17. Miscellaneous correspondence, A.H. Cavanaugh, general manager, T&NOR, to R.G. Lee, superintendent, Crawley & McCracken Limited, April 28, 1942, ONA.
18. Interview with Duncan Smith, Palmerston, Ontario, December 20, 1993.
19. Ron Brown, “At the (Railway) YMCA,” The Beaver (February/March 1999), 34.
20. Ibid., 36–37.
21. E.J. Hart, The Selling of Canada (Banff, AB: Altitude Publishers, 1983), 12–13.
22. Menu and price list, Canadian National Railways, August 28, 1940, author’s collection.
23. Menu and price list, Canadian Pacific Railway Dining Car Service, 1941, author’s collection.
24. Ted Ferguson, Sentimental Journey (Toronto: Doubleday Canada, 1985), 46.
25. The Selling of Canada, 14.
26. North Bay Nugget (August 6, 1982), 1.
27. Michael Barnes, ed., The Best of Hartley Trussler’s North Bay (North Bay, ON: North Bay Nugget, 1982), 30.
28. Menus and price lists, Ontario Northland Archives Collection, North Bay, Ontario.
Chapter 11: From Sea to Shining Sea
1. The Journals of Captain James Cook on his Voyages of Discovery, Vol. 3, Part 2, page 1328, quoted in Sailors and Sauerkraut by Barbara Burkhardt, Barrie Angus McLean, and Doris Kochanek (Burnaby, BC: Hemlock Printers, 1978), 146.
2. Anita Stewart, The Flavours of Canada (Vancouver: Raincoast Books, 2000), 17.
3. Royal B. Hassrick, The Colourful Story of North American Indians (Octopus Books, 1974), 108 and 111.
4. Joseph Despard Pemberton, Facts and Figures Relating to Vancouver Island and British Columbia (London: Longman, Green, 1860), quoted in McIntosh, When the Work’s All Done This Fall, 277.
5. Dorothy Duncan, “Chinese Food and the Canadian Experience,” in Chinese Cuisine American Palate: An Anthology, Jacqueline Newman and Roberta Halporn, eds. (Brooklyn, NY: Center for Thanatology Research and Education Incorporated, 2004), 72.
6. Building the Canadian Nation, 377.
7. Pierre and Janet Berton’s Canadian Food Guide, 31.
8. Oh, Canada! 145–46.
9. When the Work’s All Done This Fall, 279.
10. Pierre and Janet Berton’s Canadian Food Guide, 36.
11. Judy Bidgood, Tea-Time Victoria (Victoria: Monk Publications, 1983), 9.
12. Susan Mendelson, The Expo 86 Cookbook (North Vancouver: Whitecap Books, 1986), 9.
Chapter 12: “You Feed Your Pigs and Cattle …”
1. Adelaide Hoodless, quoted in Ontario Women’s Institute Story: In Commemoration of the 75th Anniversary of Women’s Institutes in Ontario (Guelph, ON: Federated Women’s Institutes of Ontario, 1972), 6.
2. Peggy Knapp, Federated Women’s Institutes of Ontario president, 1989–1991, quoted in foreword, Linda M. Ambrose, For Home and Country: The Centennial History of the Women’s Institutes of Ontario (Guelph, ON: Federated Women’s Institutes of Ontario, 1996), 9.
3. Ibid., 41.
4. Lillian White, Tweedsmuir History of Corinth and North Bayham (Corinth, ON: Corinth Women’s Institute, 1973).
5. For further reading, see Tara Junior Women’s Institute, Cook Book (Tara, ON, 1932); Tara Women’s Institute, Cook Book (Tara, ON, 1951); Corinth Women’s Institute, Tweedsmuir History of Corinth and North Bayham (Corinth, ON, 1973); Quebec Women’s Institutes, Out of Country Kitchens (Ste. Anne de Bellevue, QC, 1991); National Federation of Women’s Institutes, The WI Book of Party Recipes (London, Eng., 1969); Women’s Institutes of Northern Ireland, Golden Jubilee Cookery Book, 1932–1982 (Belfast, 1982); IW County Federation of Women’s Institutes, Isle of Wight Cookery Book (Newport, Eng., reprint 1969); Burriss Women’s Institute, Burriss Family Treasures (Burriss, ON, 1995); Ontario Women’s Institutes, Environmentally Friendly Hints (Winnipeg, 1994); North and South Brant Women’s Institute, Cook Book (St. George, ON, 1967); Burwick Women’s Institute, Cooking Craft (Woodbridge, ON, 1963); Women’s Institutes of Brantford, St. George, Echo Place, Cainsville, Paris, Princeton, Drumbo, and Onondaga, Community Cook Book; Auburn Women’s Institute, From Our Kitchen to Yours (Auburn, Ontario); Pickardville Women’s Institute, Favourite Recipes (Westlock, AB, 1972); Barkway Women’s Institute, Cooking Favourites of Barkway Women’s Institute (Gravenhurst, ON, 1976); Elders Mills Women’s Institute, Cooking Favourites of Woodbridge (Woodbridge, ON, 1970); Tec-We-Gwill Women’s Institute, Favourite Recipes (Newton Robinson, ON, 1979); Women’s Institutes of Prince Edward Island, Popular Recipes (Charlottetown, 1976); Lyons Brook Women’s Institute, Favourite Recipes (Pictou, NS); Zion Women’s Institute, Country Cooking 300 Recipes (Zion, ON, 1976).
Chapter 13: Edith Had Got the Nutmeg!
1. Ruth Holmes Whitehead, Elitekey: Micmac Material Culture from 1600 AD to the Present (Halifax: Nova Scotia Museum, 1980), 33–34.
2. Audrey Saunders Miller, ed., The Journals of Mary O’Brien, 1828–1838 (Toronto: Macmillan of Canada, 1968), 77.
3. . Ibid., 109.
4. Ibid., 26.
5. Voyages and Travels of an Indian Interpreter and Trader, 35.
6. B.M. Barss and Sheila Kerr, Canadian Prairie Homesteaders (Calgary, 1985), 41.
7. Robert Cliff and Derek Wilton, eds., Jukes’ Excursions, Being a Revised Edition of Joseph Beete Jukes’ Excursions in and About Newfoundland in the Years 1839 and 1840, (St. John’s, NF: H. Cuff, 1993), 154–55.
8. Marie Nightingale, Out of Old Nova Scotia Kitchens (New York: Charles Scribner’s Sons, 1971), 11.
9. . Manitoba’s Heritage Cookery (Winnipeg: Manitoba Historical Society, 1992), 242.
10. Beth Boegh, ed., “Homesteading at Pass Lake, 1924–1934: A Memoir by Karl (Charles) Hansen,” Papers and Records, Thunder Bay Historical Museum Society, Vol. 30 (2002), 32–33.
11. Nellie Lyle Pattinson, Canadian Cook Book (Toronto: Ryerson Press, 1923), 385–86.
12. Nellie Lyle Pattinson, Canadian Cook Book (Toronto: Ryerson Press, 1941), 28–29.
13. . Pioneer Recipes and Memories (Mindemoya, ON: Central Manitoulin Historical Society, 2004), 102.
14. Manitoba’s Heritage Cookery, 154.
15. Marie Nightingale, Out of Old Nova Scotia Kitchens (New York: Charles Scribner’s Sons, 1971), 11.
16. Carol Petch, Old Hemmingford Recipes (Hemmingford, QC: Imprimie Cyan Printing, 1977), 73.
17. Manitoba’s Heritage Cookery, 167.
18. Valerie Mah, “Chinese Food Traditions,” in From Cathay to Canada: Chinese Food Traditions (Willowdale, ON: Ontario Historical Society, 1998), 8.
Chapter 14: “I’d Rather Work for a Dollar Less …”
1. Dennis Carter-Edwards, “Supplying Military Posts in Upper Canada,” in Consuming Passions (Willowdale, ON: Ontario Historical Society, 1990), 45–46.
2. Letter from Surveyor General’s Office to Mahlon Burwell, March 24, 1809, re Road through Middleton (Toronto: Maps and Surveys Office, Ontario Department of Lands and Forests).
3. Pierre and Janet Berton’s Canadian Food Guide, 19.
4. Ibid., 19.
5. Elinor Thomas, A Loving Legacy: Recipes and Memories from Yesterday and Today, for Tomorrow (Westport, ON: Butternut Press, 1987), 40.
6. Ibid., 42.
7. John Macfie, Now and Then: More Footnotes to Parry Sound History (Parry Sound, ON: John Macfie, 1985), 41.
8. Joseph Conlin, “Old Boy, Did You Get Enough of Pie?” Journal of Forest History, Vol. 23, No. 4 (Santa Cruz, CA: Forest History Society, October 1979), 172.
9. Ibid., 175.
10. Andrew Hacquoil, “Bunkhouses, Hauling Roads, and Finnish Beer: The Logging Camps of Oscar Styffe Limited,” Papers and Records, Vol. 23 (Thunder Bay, ON: Thunder Bay Historical Museum Society, 1995), 19.
11. Edith Fowke, Lumbering Songs from the Northern Woods (Austin, TX: University of Texas Press, 1970), 60.
12. Emil Engstrom, The Vanishing Logger (New York: Vantage Press, 1956), 38.
13. Cookee Book (International Falls, MN: Koochiching County Historical Society, 1985), 1. As International Falls i
s on the United States–Canada border, this recipe could have been used in Canadian camps.
Chapter 15: Ladies Please Provide Versus Men Serve Oysters!
1. Elizabeth Hulse, “The Hunter Rose Company: A Brief History,” Devil’s Artisan, Vol. 18 (1986), 6.
2. Sparta WTA, The Spartan Cook Book (London, 1908), 4.
3. St. Luke’s Cook Book (Winnipeg: Stovel Company Printers, 1910), 1.
4. The Home Cook Book (North Vancouver: Whitecap Books, 2002), 34. Reprint of 1878 edition published by Rose-Belford Publishing in Toronto.
5. Interview with Marion Leithead, Toronto, December 2005.
6. Jean Barkey, Stouffville, 1877–1977 (Stouffville, ON: Stouffville Historical Committee, 1977).
7. Tweed News, March 2, 1899.
8. Ibid., March 9, 1899.
9. Bruce McGraw, See You Next Summer: Postcard Memories of Sparrow Lake Resort (Toronto: Natural Heritage/ Natural History, 1998), 69.
10. Interviews with Egerton Pegg, Donald Goodwin, Kenneth McTaggart, Alfred Pegg, Kenneth Brooks, and Douglas Morden, Greenwood, Ontario, July 8, 2001.
11. Stouffville Tribune, Stouffville, Ontario, April 2, 1969.
12. Ibid., March 27, 1967.
13. Interview with Bill Brown, Jr., Greenwood, Ontario, July 15, 2001. Bill Junior often helped his father with this task.
14. Interview with Jean Murray Cole, Indian River, Ontario, July 12, 2001.
15. Marie Nightingale, Out of Old Nova Scotia Kitchens (Baddeck, NS: Petheric Press, 1978), 113 and 121.
16. Aurora Banner, Aurora, Ontario, September 27, 1872.
17. See Caroline Parry, Let’s Celebrate! (Toronto: Kids Can Press, 1984) for a comprehensive listing of festivals and special days.
18. Shel Zolkewich, “Furbearers, Beer Bellies, and a Big Ball of Bannock,” National Post (Toronto), February 28, 2004, SP8.
19. Ibid.
Chapter 16: The Twentieth Century Brought a Revolution to Canadian Tables
1. Interviews and correspondence with Helen Devereaux of Sudbury and Toronto; Eva Buchanan and Evelyn Hedman Farrell (daughter of a Cobalt miner) of Sudbury; and Mike Farrell, historian for the Mine Mill Union in Sudbury, May 30, 1997.
2. Richard Brown, A History of the Island of Cape Breton (London, 1869), quoted in, Susan MacKenzie and Maureen Freeman, Welcome to Our House (Sydney, NS: Sydney Bicentennial Commission, 1984), 39.
3. G. de T. Glazebrook, Katharine Brett, and Judith McErvel, A Shopper’s View of Canada’s Past (Toronto: University of Toronto Press, 1969), 87 and 89.
4. Ibid., vii.
5. Ibid., 131.
6. Ibid., 164.
7. Ibid., xv.
8. Heron, BOOZE, 182.
9. Dorothy Duncan, “The 20th Century Brought a Revolution to the Dinner Table,” in Consuming Passions (Willowdale, ON: Ontario Historical Society,1990), various pages, particularly 243, 244, and 245.
10. Dorothy Duncan, “Make It Do, Make It Over, Use It Up,” in Century Home (Port Hope, ON: Bluestone House, April-May 1991), 24–25.
11. Kate Aitken, Kate Aitken’s Canadian Cook Book (Montreal: The Standard, 1945), foreword and 3.
12. Susan Goldenberg, “October 1930: Medical Breakthrough,” The Beaver (October/November, 2005), 11.
13. Carol Ferguson and Margaret Fraser, A Century of Canadian Home Cooking (Scarborough, ON: Prentice Hall Canada, 1992).
14. Margaret Carr, “Cooking Chat,” Toronto Daily Star, May 28, 1954, 38.
15. Tea Council of Canada press releases, Toronto, January 11, 1999, and April 22, 1999.
Chapter 17: Anything Baked by a Man
1. Mima Kapches, “Village Fairs/Foires de Villages,” Ontario Archaeological Society, Archaeological Notes, Vol. 9, Issue 3 (May/June 2004), 14–15.
2. Marc Lafrance and Yvon Dessloges, A Taste of History (Ottawa: Environment Canada, 1989), 24 and 26.
3. “A Traveller’s Impressions, 1792–93,” in Gerald Craig, ed., Early Travellers in the Canadas (Toronto: Macmillan of Canada, 1955), 5.
4. A Taste of History, 24.
5. Chasing the Dawn (Halifax: City Markets of Halifax Cooperative Limited, 1998), various pages.
6. Howard Temperley, ed., Gubbins’ New Brunswick Journals, 1811 & 1813 (Fredericton, NB: Heritage Publications, 1980), 24.
7. David McGimpsey, “Canada’s Oldest Marketplace,” Globe and Mail, November 22, 2003.
8. When the Work’s All Done This Fall, 21.
9. Early Travellers in the Canadas, 6.
10. Lucy Booth Martyn, The Face of Early Toronto: An Archival Record 1797–1936 (Sutton West, ON: Paget Press, 1982), 16–17.
11. Jennifer Bain, “All the Flavours of the World,” Toronto Star, September 28, 2003, B4.
12. Record-News, February 16, 1983, page 5, quoted in Glenn J Lockwood, Smiths Falls: A Social History of the Men and Women in a Rideau Canal Community 1794–1994 (Smiths Falls, ON: Corporation of the Town of Smiths Falls, 1994), 363–64.
13. Rideau Record, February 9, 1888, page 4, quoted in Lockwood, Smiths Falls, 363–64.
14. Rideau Record, December 15, 1887, page 1, quoted in Lockwood, Smiths Falls, 364.
15. Isabel Champion, ed., Markham, 1793–1900 (Markham, ON: Markham Historical Society, 1979), 266.
16. Cheryl MacDonald, ed., School Days (Nanticoke, ON: Heritage Enterprises, 1998), various pages.
17. When the Work’s All Done This Fall, 277–78.
18. A Taste of History, 111.
19. Anne Hutten, Valley Gold (Baddeck, NS: Petheric Press, 1981), 135–36.
20. Best of the Fairs (Toronto: Canadian Association of Exhibitions and Robin Hood Multifoods Inc., 1986), various pages.
21. Sharing Treasured Recipes (Ladies Division, Norwood Agricultural Fair, 1978), 28.
22. Author’s collection of prize lists.
23. Mark Kearny, “Everyone Can Win a Ribbon … in the Right Category,” Globe and Mail, September 28, 2005, A26.
Chapter 18: The Bountiful Harvest with Which Canada Has Been Blessed
1. Robert Barlow McCrea, Lost Amid the Fogs: Sketches of Life in Newfoundland, England’s Ancient Colony (London: Sampson, Low, Son and Marston, 1869), 292–97.
2. Valerie Mah, “Chinese Food Traditions,” in From Cathay to Canada: Chinese Cuisine in Transition (Willowdale, ON: Ontario Historical Society, 1998), 5.
3. Richard Hakluyt, The Principall Navigations, Voiages, and Discoveries of the English Nation (London: George Bishop and Ralph Newberie, 1589). Reprinted from the first edition of Hakluyt’s Voyages by Rear Admiral Richard Collinson (New York: Hakluyt Society, 1987), 252.
4. Andrew Smith, “Talking Turkey: Thanksgiving in Canada and the U.S.,” in What’s for Dinner: The Daily Meal Through History Colloquium (Montreal: Unpublished Manuscript, November 2–4, 2005).
5. “A Victorian Thanksgiving,” The Woodside Chronicler (Kitchener, ON: Woodside National Historic Site, Fall and Winter 1999), 2.
6. Ibid., 2.
7. Katherine C. Lewis Flynn, Mrs. Flynn’s Cookbook (Charlottetown: Ladies of St. Elizabeth’s and Society in Aid of St. Vincent’s Orphanage, 1931), 4. Reprinted by the Prince Edward Island Heritage Foundation in 1981.
8. Nellie Lyle Pattinson, Canadian Cook Book (Toronto: Ryerson Press, 1941), 22.
9. Alexandrine Gibb, “Queen and Guests Relaxed Despite Dinner Formality,” Toronto Daily Star, October 15, 1957, 2.
10. A Collage of Canadian Cooking (Ottawa: Canadian Home Economics Association, 1979), 45.
11. Oh, Canada! 19.
12. Toronto Star, October 15, 2002, A3.
13. Captain J.E. Alexander, “Bytown and the Rideau Canal in the 1830s,” in Transatlantic Sketches, Comprising Visits to the Most Interesting Scenes in North and South America, Vol. 2 (London, 1833), quoted in Gerald Craig, ed., Early Travellers in the Canadas (Toronto: Macmillan of Canada, 1955), 84.
14. Caroline Parry, Let’s Celebrate! (Toronto: Kids Can Press, 1987). See various pages for detailed descriptions of thanksgiving ce
lebrations, as well as celebrations around the year.
BIBLIOGRAPHY
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