laithwaite report on developments in the Republic of Ireland, TNA, FO 371/84831.
132. Interview with Patrick Lynch.
133. Fanning, Ronan, Independent Ireland, p. 167, based on interview with MacBride.
134. 14 February 1933, note on Secretary, NAI, S 6378 A.
135. See for instance, 12 January 1949, Cosgrave to Costello, JACP, P190/414 setting out the decisions taken at the previous day’s meeting, “as they may be useful to refresh your memory in view of the fact that we took no formal decision and consequently they will not be recorded in the Minutes”.
136. 6 January 1949, Moynihan memo for Taoiseach, NAI, S 3635.
137. 10 January 1949, Moynihan note, NAI, S 3635, and 22 January 1949, Moynihan to Nolan, NAI, S 1646/4A.
138. 3 March 1948, Taoiseach to each Minister, NAI, S 14261.
139. 7 April 1948, speech to Federation of Irish Manufacturers, Cork, JACP, P190/436.
140. 1 November 1948, Chapin to Secretary of State, USNA, RG 58, Decimal File 1945–49, Box 3289, 711.41D2/10-2848.
141. McCague, Eugene, Arthur Cox, p. 63.
142. 17 December 1948, Garrett to Washington, USNA, RG 59, Decimal File 1945–49, Box 3289, 711.41D2/12-1748.
143. IT, 13 January 1949.
144. 20 January 1949, Garrett to Washington, USNA, RG 59, Decimal File 1945–49, Box 3289, 711.41D2/1-2049.
145. IT, 21 January 1949 and 22 January 1949.
146. 26 May 1948, address to Dublin Chamber of Commerce, JACP, P190/439.
147. Fanning, Finance, p. 427; the foregoing paragraph is based on Fanning, pp 424–7.
148. Dillon memoir quoted in Manning, Dillon, p. 240.
149. 8 December 1969, Costello speech at Presentation Evening, JACP, P190/350.
150. Manning, p. 249.
151. 11 December 1948, M/F memo for the Government, UCDA, P35/a/61.
152. 24 February 1949, McElligott to McGilligan, UCDA, P35/a/77.
153. 9 September 1949, McElligott to McGilligan, UCDA, P35/a/86.
154. 1 May 1949, McElligott to McGilligan, UCDA, P35/a/82.
155. 21 January 1949, Dillon to Costello, UCDA, P35/a/42.
156. 5 March 1949, Costello to Bodkin, TCD, Bodkin Papers, MSS 7003/103a-317, correspondence with John A. Costello.
157. 23 December 1949, Costello to McGilligan, UCDA, P35/c/48.
158. MacBride, p. 189.
159. 23 June 1949, M/EA memo for Govt, NAI, S 14617A.
160. 25 June 1949, O’Dowd note, NAI, S 14617 A.
161. Pink slips, NAI, S 14617A.
162. MacBride, p. 190.
163. 17 September 1949, Maurice Moynihan diary entry, UCDA, P122/84.
164. Fanning, Finance, p. 449.
165. Ibid., p. 449.
166. 27 September 1949, M/EA memo for Government, NAI, S 14617 A.
167. 11 February 1950, Moynihan note, NAI, S 14617 A.
168. Lynch, Patrick, “More pages from an Irish Memoir” in English and Skelly (eds) Ideas Matter, p. 129.
169. Discussion with Governor, UDCA, P35/c/60.
170. Moynihan, Maurice, Currency and Central Banking in Ireland, 1922–60, p. 352 and p. 341.
171. IT, 18 October 1949.
172. 19 October 1949 and 20 October 1949, McElligott to McGilligan, UCDA, P35/c/60.
173. Ó Broin, Leon, No Man’s Man, pp 157/8.
174. Fanning, Finance, p. 455.
175. Brennan diary, quoted in Ó Broin, No Man’s Man, p. 159.
176. II, 6 February 1950.
177. Fanning in Lynch and Meenan (eds), p. 7.
178. See NAI, S 6378 A.
179. Fanning, Finance, p. 457.
180. Interview with Patrick Lynch.
181. DÉD, 20 July 1949, Vol 117, Col 1373.
182. DÉD, 21 July 1949, Vol 117 Col. 1601.
183. Mulcahy, p. 245.
184. Patrick Lynch interview.
185. Lynch, “Pages from a Memoir”, pp 36/7.
186. 19 November 1949, address to annual dinner
of Institute of Bankers in Ireland, JACP, P190/488.
187. Girvin, Brian, Between Two Worlds, p. 170.
188. T.K. Whitaker interview.
189. Lynch, “Pages from a memoir”, p. 36; also interview with Patrick Lynch.
190. Fanning, Independent Ireland, p. 171.
191. 18 November 1949, minutes of meeting, NAI, S 13749 C.
192. 28 November 1949, minutes of second meeting, NAI, S 13749 C.
193. Ó Gráda, Cormac, A Rocky Road, p. 25.
194. Whelan, Bernadette, Ireland and the Marshall Plan, p. 228.
195. Patterson, Henry, Ireland since 1939, p. 89.
196. Whelan, p. 399.
197. IT, 15 November 1949.
198. IT, 18 November 1949.
199. McCullagh, David, A Makeshift Majority, pp 237–9.
200. 14 April 1949, News Review interview with Costello, JACP, P190/547.
201. JACP, P190/406.
202. See for example entry for 24 January 1949, NAI, Taoiseach’s Private Office, 97/9/928.
203. Correspondence with John Costello.
204. Interview with Jacqueline Armstrong.
205. Conversation with Joan Gleeson.
206. 29 August 1950, Bodkin to Costello, JACP, P190/408.
207. O’Byrne, Robert, Hugh Lane, p. 187
208. O’Byrne, pp 231 and 232.
209. Kennedy, Brian P., Dreams and Responsibilities, p. 7.
210. Kennedy, pp 22 and 24.
211. Stanford, William Bedell, Memoirs, p. 77.
212. Verbatim report of speech, January 1931, and copy of The Catholic Bulletin, February 1931, NAI, S 2573.
213. Bodkin Papers, TCD, Ms. 7003/114, 19 May 1948.
214. 27 February 1947, Rugby to Machtig, TNA, DO 35/3993.
215. 11 March 1948, Cabinet conclusions, TNA, DO 35/3993.
216. 1 April 1948, Bodkin to Costello, JACP, P190/408.
217. IT, 7 September 1967.
218. 26 July 1948, Costello to Attlee, TNA, DO 35/3994.
219. 12 August 1948, Rugby to Machtig, TNA, DO 35/3994.
220. 12 November 1948, Attlee to Noel-Baker, TNA, DO 35/3994.
221. 8 January 1951, Rugby to Liesching, TNA, DO 35/3994.
222. O’Byrne, p. 239.
223. 14 April 1956, Hogan to Costello, JACP, P190/822.
224. 25 April 1958, Robbins to Pakenham, JACP, P190/408.
225. 13 May 1958, Costello to de Valera, JACP, P190/408.
226. 25 March 1959, Costello to de Valera, JACP, P190/408.
227. 10 August 1959, Lemass to Costello, JACP, P190/408.
228. Lemass and Costello Dáil statements, JACP, P190/408.
229. Kennedy, p. 55.
230. See Kennedy, pp 78–80.
The Reluctant Taoiseach Page 67
