by Mark Stein
6. Niles’ Weekly Register (Washington, DC), August 27, 1831, citing the Nashville Banner with a note stating “The editor of that paper says it is published as a ‘matter of business.’ ”
7. New York Herald, December 7, 1836. The copy of the president’s message obtained by the New York Herald differs, in the section quoted, from the final draft sent to Congress, which appears in the Register of Debates, appendix, 24th Cong., 2nd sess., 1.
8. William Carey Crane, Life and Select Literary Remains of Sam Houston (Philadelphia: Lippincott, 1884), 368–69.
9. Congressional Globe, appendix, 31st Cong., 1st sess., 102. Later, Abraham Lincoln, in his acceptance speech for the Illinois Republican Party’s nomination for Senate in 1858, declared, “A house divided against itself cannot stand.” Though stated without attribution, the words in his printed text were enclosed in quotation marks.
John A. Sutter
1. John A. Sutter Sr., “Reminiscences,” manuscript (Bancroft Library, University of California—Berkeley), 23; Albert L. Hurtado, John Sutter: A Life on the North American Frontier (Norman: University of Oklahoma Press, 2006), 58.
2. Report of Thomas O. Larkin (April 12, 1844), New York Herald, June 22, 1844.
3. Hurtado, John Sutter, 158.
4. John A. Sutter Jr., The Sutter Family and the Origins of the Gold Rush Sacramento, ed. Allan R. Ottley (Norman: University of Oklahoma Press, 2002), 17.
5. Hurtado, John Sutter, 239–41.
6. The Alta California (San Francisco), August 1, 1850.
7. Memorial of John A. Sutter to the Senate and House of Representatives of the United States, in Congress Assembled (Washington, DC: Washington Sentinel, 1876).
James Gadsden
1. Richard Kluger, Seizing Destiny: How America Grew From Sea to Shining Sea (New York: Knopf, 2007), 127.
2. Allan Nevins, Ordeal of the Union: A House Dividing, 1852–1857 (New York: Scribner, 1947), 490.
3. Ibid., 498.
4. Frank Cosentino, Almonte: The Life of Juan Nepomuceno Almonte (Ontario: General Store Publishing, 2000), 91.
Stephen A. Douglas
1. Mississippian and State Gazette (Jackson), January 20, 1854; Daily Cleveland Herald, January 25, 1854.
2. Charleston Mercury (South Carolina), November 29, 1859.
3. J. G. Holland, The Life of Abraham Lincoln (Springfield, IL: Gurdon Bill, 1866), 301–2.
John A. Quitman
1. Memphis Daily Appeal, August 9, 1855.
2. Robert E. May, The Southern Dream of a Caribbean Empire, 1854–1861 (Baton Rouge: Louisiana State University Press, 1973).
3. London Times, September 24, 1849; New York Herald, May 10, 1849.
4. Tom Chaffin, Fatal Glory: Narciso López and the First Clandestine U.S. War against Cuba (Charlottesville: University Press of Virginia, 1996), 204–14.
5. Clark E. Carr, Stephen A. Douglas: His Life, Public Services, Speeches, and Patriotism (Chicago: A. C. McClurg, 1909), 12.
Clarina Nichols
1. New York Herald, July 20, 1859.
2. Clarina Nichols, “The Responsibilities of Woman,” speech at the Woman’s Right Convention, October 15, 1841, in Woman’s Rights Tracts, no. 5 (Boston: R. F. Wallcut, 1854), 1.
3. Diane Eickhoff, Revolutionary Heart: The Life of Clarina Nichols and the Pioneering Crusade for Women’s Rights (Kansas City: Quindaro Press, 2006), 30–34.
4. Nichols, “Responsibilities,” 14–15.
5. Ibid., 15.
6. Ibid., 17–18.
Lyman Cutler’s Neighbor’s Pig
1. U.S. Department of State, The Northwest Boundary: Discussion of the Water Boundary Question; Geographical Memoir of the Islands in Dispute; and History of the Military Occupation of San Juan Island (Washington, DC: Government Printing Office, 1868), 183.
2. Scott Kaufman, The Pig War: The United States, Britain, and the Balance of Power in the Pacific Northwest, 1846–72 (Lanham, MD: Lexington Books, 2004), 11–12.
3. Andrew Fish, “Last Phase of the Oregon Boundary Question: The Struggle for San Juan Island,” Quarterly of the Oregon Historical Society 22, no. 3 (September 1921): 188–89.
4. Kaufman, Pig War, 41; L. U. Reavis, The Life and Military Services of Gen. William Selby Harney (St. Louis: Bryan, Brand, 1878), 51, 171–75; New York Herald, July 9, 1845.
5. Kaufman, Pig War, 43; Tom H. Inkster, “Storm over the San Juans,” Montana: The Magazine of Western History 17, no. 1 (Winter 1967): 42–43.
6. Herbert Hunt and Floyd C. Kaylor, Washington West of the Cascades, vol. 1 (Chicago: Clarke, 1917), 199.
Robert W. Steele
1. “Constitution of the State of Jefferson,” Rocky Mountain News, August 20, 1859. The boundaries stipulated in this constitution—lat 43° N, long 102° W, lat 37° N, and long 110° W—differ markedly from those that had been stipulated in H.R. 835. Further confusion exists due to an error of unknown origin in which different northern, western, and southern borders are cited in sources such as the Columbia Encyclopedia, 6th ed. (New York: Columbia University Press, 2004) and in the initial printings of, unfortunately, my previous book, How the States Got Their Shapes.
2. There was a different Robert W. Steele (1857–1910), who served as chief justice of the Colorado Supreme Court.
3. Stephen Harriman Long, Account of an Expedition from Pittsburgh to the Rocky Mountains, vol. 3 (London: Longman, Hurst, Rees, Orme, and Brown, 1825), 236.
4. Frederic L. Paxson, “The Territory of Colorado,” University of Colorado Studies, vol. 4 (Boulder: University of Colorado, 1906–7).
5. Rocky Mountain News, September 19, 1860.
6. Ovando J. Hollister, The Mines of Colorado (Springfield, MA: Bowles, 1867), 93.
Francis H. Pierpont
1. Marian Mills Miller, ed., Life and Works of Abraham Lincoln, vol. 6 (New York: Current Literature, 1907), 206.
2. National Intelligencer (Washington, DC), October 30, 1829.
3. The North American and Daily Advertiser (Philadelphia), July 14, 1842; Boston Daily Atlas, June 26, 1845.
4. “Oration of Mr. Webster,” National Intelligencer, July 8, 1851.
5. Remarks of Judge Alston G. Dayton, in Statue of Governor Francis Harrison Pierpont: Proceedings in Statuary Hall (Washington, DC: Government Printing Office, 1910), 47–48.
6. Vasan Kesavan and Michael Stokes Paulsen, “Is West Virginia Unconstitutional?” California Law Review 90, no. 2 (March 2002): 691–727.
7. James Morton Callahan, Semi-Centennial History of West Virginia (Charleston, WV: Semi-Centennial Commission of West Virginia, 1913), 146.
8. North American and United States Gazette (Philadelphia), June 19, 1863.
9. Cleveland Herald, May 13, 1863.
Francisco Perea and John S. Watts
1. W. H. H. Allison, “Colonel Francisco Perea,” Old Santa Fe: A Magazine of History, Archaeology, Genealogy and Biography 1, no. 2 (October 1913): 217.
2. Deren Earl Kellogg, “Lincoln’s New Mexico Patronage: Saving the Far Southwest for the Union,” New Mexico Historical Review 76 (October 2000): 511–33.
3. Allison, “Colonel Francisco Perea,” 218.
Sidney Edgerton and James Ashley
1. James M. Ashley to William H. Hunt, April 28, 1892, in J. M. Ashley, “The Naming of Montana,” Montana Magazine of History 2, no. 3 (July 1952): 66; Sidney Edgerton to William H. Hunt, May 23, 1892, in Anne McDonnell, “Edgerton and Lincoln,” Montana Magazine of History 1, no. 4 (October 1951): 44.
2. Martha Edgerton Plassmann, “Biographical Sketch of Hon. Sidney Edgerton,” in Contributions to the Historical Society of Montana, vol. 3 (Helena, MT: State Publishing, 1900), 336–37.
3. Hubert Howe Bancroft, The Works of Hubert Howe Bancroft, vol. 31 (San Francisco: History Company, 1890), 643; James M. Hamilton, From Wilderness to Statehood: A History of Montana, 1805–1900 (Portland, OR: Binfords & Mort, 1957), 274; Merle W. Wells, “How Idaho Became a Territory,” in Richard W. Etulain and Bert W. Marley, eds.,
The Idaho Heritage (Boise: Idaho University Press, 1974), 32n, 44.
William H. Seward
1. Frederic Bancroft, The Life of William H. Seward, vol. 2 (New York: Harper, 1900), 135.
2. Ibid., 151, 225.
3. Frank A. Golder, “The Purchase of Alaska,” American Historical Review 25, no. 3 (April 1920): 411–12.
4. New York Herald, March 31, 1867; Albany Evening Journal, April 1, 1867; Columbus Ledger-Enquirer, April 4, 1867.
5. Milwaukee Daily Sentinel, April 3, 1867; Cincinnati Daily Gazette, April 4, 1867.
6. George E. Baker, ed., The Works of William H. Seward (Boston: Houghton, Mifflin, 1884), 574; Congressional Globe, appendix, 40th Cong., 2nd sess., 402, 403, 491
Standing Bear v. Crook
1. United States ex rel. Standing Bear v. Crook, 25 F. Cas. 695 (1879).
2. Valerie Sherer Mathes and Richard Lowitt, The Standing Bear Controversy: Prelude to Indian Reform (Urbana: University of Illinois Press, 2003), 14; Stephen Dando-Collins, Standing Bear Is a Person: The Story of a Native American’s Quest for Justice (Cambridge, MA: Da Capo Press, 2004), 37; James A. Lake Sr., “Standing Bear! Who?” Nebraska Law Review 60, no. 3 (1981): 469.
3. Testimony Relating to the Removal of the Ponca Indians, 46th Cong., 2nd sess., Senate Report no. 670, 51.
4. Mathes and Lowitt, Standing Bear Controversy, 25n, 50–52, 60.
5. Stanley Clark, “Ponca Publicity,” Mississippi Valley Historical Review 29, no. 4 (March 1943): 507.
Lili’uokalani and Sanford Dole
1. Eugene Tyler Chamberlain, “The Hawaiian Situation,” North American Review 157, no. 445 (December 1893): 731.
2. Caspar Whitney, Hawaiian America: Something of Its History, Resources, and Prospects (New York: Harper, 1899), 135.
3. William A. Russ Jr., “The Role of Sugar in Hawaiian Annexation,” Pacific Historical Review 12, no. 4 (December 1943): 341; L. A. Beardslee, “Pilkias,” North American Review 167, no. 503 (October 1898): 473.
4. Edmund Janes Carpenter, America in Hawaii: A History of the United States Influence in the Hawaiian Islands (Boston: Small, Maynard, 1899), 185–86.
5. New York Times, July 7, 1897.
6. Henry Miller Madden, “Letters of Sanford B. Dole and John W. Burgess,” Pacific Historical Review 5, no. 1 (March 1936): 71–75.
7. Los Angeles Times, January 15, 1922.
Alfalfa Bill Murray, Edward P. McCabe, and Chief Green McCurtain
1. From the point of view of Congress and many American Indians, communal ownership of the land enabled those in leadership roles to enrich themselves while the majority of the tribe remained mired in poverty. See Angie Debo, The Rise and Fall of the Choctaw Republic, 2nd ed. (Norman: University of Oklahoma Press, 1961), 249, 254.
2. Cherokee Advocate (Tahlequah, OK), September 19, 1896.
3. Idaho Daily Statesman (Boise), August 8, 1911.
4. Keith L. Bryant Jr., “Alfalfa Bill” Murray (Norman: University of Oklahoma Press, 1968), 38.
5. Daniel F. Littlefield Jr. and Lonnie E. Underhill, “Black Dreams and ‘Free’ Homes: The Oklahoma Territory, 1891–1894,” Phylon 34, no. 4 (December 1973): 352.
6. Jere W. Roberson, “Edward P. McCabe and the Langston Experiment,” Chronicles of Oklahoma 51, no. 3 (Fall 1973): 350, 355.
7. Donald A. Grinde Jr. and Quintard Taylor, “Red vs. Black: Conflict and Accommodation in the Post Civil War Indian Territory,” American Indian Quarterly 8, no. 3 (Summer 1984): 211–29; Michael F. Doran, “Slaves of the Five Civilized Tribes,” Annals of the Association of American Geographers 68, no. 3 (September 1978): 335–50.
8. Fort Worth Star-Telegram, December 28, 1910; Pawtucket Times (Rhode Island), December 28, 1910.
9. Associated Press report, New York Times, October 16, 1956.
Bernard J. Berry
1. New York Times, January 7, 1954.
Luis Ferré
1. Hearing before the House Committee on Resources (serial no. 105–16), 105th Cong., 1st sess., 85.
2. Luis Ferré, Autobiografía de Luis A. Ferré (San Juan: Grupo Editorial Norma, 1992), 20. At the time of his father’s death in 1959, the company was valued at $50 million. See New York Times, November 14, 1959.
3. New York Times, March 29, 1946.
4. César J. Ayala and Rafael Bernabé, Puerto Rico in the American Century (Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 2007), 225–26.
5. Chicago Tribune, May 2, 1954.
6. Ayala and Bernabé, Puerto Rico, 226.
7. Kal Wagenheim with Olga Jimenez De Wagenheim, eds., The Puerto Ricans: A Documentary History (New York: Praeger, 1973), 288.
8. Ibid., 287–89.
David Shafer
1. Chattanooga Times Free Press, February 2, 7, 21, 28, 2008.
2. Chattanooga Times Free Press, March 5, 2008.
3. Athens Banner-Herald, February 21, 2008; Atlanta Journal-Constitution, March 27, 2008.
4. Gregory Spies, “The Mystery of the Camak Stone,” Professional Surveyor Magazine (March 2004), http://www.profsurv.com/magazine/article.aspx?i=1215.
5. E. Merton Coulter, “The Georgia-Tennessee Boundary Line,” Georgia Historical Quarterly 35 (December 1951): 269–306.
6. Virginia v. Tennessee, 148 U.S. 503 (1893); Georgia v. South Carolina, 497 U.S. 376 (1990).
Eleanor Holmes Norton
1. James D. Richardson, ed., A Compilation of the Messages and Papers of the Presidents, 1789–1897, vol. 2 (Washington, DC: Government Printing Office, 1896), 47.
2. “Dover Resolves,” New Hampshire Gazette, January 14, 1774.
3. Joan Steinau Lester, Fire in My Soul: Eleanor Holmes Norton (New York: Atria Books, 2003), 54.
4. Johnny Barnes, “Towards Equal Footing: Responding to the Perceived Constitutional, Legal, and Practical Impediments to Statehood for the District of Columbia,” University of the District of Columbia Law Review 13, no. 1 (Spring 2010): 59.
5. Washington Post, September 23, 1920; August 7, 1940; August 8, 1967; June 18, 1971; May 16, 1984; January 25, 1985; May 27, 1987.
6. Washington Post, November 19, 1991.
7. Orrin G. Hatch, “ ‘No Right Is More Precious in a Free Country’: Allowing Americans in the District of Columbia to Participate in National Self-Government,” Harvard Journal on Legislation 45 (2008): 287–310.
Photography Credits
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2.1 Courtesy of the Library of Congress
5.1 © Alexandria-Washington Lodge No. 22, A.F. & A.M., Alexandria, Virginia. Photography by Arthur W. Pierson
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10.1 From an engraving after the picture by W. Beechey published in Meares’ Voyages, 1790
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