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59.O’Connor, ‘A decades-old study, rediscovered, challenges advice on saturated fat’.
60.Whoriskey, ‘This study 40 years ago could have reshaped the American diet. But it was never fully published’.
61.Ramsden, Zamora, Majchrzak-Hong et al., ‘Re-evaluation of the traditional diet-heart hypothesis: Analysis of recovered data from Minnesota Coronary Experiment (1968–73)’.
62.Whoriskey, ‘This study 40 years ago could have reshaped the American diet. But it was never fully published’.
63.M. Planck, Scientific Autobiography, and Other Papers (New York: Philosophical Library, 1949), 33–4.
64.Dreger, Galileo’s Middle Finger, 137.
65.Ibid., 262.
66.Ibid., 137.
67.Ibid.
68.Ibid., 262.
Chapter 5: The UCT Professors’ Letter
1.D. Spence, ‘What happened to the doctor–patient relationship?’, BMJ 2012;344:e4349.
2.T.D. Noakes, ‘Low-carbohydrate and high-fat intake can manage obesity and associated conditions: Occasional survey’, SAMJ 103(11), 2013: 826–30.
3.B. Ndenze, ‘SA’s ticking time bomb’, Cape Times, 19 August 2014.
4.Curriculum Vitae (abridged): Wim de Villiers, available at http://www.sun.ac.za/english/management/wim-de-villiers/
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29%20Prof%20Wim%20de%20Villiers%20%28Nov%202014%29.pdf (last accessed 1 August 2017).
5.C. Ancelotti, Quiet Leadership: Winning Hearts, Minds and Matches (Kindle edition: Penguin Books, 2016).
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8.F. Howells and L. Ronnie, ‘Academic bullying: Shadows across the Ivory Tower’, Aggression and Violent Behavior, manuscript submitted, 2017.
9.J. Hoepner, ‘With us or against us: Using the wind turbine syndrome case study to examine implications of contested enquiry on individual researchers’, PhD thesis, Australian National University, 2015.
10.HPCSA, ‘General ethical guidelines for the health care professions’, Booklet 1, Pretoria, May 2008, available at http://www.hpcsa.co.za/downloads/conduct_ethics/rules/
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11.HPCSA, ‘Ethical and professional rules of the Health Professions Council of South Africa as promulgated in Government Gazette R717/2006’, Booklet 2, Pretoria, May 2008, www.hpcsa.co.za/Uploads/editor/UserFiles/downloads/conduct_ethics/rules
/generic_ethical_rules/booklet_2_generic_ethical_rules_with_anexures.pdf (last accessed 1 August 2017).
12.University of Cape Town, ‘Declaration for Health Science Graduands’, available at http://www.uct.ac.za/usr/calendar/faculties_EBE_Healthsciences_science.pdf (last accessed 1 August 2017).
13.W. Osler, The Principles and Practice of Medicine (New York: D. Appleton and Com
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14.S. Mark, S. du Toit, T.D. Noakes et al., ‘A successful lifestyle intervention model replicated in diverse clinical settings’, SAMJ 106(8), 2016: 763–6.
15.I. Shai, D. Schwarzfuchs, Y. Henkin et al., ‘Weight loss with a low-carbohydrate, Mediterranean, or low-fat diet’, New England Journal of Medicine 359(3), 2008: 229–41; H. Guldbrand, B. Dizdar, B. Bunjaku et al., ‘In type 2 diabetes, randomisation to advice to follow a low-carbohydrate diet transiently improves glycaemic control compared with advice to follow a low-fat diet producing a similar weight loss’, Diabetologia 55(8), 2012: 2118–27; G.D. Foster, H.R. Wyatt, J.O. Hill et al., ‘Weight and metabolic outcomes after 2 years on a low-carbohydrate versus low-fat diet: A randomized trial’, Annals of Internal Medicine 153(3), 2010: 147–57; N. Iqbal, M.L. Vetter, R.H. Moore et al., ‘Effects of a low-intensity intervention that prescribed a low-carbohydrate vs. a low-fat diet in obese, diabetic participants’, Obesity (Silver Spring, Md) 18(9), 2010: 1733–8.
16.C.D. Gardner, A. Kiazand, S. Alhassan et al., ‘Comparison of the Atkins, Zone, Ornish, and LEARN diets for change in weight and related risk factors among overweight premenopausal women: The A to Z Weight Loss Study: A randomized trial’, JAMA 297(9), 2007: 969–77; G.D. Brinkworth, M. Noakes, J.D. Buckley et al., ‘Long-term effects of a very-low-carbohydrate weight loss diet compared with an isocaloric low-fat diet after 12 mo.’, American Journal of Clinical Nutrition 90(1), 2009: 23–32; L.A. Bazzano, T. Hu, K. Reynolds et al., ‘Effects of low-carbohydrate and low-fat diets: A randomized trial’, Annals of Internal Medicine 161(5), 2014: 309–18; N.J. Davis, N. Tomuta, C. Schechter et al., ‘Comparative study of the effects of a 1-year dietary intervention of a low-carbohydrate diet versus a low-fat diet on weight and glycemic control in type 2 diabetes’, Diabetes Care 32(7), 2009: 1147–52; M.L. Dansinger, J.A. Gleason, J.L. Griffith et al., ‘Comparison of the Atkins, Ornish, Weight Watchers, and Zone diets for weight loss and heart disease risk reduction: A randomized trial. JAMA 293(1), 2005: 43–53; M. Flechtner-Mors, B.O. Boehm, R. Wittmann et al., ‘Enhanced weight loss with protein-enriched meal replacements in subjects with the metabolic syndrome’, Diabetes/Metabolism Research and Reviews 26(5), 2010: 393–405; S.S. Lim, M. Noakes, J.B. Keogh et al., ‘Long-term effects of a low carbohydrate, low fat or high unsaturated fat diet compared to a no-intervention control’, Nutrition, Metabolism and Cardiovascular Diseases 20(8), 2010: 599–607.
17.Mark, Du Toit, Noakes et al., ‘A successful lifestyle intervention model replicated in diverse clinical settings’.
18.A. Malhotra, T. Noakes and S. Phinney, ‘It is time to bust the myth of physical inactivity and obesity: You cannot outrun a bad diet’, British Journal of Sports Medicine 49(15), 2015: 967–8.
19.J.H. Koeslag, T.D. Noakes and A.W. Sloan, ‘Post-exercise ketosis’, Journal of Physiology 301, 1980: 79–90.
20.T. Noakes, J.S. Volek and S.D. Phinney, ‘Low-carbohydrate diets for athletes: What evidence?’, British Journal of Sports Medicine 48(14), 2014: 1077–8.
21.Mark, Du Toit, Noakes et al., ‘A successful lifestyle intervention model replicated in diverse clinical settings’.
22.C.C. Webster, T.D. Noakes, S.K. Chacko et al., ‘Gluconeogenesis during endurance exercise in cyclists habituated to a long-term low carbohydrate high-fat diet’, Journal of Physiology 594(15), 2016: 4389–405.
23.F. Villette, ‘Noakes diet unproven – UCT scientists’, Cape Times, 25 August 2014.
24.Bazzano, T. Hu, K. Reynolds et al., ‘Effects of low-carbohydrate and low-fat diets: A randomized trial’.
25.‘New study supports Noakes’s low-carb, high-fat diet’, Cape Times, 4 September 2014.
26.R. Smith, ‘Are some diets “mass murder”?’ BMJ 2014;349:g7654.
27.S. Spencer, ‘Fat and heart disease: Challenging the dogma’, The Lancet 390, 2017: 731.
Chapter 6: The Naudé Review
1.C.E. Naudé, A. Schoonees, M. Senekal et al., ‘Low carbohydrate versus isoenergetic balanced diets for reducing weight and cardiovascular risk: A systematic review and meta-analysis’, PLoS One 9(7), 2014: e100652.
2.C. Bateman, ‘Inconvenient truth or public health threat?’, SAMJ 103(2), 2013: 69–71.
3.N.B. Bueno, I.S. de Melo, S.L. de Oliveira et al., ‘Very-low-carbohydrate ketogenic diet v. low-fat diet for long-term weight loss: A meta-analysis of randomised controlled trials’, British Journal of Nutrition 110(7), 2013: 1178–87.
4.W. Stassen, ‘Noakes’s popular low-carb diet is not healthier, better for weight loss – study’, Cape Times, 10 July 2014, available at http://www.iol.co.za/capetimes/news/noakess-low-carb-diet-not-healthier-1717305 (last accessed 2 August 2017).
5.A. Keys, J. Brozek, A. Henschel et al., ‘Psychological effects – interpretation and synthesis’, in The Biology of Human Starvation Volume II (Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press, 1950), 905–18.
6.G. Taubes, ‘Diet advice that ignores hunger’, New York Times, 29 August 2015, available at https://www.nytimes.com/2015/08/30/opinion/diet-advice-that-ignores-hunger.html (last accessed 2 August 2017).
7.Keys, Brozek, Henschel et al., ‘Psychological effects – interpretation and synthesis’, 911.
8.Ibid., 912.
9.A.L. Stock and J. Yudkin, ‘Nutrient intake of subjects on low carbohydrate diet used in treatment of obesity’, American Journal of Clinical Nutrition 23(7), 1970: 948–52.
10.R.C. Atkins, Dr Atkins New Diet Revolution (London: Vermilion, 2002).
11.E.C. Westman, S.D. Phinney and J.S. Volek, The New Atkins for a New You (New York: Fireside, 2010).
12.‘New research shows Noakes diet no more than dangerous fad’, SA Breaking News, 10 July 2014, available at http://www.sabreakingnews.co.za/2014/07/10/new-research-shows-noakes-diet-no-more-than-dangerous-fad/ (last accessed 2 August 2017).
13.Z. Harcombe, ‘An examination of the randomised controlled trial and epidemiological evidence for the introduction of dietary fat recommendations in 1977 and 1983: A systematic review and meta-analysis’, PhD thesis, University of the West of Scotland, March 2016; Z. Harcombe, J.S. Baker, S.M. Cooper et al., ‘Evidence from randomised controlled trials did not support the introduction of dietary fat guidelines in 1977 and 1983: A systematic review and meta-analysis’, Open Heart 2(1), 2015: e000196; Z. Harcombe, J.S. Baker and B. Davies, ‘Evidence from prospective cohort studies did not support the introduction of dietary fat guidelines in 1977 and 1983: A systematic review’, British Journal of Sports Medicine, 29 June 2016, doi: 10.1136/bjsports-2016-096409; Z. Harcombe, J.S. Baker, J.J. DiNicolantonio et al., ‘Evidence from randomised controlled trials does not support current dietary fat guidelines: A systematic review and meta-analysis’, Open Heart 3(2), 2016: e000409; Z. Harcombe, ‘Dietary fat guidelines have no evidence base: Where next for public health nutritional advice?’, British Journal of Sports Medicine 51, 2017: 769–74.
14.Z. Harcombe and T.D. Noakes, ‘The universities of Stellenbosch/Cape Town low-carbohydrate diet review: Mistake or mischief?’, SAMJ 106(12), 2016: 1179–82.
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rotein, and carbohydrates’, New England Journal of Medicine 360(9), 2009: 859–73; (5) D.A. de Luis, M.G. Sagrado, R. Conde et al., ‘The effects of two different hypocaloric diets on glucagon-like peptide 1 in obese adults, relation with insulin response after weight loss’, Journal of Diabetes and Its Complications 23(4), 2009: 239–43; (6) D.A. de Luis, R. Aller, O. Izaola et al., ‘Evaluation of weight loss and adipocytokines levels after two hypocaloric diets with different macronutrient distribution in obese subjects with rs9939609 gene variant’, Diabetes/Metabolism Research and Reviews 28(8), 2012: 663–8; (7) S. Frisch, A. Zittermann, H.K. Berthold et al., ‘A randomized controlled trial on the efficacy of carbohydrate-reduced or fat-reduced diets in patients attending a telemedically guided weight loss program’, Cardiovascular Diabetology 8, 2009: 36; (8) D.K. Layman, E.M. Evans, D. Erickson et al., ‘A moderate-protein diet produces sustained weight loss and long-term changes in body composition and blood lipids in obese adults’, Journal of Nutrition 139(3), 2009: 514–21; (9) S.S. Lim, M. Noakes, J.B. Keogh et al., ‘Long-term effects of a low carbohydrate, low fat or high unsaturated fat diet compared to a no-intervention control’, Nutrition, Metabolism and Cardiovascular Diseases 20(8), 2010: 599–607; (10) T.P. Wycherley, G.D. Brinkworth, P.M. Clifton et al., ‘Comparison of the effects of 52 weeks weight loss with either a high-protein or high-carbohydrate diet on body composition and cardiometabolic risk factors in overweight and obese males’, Nutrition & Diabetes 2, 2012: e40; (11) R.M. Krauss, P.J. Blanche, R.S. Rawlings et al., ‘Separate effects of reduced carbohydrate intake and weight loss on atherogenic dyslipidemia’, American Journal of Clinical Nutrition 83(5), 2006: 1025–31; (12) T.O. Klemsdal, I. Holme, H. Nerland et al., ‘Effects of a low glycemic load diet versus a low-fat diet in subjects with and without the metabolic syndrome’, Nutrition, Metabolism and Cardiovascular Diseases 20(3), 2010: 195–201; (13) Y.W. Aude, A.S. Agatston, F. Lopez-Jimenez et al., ‘The national cholesterol education program diet vs a diet lower in carbohydrates and higher in protein and monounsaturated fat: A randomized trial’, Archives of Internal Medicine 164(19), 2004: 2141–6; (14) D.A. Lasker, E.M. Evans and D.K. Layman, ‘Moderate carbohydrate, moderate protein weight loss diet reduces cardiovascular disease risk compared to high carbohydrate, low protein diet in obese adults: A randomized clinical trial’, Nutrition & Metabolism (Lond.) 5, 2008: 30.
