by Ian Mortimer
cranage, 130
cranes, 140
Crécy, battle of, 38, 45, 243
cresset lamps, 153
Crete, 179
Creton, Jean, 301
crickets, 212
criers. See town criers
crime, 167, 216–46
adultery, 57, 59, 64, 227, 244, 266
arson, 221
bigamy, 244
bloodshed, 222, 229, 231
bribery, 226, 241
corruption, 224–26
detection of, 61
extortion, 225
fraud, 222, 236
heresy, 76, 238
incest, 244
larceny, 224
maintenance, 103, 235, 239
marketplace deception, 95
moral, 227, 244
murder, murderers, 20, 62, 75, 89, 136, 139, 222, 224, 238, 240–43, 245
organized, 61, 103, 240–43. See also Coterel Gang
Folville family; Savage Company; petty treason, 238
piracy, 72, 123, 136, 140
poaching, 173, 227, 238
rape, 56, 60, 221–22, 226, 242
receiving stolen goods, 228
slander, 76, 244
theft, thieves, 8, 20, 38, 62, 76, 118, 121, 143, 144, 167, 180, 216, 220, 222–23, 227–28, 236, 238, 240, 242, 255
treason, 235–36
wounding, 221–22. See also executions; violence
criminals, 9, 61, 144, 219, 238. See also crime; outlaws
crocodiles, 74
crofts, 172
crop rotation, 25
crossbows, 121
Crowland Abbey, 228, 269, 296
crowns, 110. See also clothes
crucifixes, 9, 149
cruelty, 61, 65, 291. See also bearbaiting; bullbaiting; cockfighting; crime; violence
crusades, 71, 199, 306
Crutched Friars, 47
cucking stool, 234
Cumberland, 34, 85–86, 295. See also Lake District
cupboards. See furniture
cups, 90, 149, 151, 158, 159, 179, 254, 286, 303. Sœ also goblets; hanaps; mazers
curfew, 85
currants. See fruit
currency. See coins
curtains, 134, 150, 158
for a bed. See beds and bedding; for a chapel, 158
cushions, 132, 134, 146, 148, 150, 157, 159, 162, 283
customs. See manorial customs; town ordinances
cut-purses. See crime
cutler, 10
Cuxham, 165
Cynophales, 73
Cyprus, 179
daggers, 118, 120, 232, 238, 266
dairy products, 92
cheese, 9, 86, 168, 172–73, 180, 183, 188, 304
cream, 172, 188
curds, 172
custard, 188
milk, 9, 28, 141, 173, 175, 188, 206, 229, 285. Sœ also eggs
Dallyngrigges, Edward, 34
Damascus, archbishop of, 44
damask, 17
dancing, 54, 161, 251–52
Dante, 284
Danzig, 71
darnel, 167
darning, 164
Dartington Hall, 156, 303
Dartmoor, 31, 128–29
Dartmouth, 72
mayor of, 72
dates. See fruit
Daventry, 124
Davy, Adam, 77
deans, 43
deer, 26, 259–60
defamation, 66
demons, 76
Denmark, Danes, 71, 138, 200
dentistry, See teeth
deodands, 238
Derby, Earls of. See Henry IV; Lancaster
Derbyshire, 243
deserted villages, 29
Despenser, Henry, 45
Despenser, Hugh, 236, 241
Devil, the, 31, 75, 253, 277. See also demons
Devon, 25, 33, 34, 70, 81, 85, 127, 218, 295, 297, 302
earls of, 155, 159, 241, 303. See also
Dartmoor; West Country
dialogue books (extracts from), 91, 98, 124, 145
diamonds, 118, 119
dice, 141, 144, 161, 229, 254, 264
diet, 37, 167–89, 201, 209, 285. See also malnutrition
diseases, 20, 21, 28, 29, 154, 190–215, 266
anal fistula, 214
ankylostomiasis, 209
blood poisoning, 191, 214
causes of, 191–92, 200, 205–7
cholera, 208
digestive ailments, 212
dysentery, 209, 307
earache, 212
eczema, 206
enteric diseases, 209
epilepsy, 206
ergotism, 209, 307
gout, 212
hernia, 212
ipydyme, 208
jaundice, 194, 212
King’s Evil, 206–7
lead poisoning, 209, 210
leprosy lepers, 53, 103, 154, 200, 204–6
lung diseases, 190, 206, 209
malaria, 208
pelagra, 19
plague, 4, 21, 29, 34, 36, 50, 51, 66, 75, 87, 97, 191, 201–4, 210, 252–53, 295
quinsy, 212
ricketts, 209–10
scrofula, 206
scurvy 209
smallpox, 212
spenetic, 212
styche, 208
syphilis, 208, 307
tuberculosis, 205–7
typhoid fever, 208–9
vulnerability to, 208
waterborne, 167, 209. See also injuries
dishes. See cleaning; plates
dissection, 210
diving suits, 77, 78
doctors. See physicians
dogs, 21, 61, 73, 119, 168, 204, 238, 248, 251, 259–60, 262, 267, 287
alaunts, 259, 262
greyhounds, 63, 259, 262
lapdog(s), 286
lymers, 259
mastiff, 259, 261
puppies, 207
spaniels, 259
talbots, 146
dolphins, 184
Dominican friars, 9, 39, 47, 115, 141, 262
Dominican nuns, 45
donkeys, 238
doors, 14
Dorset, 33, 295
Dorset marquis of. See Beaufort, John
dosser(s), 152, 158
Douglas, William, 257
Dover, 72
dragons, 73–74, 253
drains. See sanitation
drama. See plays
draughts, 264
drawk, 167
dreams, 118
dress. See clothes
drunkenness, 91
Dublin, marquis of. See Vere, Robert de
ducking stool. See cucking stool
dukes. See noblemen
dung, 9, 21, 30, 133, 170, 172, 233
dung beetles, 212
Dunn, Thomas, 123
Dunwich, 28
Durham, 269
bishops of, 39, 45, 97, 273
Cathedral, 269
duties (on grain), 167
dyers, dyeing, 15, 94, 117, 199
dyestuffs, 94, 300 earls. See noblemen
East Anglia, 28, 34
Easter, 83, 222
eating habits, 90
Edmund of Langley, 155
education, 61, 67–68. See also schools; universities
Edward I, 20, 58, 85, 97, 106, 109, 110, 126, 127, 132, 197, 206, 220, 296
Edward II, 19, 63, 71, 77, 96–97, 106, 110, 123, 132, 159, 212, 225, 236, 247–48, 272, 296, 300, 307
as prince of Wales, 249, 261
Edward III, 17, 18, 19, 20, 38, 40, 58, 64, 66, 70, 71, 77, 80, 81, 83, 88, 97, 106, 110, 113, 127, 131, 155, 159, 180, 183, 185, 197, 205–6, 235, 239, 243, 249, 253, 257, 259–61, 263–65, 272–73, 275, 277, 284, 288, 294, 300, 310
Edward IV, 39, 308
Edward of Woodstock the Black Prince, 16, 38, 40, 110, 209, 275, 300, 307
Edward of York 80, 259–60
Edward the Confessor. See St. Edward
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eels. See fish
eggs, 9, 169, 172, 175, 181, 188, 228, 286, 308
Egham, 128
Egypt, 276
electorate, 69
elephants, 73–74
elm. See timber; trees
Ely, 11
bishop of, 45, 159
Cathedral, 269
diocese of, 296
embalming, 213. See also laying out the dead
emeralds, 118
enamelware, 104, 149, 159
English language, 80–82, 272–88
Englishry, law of, 235
Ermine Street, 126
Erpingham, Thomas, 296
escheator(s), 68
esquires, 40, 42, 51, 62, 69, 87–88, 104–5, 160, 203, 254, 258–60, 266, 276, 304. See also gentry; manorial lords
Essex, 25, 33, 75, 203, 226, 241
Ethiopia, 72, 73
Evesham, 296
Evreux, Louis d’, 63
ewerers, 181
ewers, 147 pitchers, 149, 151, 162, 164, 165. See also flagons; jugs
Exchequer, 19, 81, 82, 88, 221, 237, 241
excommunication, 244, 255
excrement. See latrines; sanitation
executions, 9, 20, 61, 235, 242–43
of animals, 238
beheading, 221, 236, 243, 245–46
burning alive, 76, 238
disemboweling, 61, 236–37
drowning, 220
hanging, 20, 38, 57, 61, 62, 167, 223–25, 227–29, 234, 236–38, 240, 245
quartering, 61, 236–37. See also gallows
Exeter, 7–12, 16, 70, 98, 126, 209, 252, 255, 309
bishops of, 62, 255, 274
bridge, 128
Cathedral, 74, 100, 249, 289
diocese of, 203, 296
eyes. See spectacles; surgery
Faber, Felix, 303
fabulous beasts, 74
fabulous races, 73
faggots, 93. See also firewood
fairs, 19, 94, 131, 177, 261
falcons. See hunting
famine, 28, 51, 167, 192
Farleigh Hungerford Castle, 303
farriers, 133, 161
fashion. See clothes
feasts, 51, 65, 73, 160, 182, 185, 188, 249, 254
ferries. See ships and boats
feudal hierarchy, 40–41
fewterers. See hunting
fiddles. See musical instruments
fields, 24–25, 31, 126, 172, 176. See also crop rotation
figs. See fruit
filth, public. See sanitation
financiers, 15. See also banking houses
Finchley, 124
fines, 22, 67, 173, 222, 227–28. See also heriots; leyrwite
fire, dangers of, 17, 21, 24, 163, 230
firehooks, 231
firewood, 25, 26, 30, 51, 151, 156, 161, 162. See also faggots
fish, fishmongers, 15, 21, 92–93, 94, 98, 135, 169, 174, 178, 180, 183, 185
animals regarded as fish, 184
bream, 183, 184, 188
carp, 183, 305
cod, 174, 185
conger eel, 183, 189
crabs, 141, 184
dace, 184, 188
dogfish, 184
doree, 183
dried, 169, 174, 185, 188
eels, 27, 141, 174, 183, 184
fish stock 183
fishing rights, 174
flounder, 184
given as presents, 174
gurnard, 183, 184, 189
haddock 184
hake, 184
halibut, 183
herring, 174, 183, 184
kippers, 185
lampreys, 183
ling, 184
loach, 184
lobsters, 141, 184
luce, 184
mackerel, 184
minnows, 183
mullet, 183, 184
mulwell, 183
mussels, 184, 185
oysters, 184
perch, 184
pickled, 174, 185, 188
pike, 174, 183, 184, 189, 305
plaice, 184
porpoise, 305
roach, 184, 188
salmon, 174, 183, 184, 189
salted, 141, 169, 174, 185, 188
sea bass, 183
sea bream, 174, 184
seafood, 184
shrimps, 184, 185
smoked, 93, 185, 188
sole, 183, 189
stockfish, 174
sturgeon, 183, 184, 305
swordfish, 184
tench, 174, 183, 184
thornback ray, 184, 189
transportation of, 184
trout, 174, 183, 184
turbot, 183, 189, 305
whales, 184
whelks, 184
whiting, 184
fishponds. See ponds
fishtraps, 184
Fitzwalter, John, 240
flagons, 149, 156
Flanders, Flemings, 20, 45, 86, 112, 136, 138, 198
flasks, 132
Flaxley, abbot of, 87
fleeces, 93. See also wool
Fleet River, 22
flooding, 28, 31, 75, 167, 222
Florence, 12, 82, 83, 96
flowers, 29
flying machines, 77, 78
Folville, Eustace, 241–43
Folville, John, 241–42
Folville, Richard, 243, 245
Folville Gang, 27, 241–43, 309
food: limited quantities of, 180, 181
rhythms of, 168–70, 188. See also cooking; dairy products; fruit; meat; poultry; spices; vegetables
fools. Seejesters
foot size, 37
football, 262–63
forceps, 208
fords, 128
Forest, Charter of the, 238, 259
forests, 26, 173, 231, 243, 259, 274
Fosse Way, 126
Fotheringay Castle, 155
foxes, 30, 93, 105, 112, 259
France, the French, 3, 37, 38, 44, 66, 70, 71, 106, 123, 133, 136, 155, 168, 201, 220, 238, 258, 277, 284, 288
king of, 22, 71, 108, 168, 191, 247. See also John II; Philip IV
Franciscans, 47, 115. See also Poor Clares
franklins, 43, 48, 50, 68–69, 87
frankpledge, 217, 222
freemen (of a town), 16, 43, 87, 95. See also aldermen; mayors
French language, 10, 80, 81, 272–78
Frensham Ponds, 188
friaries, 16, 23, 28, 39
friars, 42, 43, 45, 47, 67, 69, 103, 115. See also Austin Friars; Carmelites; Crutched Friars; Dominicans; Franciscans
Friars Minor. See Franciscans
Friars Preacher. See Dominicans
Froissart, Jean, 202, 261, 275, 292
fruit, 94, 141, 167, 169, 171, 176, 182, 209, 213
applemoy, 185
apples, 93, 172, 176, 182, 185, 209
blackberries, 172
cherries, 172, 176, 182
compotes, 182
currants, 177, 181, 188
damsons, 172, 182
dates, 94, 177, 181
figs, 94, 176, 177
fruit sauces, 185
gooseberries, 172
grapes, 172, 182, 185
lemons, 94
mulberries, 172
oranges, 94, 176
pears, 93, 172, 175, 182, 209
plums, 172, 176, 182
pomegranates, 94, 176, 212
pottage, 178, 180
quinces, 182
raisins, 177
sloes, 172
strawberries, 172, 182
whinberries, 182
frying pans. See cooking utensils
fullers, 21
fulling, 199
funerals, 66, 110. See also embalming; laying out the dead
furlongs, 25
furniture, 149
arks, 152
aumbries, 149, 151, 162
baldaquins, 156, 157
banke
rs, 152
beds. See beds; benches, 148, 149, 156, 159, 161, 163, 164, 165, 166, 181
chairs, 151, 156, 163, 283
chests, coffers, 147, 149, 150, 158, 161, 163, 164, 185
close-stools, 162
cupboards, 161, 197
screens, 152
stools, 165, 166, 287
table, folding, 151
tables, 98, 146, 149, 151, 152, 156, 159, 160, 164, 165, 166, 180, 181, 254
trestles, 152, 156, 164, 166, 180
furs, furriers, 10, 22, 93, 103–4, 105, 113, 114, 260, 283. See also pelterers
Gaddesden, John, 55, 199–200, 212, 214
Galen, 55, 56, 194
galingale, 175
gallons. See units of measurement
gallows, 8, 20, 89, 216, 223–24, 238
game, 172–73, 283. See also coneys; deer; hares; wildfowl
games, indoor. See backgammon; chess; dice; merrils
games, outdoor. See archery; bowls; hunting; jousts; wrestling
gangs. See crime
gaol delivery. See courts
gaolers, 224–26
gaols, 21, 85, 216, 221, 223, 226, 231, 237–39
garden produce. See vegetables
gardeners, 161
gardens, 16, 23, 30, 49, 149, 170, 171, 176, 247, 274, 281
garderobes. See latrines
garlic. See vegetables
garters. See clothes
Gascony, 70, 71, 81
Gaston Phoebus, 80
Gaveston, Piers, 19
Gawain and the Green Knight. See books
Gawain poet, 280–83, 292
Gdansk. See Danzig
geese. See poultry
genetic selection, 37
Geneville, Geoffrey de, 39
Genoese ship, 137, 138
gentry, gentlemen, 40–41, 42–43, 48, 51, 87, 105, 149, 160, 174, 179, 180, 181, 203, 231, 241, 261. See also esquires; manorial lords
geographical knowledge, 71–73, 124–25
geometry, 67
Germany, Germans, 44, 71, 258. See also
Hanseatic League; Holy Roman Empire
Ghent, 12, 71
Gilbertines, 46
gilt-silver. See silver
girls, 38, 53, 56, 58, 62, 64, 65, 67, 68, 101, 112, 262
gitterns. See musical instruments
Glamorgan, 229, 308 glass, 93, 141, 148
Glastonbury, 297
Abbey, 47, 203, 269, 296 global warming. See climate
Gloucester, 11, 17, 80, 184, 293
duke of. See
Thomas of Woodstock St. Peter’s Abbey, 296
Gloucestershire, 99
glovers, 232
gloves. See clothes
goats, 93, 173
kids, 93, 173, 176
milk of, 207
skins of, 207
goblets, 149 gold, 20, 75, 96, 106, 110, 112–13, 118, 119, 157, 159, 228, 254, 267, 281. See also clasps; cloth of gold
goldsmiths, 22, 118–19, 252. See also jewelers
gongfermors, 8, 162, 180, 197, 209. See also latrines
Goodrich Castle, 34
Gough Map, 123, 126
government, 17, 19, 40. See also Parliament
Gower, John, 277–78, 287, 292
Gracious Pond, 188
grain, 9, 116, 164, 170, 171, 176, 178, 230
barley, 24, 27, 93, 170, 174
bran, 170, 172
maslin, 170, 307
