and France, 38–40, 67, 275–76, 278–79, 281, 413, 436–37, 451, 455, 458–59, 507, 512
and Georges-Picot, 38, 275–81
and Hussein, 39, 40, 82, 300
and Jewish settlements in Palestine, 277, 451, 467
Lawrence’s opposition to, 38, 82, 90, 280–81, 306, 328, 400, 413, 444, 451, 486, 525, 537
and Lloyd George, 461, 507
Ottoman Empire divided in, 38, 40, 81, 276, 278–79, 504
and partition of Palestine, 39, 276
and Russia, 39, 40, 81, 279–80, 413
and Sykes, 38, 81, 90, 275–81
U.S. opposition to, 305, 444, 455
and Zionism, 280, 399, 451, 453, 458, 467
Syria:
British control of, 459, 486
diverse populations of, 307
Feisal vs. French in, 463, 505, 511
flag of, 272
French administration of, 436–37, 440, 442, 461, 507, 518, 697
French ambitions for, 38, 40, 67, 81, 90, 92, 183, 256, 262, 272, 275, 433, 436, 454, 455, 458, 460, 461–62, 473, 486, 505
as geographical expression, 306–7
impoverishment of, 698
Inter-Allied Commission of Inquiry on, 484
Lawrence’s eÃorts on Feisal’s behalf in, 443, 444, 473, 484
Lawrence’s travels in, 172
local uprisings in, 413–14, 505
and military strategy, 91, 100, 266, 309
and Paris Peace Conference, 476
railway system in, 309
and United Arab Republic, 697
and Weizmann-Feisal agreement, 465–68
see also Damascus
Tafas, Turkish brutality in, 418–24, 686
Tafileh:
Arab victory at, 380
battle of, 365–73, 369, 383
as military goal, 359, 360, 365
Tala Bey, 285n
Talal el Hareidhin, sheik of Tafas, 341, 417, 419–21, 422, 424
Talleyrand-Périgord, Charles-Maurice de, 270
Tell Ahmar, archaeological site at, 197–98
Tell el Shehab, bridge at, 334–40, 341, 343, 352, 410
Thatcher, Lady Margaret, 449
’at Hamilton Woman (film), 690n
Theater Guild, 596
Thomas, Fran, 493
Thomas, Lowell, 353–54, 366, 478–82
in Aqaba, 383–88
in Jerusalem, 354
and “Lawrence of Arabia” films, 361, 384, 386, 387, 690, 693
and “Lawrence of Arabia” myth, 355–56, 361, 385, 388, 442, 443, 479–82, 493–94, 526, 623, 662, 695, 698
London performance of, 492–94
as promoter, 478, 480, 493, 593n
With Lawrence in Arabia, 140n, 321, 385, 386, 525–26, 603, 624, 662, 689, 696
Thomas à Becket, 405
Thompson, R. Campbell, 189, 190, 191, 193, 194, 196, 197, 202
Thompson, W. H., 518–19, 522
Thomson, Christopher B., Lord, 646, 647–49, 650, 651, 652, 656
Thorndyke, Dame Sybil, 596
Thurtle, Ernest, 639–40, 641
Times, the (London):
and Lawrence obituary, 671
Lawrence’s letters to, 199, 464, 486, 505, 593
Literary Supplement, 623
Sunday Times, 582n, 583
Tolstoy, Leo, War and Peace, 319
Townshend, Charles, 287, 288, 289–90, 295
Toynbee, Arnold, 472, 473, 506
Trad, and Anazeh tribe, 423, 424
Trans-Jordan, see Jordan
Trenchard, Hugh Montague, 1st Viscount Trenchard:
and Lawrence’s fame, 635, 638, 639, 643
Lawrence’s letters to, 210, 580, 597, 615–16, 619, 624, 625–26, 628, 631, 633, 640, 642, 656
and Lawrence’s RAF enlistment, 537, 540–41, 542–43, 550, 559, 564–65, 569, 572
and Lawrence’s re-enlistment, 591, 605, 606
Lawrence’s relationship with, 236, 514, 537, 597, 639, 648, 650
and Lawrence’s release from RAF, 569, 572, 574, 575–76, 639
and Lawrence’s transfers in RAF, 617, 635, 640, 660
as metropolitan commissioner of police, 653
and ’e Mint, 553–54
and RAF, 514, 536
RAF Benefolent Fund created by, 622
retirement of, 648, 653
and Seven Pillars, 615–16, 617, 624
Trotsky, Leon, 280
Tucker, Sophie, 630
Tunisia, as French colonial possession, 442
Turkey:
aircraft of, 14, 52, 409–10
Armenian genocide by, 37, 221, 223, 263, 304, 373, 398, 475–76
army of, see Turkish army
and British foreign policy, 12–13
diverse population of, 225, 253, 304
legal code of, 56
Muslims in, 14
and negotiated peace, 301–2, 303–6, 398–99
peace with Russia, 381, 398
railroads of, 24, 75, 297, 309, 530–31
strategic importance of, 12–13
war with Balkan states, 215, 218, 222
and World War I, 246
“Young Turks” in, 163, 168, 185, 199
see also Ottoman Empire
Turki, tribal leader, 391
Turkish army:
Arab actions against, 99–100; see also specific sites
with Central Powers in World War I, 10, 13, 233, 249–50
corruption of, 4–5, 215
cruelty to prisoners, 5, 36–37, 85n, 96, 288, 325, 349
firefight with, 98
German support of, 20, 36, 104, 285, 287, 311, 391, 411, 416, 421, 423, 424
guarding archaeological sites, 192
Lawrence’s knowledge about, 7, 258
official handbook of, 258
in retreat, 412, 413, 414, 415–17, 422–23, 428–29
strategies of, 27, 70
superiority to Arabian army, 20, 35, 36, 53, 57
surrender of, 101–2, 292, 412, 697
underestimated by British, 4
Turkish Museum, 193
Turkish navy, 246–47
and German warships, 248–50
Tutankhamun, King, tomb of, 203n
Twain, Mark, 386
“Twenty-Seven Articles” (Lawrence), 56
Um Lejj, Arab army at, 63
Umtaiye:
airstrip constructed at, 414
railway demolition at, 407–11
United Arab Republic, 697
U.S. Army, 686
Verdun, battle of, 45
Vickers-Supermarine Aviation Works, 643
Vickery, Charles, 63, 64, 65, 66
Victoria Cross, 112, 113n, 143, 373, 518
Vietcong, 309
Voltaire, 253, 688
Wadi Ais:
Abdulla’s camp at, 60, 71, 73, 74, 76
Arab position in, 60, 63, 76
Lawrence’s journey to, 73–74
Wadi Hamdh, 65
Wadi Hesa, 365
Wadi Itm, 101–2
Wadi Rumm, 312–13, 329
Wadi Safra, Lawrence’s visits to, 30–31, 37–38, 42, 52–53
Wadi Sirhan, 90, 92, 95, 96, 281
Wadi Yenbo, 52–59
Wahhabi tribe, as followers of ibn Saud, 55, 88, 483, 484, 526, 625
Walpole, Hugh, 617
war cabinet, Eastern Committee:
Lawrence’s meetings with, 444–47, 451–52, 456, 461
reports from Middle East to, 454–55
War Office:
Lawrence’s duties with, 7, 485
Lawrence’s oÃenses against, 505
Wasta, hospitality in, 30–31
Waugh, Evelyn, 482
Officers and Gentlemen, 236
Scoop, 361
Wavell, A. P., 626, 687
on Lawrence’s demolition skills, 408
Lawrence’s friendship with, 236, 321
and Lawrence’s funeral, 679
Waziristan, RAF station in, 631–34
Webb, Beatrice, 470, 570
Webb, Sidney, 570
Weintraub, Stanley, 397
Weizmann, Chaim, 531
Weizmann-Feisal discussions, 399–400, 463, 465–68, 476
Wejh:
Arab army move to, 60–61, 64–66, 76, 307
Arab capture of, 66, 68
Feisal’s camp at, 69–70, 81
Turkish control of, 21, 64
Wellington, Arthur Wellesley, duke of, 112, 145, 373, 688, 690
Wells, H. G., 617, 659
Wemyss, Sir Rosslyn, 44, 45, 83, 108
West, Anthony, 659
West, Rebecca, 659
Wigram, Clive, 439, 447
Wilde, Oscar, 157, 556
William II, Kaiser, 351, 453
Williamson, Henry, 675–76
Wilson, Sir Arnold, 517, 593n
Wilson, Cyril, 62, 90
in Jidda, 11, 14, 49, 51, 60, 300
Lawrence recommended for DSO by, 112
and plans for Arab Revolt, 40, 82
Wilson, Jeremy, Lawrence’s correspondence edited by, 694–95
Wilson, Jeremy: Lawrence of Arabia, 695
on Arab-Turkish negotiations, 398
on Bruce, 582n
on Feisal portrait, 504
on Lawrence in RAF, 552, 564
on Lawrence’s embellishments of his story, 442
on Lawrence’s sailing skills, 662
on Lawrence’s schooling, 151
on Lawrence’s wartime accomplishments, 694
on Seven Pillars, 500, 574
on Thomas’s time with Lawrence, 385
Wilson, Michael, 692
Wilson, Woodrow:
on European colonial acquisitions, 305
Fourteen Points of, 454, 455
meeting of Lawrence and, 472–73
Middle East commitments avoided by, 475, 476, 484
and Paris Peace Conference, 210, 454, 458, 460, 472, 473, 474, 475, 476
on secret treaties, 414, 444, 455
and Thomas, 353, 384
Winckler, Hugo, 184
Wingate, Orde, 29, 687
Wingate, Sir Reginald, 44–47, 47, 236, 277
as British high commissioner in Egypt, 45, 273
as governor-general of Sudan, 12, 27, 36, 44, 257
and Kitchener, 246
and Lawrence’s assignments, 49, 252
and Lawrence’s military strategies, 29, 112, 298, 518, 687
personal traits of, 46–47
and RFC aircraft, 14, 52
as sirdar of Egyptian army, 282
as supporter of Arab Revolt, 44, 45, 47, 76
Winterton, Lord Edward, 408, 417–18, 424, 425, 440, 443, 610
Wood, C. E., 326, 336, 337
Wood, Gar, 649
Woolf, Leonard, 622
Woolley, Charles Leonard, 211
and Carchemish site, 202, 206–9, 210, 214, 218, 219, 221, 224, 230, 240
and Palestine mapping expedition, 234, 235, 236–38
and World War I, 246, 250, 252, 257
World War I:
Allied Powers in, 10, 242, 252, 304, 305
Battle of the Somme, 45, 277
Battle of Verdun, 275, 277, 460
Central Powers in, 10, 13, 232, 233, 242, 249–50
Dardanelles campaign, 509
events in Europe overshadowing Arabia in, 381–82
events leading to, 13, 204, 242
Gallipoli, 4, 29, 263–64, 277, 282, 285, 290, 295
and Kitchener, 244–46, 245, 262, 264, 265–66, 274
Lawrence as famed hero of, 492, 493, 536, 686, 687
Lawrence brothers in, 243–44
as military disaster, 663
and postwar peace, see Paris Peace Conference
and postwar territorial demands, 453–54, 468–69
and Sarajevo assassination, 242
stalemate in, 398
surrender of Central Powers in, 417, 453
U.S. entry into, 305, 353, 381
World War II, 309, 698
Churchill’s speeches in, 654
French Resistance movement in, 332
Spitfire aircraft in, 643
Yarmuk, Turkish bridges at, 325–28, 330–38, 340, 352, 355, 400, 410, 430
Yeates, V. M., 676
Yeats, William Butler, 73, 119, 654, 657
Yemen, imam of, 516, 527, 528
Yenbo:
Arab control of, 21
defense of, 56, 58–59, 60, 63
journey to, 42–43
strategic importance of, 49
Young, Hubert, 383, 416–18
and Allenby, 402, 436
and Arab army, 401–2, 416, 424, 425
and chain of command, 382–83, 416
in Churchill’s Middle East Department, 512, 513, 514, 516, 520
and Lawrence’s military actions, 408, 417–18
military traits of, 402
Youth Hostels Association, 673
Zaagi, 420
Zaal (raider), 92, 93–94
Zeid, emir (son of Hussein), 22, 526
and British gold, 292, 375, 376
and Mesopotamia, 444
retreating, 53, 56, 57, 58
at Tafileh, 366, 368, 370–71
Zionism:
and Aaronsohn, 328–29
and Balfour Declaration, 306, 399, 453, 454, 519–20, 531
and Churchill, 510
importance of, 468
and Jewish national home, 511, 520, 531–32
and Jewish settlement in Palestine, 451, 466, 467, 468, 531
Meinertzhagen as supporter of, 470, 512, 520
and Palestine, 280, 306, 328–29, 451, 458, 463, 466–67, 519–20, 524, 531
and Paris Peace Conference, 454, 458, 463, 468
Sykes as supporter of, 272, 280, 352
and Sykes-Picot agreement, 280, 399, 451, 453, 458, 467
and Weizmann-Feisal discussions, 399–400, 463, 465–68, 476
Acknowledgments
My heartfelt thanks to my dear friends Marianna and Jay Watnick for their affectionate support.
I owe special gratitude to my friend and colleague from her days at Simon and Schuster, Phyllis Grann, whose suggestion it was that I should write about Lawrence in the first place, as well as for her editing of the manuscript; and to Lynn Nesbit for making all this possible. I also owe very special thanks to Hugh Van Dusen at HarperCollins, and to his assistant, Robert Crawford, for their unfailing help and enthusiasm; to Lucy Albanese of HarperCollins for her skill, taste, and patience; and to Diane Aronson for her very special and painstaking care.
I owe a special debt of gratitude to the incomparable Mike Hill, for his research, support, and friendship; to Kevin Kwan, chocolatier par excellence, for his brilliant picture research—and to Amy Hill, for once again taking on the task of designing one of my books. I am also deeply indebted to my assistant Dawn Lafferty, whose help has been unstinting, and whose calm in the middle of chaos has been a precious and invaluable gift to me, and to Victoria Wilson for reading the manuscript, and for her excellent and thought-provoking suggestions.
Close to home, I am profoundly grateful to John Ansley, Head of the Archives and Special Collections and of the Lowell Thomas Collection and Archives; and to Angelo Galeazzi, Project Archivist at Marist College, Poughkeepsie, New York, for giving me such valuable access to their films, photographs, and manuscripts, which contain a treasuretrove of material about Lawrence, and for going to such trouble on my behalf.
I would also like to thank the following: Hugh Alexander, Deputy Manager, The Image Library, The National Archives, Kew, Richmond, U.K.; Katherine Godfrey, Archivist at the Liddell Hart Centre for Military History, King’s College, London, U.K.; Colin Harris, Superintendent, Department of Special Collections, Bodleian Library, Oxford, U.K.; Penny Hatfield, Eton College, Windsor, Berkshire, U.K.; Jane Hogan, Assistant
Keeper, Archives and Special Collections, Durham University Library, Durham, U.K.; Allen Packwood, Director, Churchill Archives Centre, Cambridge, U.K.; Lora Parker, Royal Agricultural College Library, Cirencester, Gloucestershire, U.K.; Peter Preen, Visitor Services Manager, Clouds Hill, Wareham, Dorset, U.K.; John and Rosalind Randle, Whittington Press; Gayle M. Richardson, Manuscripts Department, Huntington Library, San Marino, California; Daun van Eee at the Library of Congress, Washington, D.C.; Christine Warner, Oak Knoll Press; and John Wells, Department of Manuscripts and University Archives, Cambridge University Library, Cambridge, U.K.
My thanks to Will Bueche for so kindly making available to me many of the late Professor John E. Mack’s notes and papers; and to Barry Singer of Chartwell Books, New York, the most eminent of “Eminent Churchillians,” for so diligently seeking out books by and about T. E. Lawrence from all over the world.
To my dear friend Gypsy da Silva my thanks for being willing to answer questions at any hour of the day or night, and for always knowing the right answer.
And to “I Putti,” my five schoolmates from Le Rosey, for their long-distance support and enthusiasm: Jean-Jacques Boissier; Max Cauvin, whose courage and good humor in adversity are an example to us all; Christian Delsol; Gabriel Villada; and Peter Wodtke, chic types et chers amis.
Finally, and above all, to my beloved wife, Margaret, for putting up with yet another time-consuming project and for the accompanying tidal wave of books, papers, and files overflowing through the house.
About the Author
MICHAEL KORDA is the New York Times bestselling author of Charmed Lives, Ike, Country Matters, Ulysses S. Grant, and Journey to a Revolution. He is Editor in Chief Emeritus of Simon & Schuster, and he lives in Dutchess County, New York.
Visit www.AuthorTracker.com for exclusive information on your favorite HarperCollins author.
Advance Praise for
HERO
“Hero is a full-scale, major event, a great biography written with a sweeping understanding of history, military realities, geography, and politics, and filled with a wealth of character studies. The triumph of the book is Michael Korda’s brilliant, always balanced portrait of the infinitely fascinating Lawrence of Arabia, the relevance of which, now in our time, is of greater importance than ever.”
—David McCullough
“T. e. Lawrence is next to impossible to fix on the page. Yet Michael Korda has done so, delivering up a crowded, improbable life in a page-turning biography, every bit as rich as its protean subject. A splendid read.”
—Stacy Schiff, author of Cleopatra: A Life
Hero Page 88
