Professor Bernard Knight, CBE, became a Home Office pathologist in 1965 and was appointed Professor of Forensic Pathology, University of Wales College of Medicine, in 1980. During his forty-year career with the Home Office, he performed over 25,000 autopsies and was involved in many high profile cases.
Bernard Knight is the author of twenty novels, a biography and numerous popular and academic nonfiction books. The Elixir of Death is the tenth novel in the Crowner John series.
Also by Bernard Knight
Figure of Hate
The Sanctuary Seeker
The Poisoned Chalice
Crowner's Quest
The Awful Secret
The Tinner's Corpse
The Grim Reaper
Fear in the Forest
The Witch Hunter
The Elixir of Death
Bernard Knight
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First published in Great Britain by Simon & Schuster UK Ltd, 2006
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This book is a work of fiction. Names, characters, places and incidents are either a product of the author's imagination or are used fictitiously. Any resemblance to actual people living or dead, events or locales is entirely coincidental.
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AUTHOR’S NOTE
In the twelfth century, little distinction was made in the West between the various peoples in the Levant and Middle East, so names such as 'Saracens, Turks, Moors, Arabs, Mohammedans and Mussulmen (from Mosul)' were all randomly applied to them. Even the great Saladin, leader of the Saracens and major adversary of Richard the Lionheart, was actually a Kurd.
A further historical note about the fanatical Nizari branch of the Isma'ili sect is given at the end of the book, indicating that the present-day strife between Shi'a and Sunni Muslims has been going on for well over a thousand years.
Palestine, the Roman name for 'The Holy Land', was then part of a collection of Christian kingdoms, which extended up into Asia Minor, mostly ruled over by French noblemen. This Christian land was often known as Outremer, meaning 'beyond the sea'.
In spite of the long voyages involved, piracy and coastal raiding were common around the southern and western coasts of Britain long after the well-known Viking period, carried out by marauders from as far away as Spain, North Africa and even the eastern Mediterranean.
Alchemy was a mystical and secretive precursor of chemical science, but with a deep philosophical content. Its origins go back to ancient China, where a 'Pill of Immortality' was claimed to have been developed about 300 BC. After the collapse of Romano-Greek culture, alchemy was rescued, like other disciplines such as medicine and astronomy, by Arabic philosophers such as Geber, until it came back into Western consciousness in the Middle Ages. Here its main objectives were the search for the 'Philosopher's Stone', which could transmute base metals into gold, and the related 'Elixir of Life', which, like the Chinese pill, could heal sickness and prolong life.
One of the problems of writing a long series such as 'Crowner John' is that regular readers will have become familiar with the background to the stories and may become impatient with repeated explanations in each book. Those coming new to the tales, however, still need to be 'brought up to speed' to fully appreciate some of the historical aspects, so in this tenth episode, to avoid slowing down the action in the text, the Glossary has been expanded and a note offered here on the functions of the coroner, one of the oldest legal officers in England.
Though there are a couple of mentions of a coroner in late Saxon times - and he may have existed in preConquest Normandy - the office of coroner really began in September 1194, when the Royal Justices at their session in Rochester, Kent, proclaimed in a single sentence, the launch of a system which has lasted 812 years - so far! They said, 'In every county of the King's realm shall be elected three knights and one clerk, to keep the pleas of the Crown.'
The reasons for the establishment of coroners were mainly financial, aimed at sweeping as much money as possible into the royal treasury. King Richard the Lionheart was a spendthrift, using huge sums to finance his expedition to the Third Crusade and for his wars against the French. When he was kidnapped on his way home from the Holy Land, he spent well over a year imprisoned in Austria and Germany and a huge ransom was needed to free him. To raise this money, his Chief Justiciar, Hubert Waiter, who was also Archbishop of Canterbury, introduced all sorts of measures to extort money from the population of England - indeed, the first taxation on property began then.
Hubert revived the office of coroner, which was intended to collect money by a variety of means relating to the administration of the law. One of these was by investigating all deaths which were not obviously natural, as well as serious assaults, rapes, house fires, discoveries of buried treasure, wrecks of the sea, and catches of the 'royal fish' (whale and sturgeon). Coroners also took confessions from criminals and fugitives seeking sanctuary in churches, recorded the statements of 'approvers' who wished to turn King's evidence, attended executions to seize the goods of felons and organised the ritual of Ordeals and trial by battle.
As the Normans had inherited a multiple system of county and manorial courts from the Saxons, the coroner also tried to sweep more lucrative business into the new royal courts, which gave him the title of 'Keeper of the Pleas of the Crown', from the original Latin of which (custos placitorum coronas) the word 'coroner' is derived. Although he was not allowed to try cases, he had to record all legal events to present to the Royal Justices when they came on their infrequent visits to the 'assize' towns. The actual recording was done by his clerk, as the vast majority of people were illiterate, including the coroners themselves. Reading and writing were almost wholly confined to those in holy orders, of which there were many grades, apart from actual priests.
It was hard to find knights to take on the job, as it was unpaid and the appointee had to have a large private income, at least twenty pounds a year. This was supposed to make him immune from corruption, which was common among the county sheriffs. Indeed, another reason for introducing coroners was to keep a check on the sheriffs, who were the King's representative in each county. They were notorious for their dishonesty and embezzlement - in 1170, the Lionheart's father, Henry 11, had sacked all the sheriffs and heavily fined many for malpractice. The sheriff in the earlier books, Richard de Revelle, was actually the sheriff of Devon in 1194-95. He was appointed early in 1194, then lost office for reasons unknown, and came back later in the year, but was fired again the following year. As is the case with his successor, Henry de Furnellis, many of the characters in the books actually existed, especially the churchmen of Exeter. The names of the Devon coroners are not recorded until early in the
thirteenth century.
Attempting to use 'olde worlde' dialogue in historical novels of this era is quite futile and unrealistic, as in Devonshire at the time of this story most of the common people would have used Early Middle English, of Germanic origin, totally incomprehensible to us today. Some would still have spoken a Celtic language, similar to Cornish, Breton and Welsh - and the ruling classes would have spoken Norman French. The language of the clergy would have been Latin in which all documents would also have been written.
The only money in circulation, apart from a few Byzantian gold coins, would have been the silver penny. The 'shilling', the 'mark' and the 'pound' were nominal accounting values, not actual currency.
The daily wage of a manual worker would have been one or two pence, more for skilled craftsmen. Pennies were cut into halves and quarters for the purchase of small goods.
GLOSSARY
ABJURING THE REALM
Sanctuary seekers (q.v.) could leave England if they confessed their guilt to a coroner and then walked in sackcloth, carrying a wooden cross, to a port nominated by the coroner. If no ship was readily available, the abjurer had to wade up to his knees in every tide, to show his willingness to leave the realm, never to return.
AGISTERS
Officials of the royal forests who regulated 'agisting', the admission for a fee of animals, especially pigs, to feed on the fallen nuts and acorns.
ALE
The almost universal, weakly alcoholic drink of the lower classes, along with cider, as most water was contaminated. The name comes from the 'ale', a village festival where much was drunk. The words 'wassail' and even 'bridal' (bride-ale) are derived from these celebrations.
ALEMBIC
A piece of alchemic apparatus used for distillation, usually a flask with a long spout.
AMERCEMENT
A fine imposed by a law officer, including the coroner, for the innumerable ways in which a person could fall foul of the complex legal system. The coroner did not collect the fine, but his clerk recorded it for the courts, which decided upon payment.
ANCHORITE
A religious hermit or recluse, living alone in a remote place.
ASSARTING
The extension of the cultivated area of a village by cutting back I he surrounding forest. The cleared area was termed 'the waste' until the tree stumps were removed.
BAILEY
An area, around either a castle mound ('motte and bailey') or the inner or outer ward of a larger castle or fortified manorhouse.
BAILIFF
As used in this book, an official of a manor who supervised one or more villages in respect of the agricultural work. He had manor-reeves under him and was responsible to the steward of the manor-lord.
BARTON
A farm, usually for the sole benefit of the manor-lord.
BOTTLER
A servant responsible for providing the drink in a large household - the origin of 'butler'.
BRANDY-WINE
Strong distilled spirits were rare in medieval times, ale, cider, mead and wine being the main alcoholic drinks. However, some 'brandy-wine' (burnt-wine) was imported from France.
BRETAYNE
The north-west medieval slum district within the walls of Exeter, so named because when the Saxons invaded they pushed the Celtic 'Britons' into the least desirable corner of the city.
COB
A building material made from clay, straw and often dung, which was plastered on to wattle panels fixed between the timber frames of a cottage.
COG
A medieval trading ship, similar to a Viking longboat, but higher and wider, with more vertical stem- and stern-posts. Part decked,
with a single mast and sail, it had a steering oar, as rudders were not yet used.
COTTAR
A low-grade villein, an unfree man in the feudal system. He had no field-strips to cultivate, but had a toft and croft (q.v.). He worked at various tasks, such as hedging, thatching and labouring.
CROFT
A plot of ground on which a 'toft' or cottage was built, to house either a freeman or a villein.
CRUCIBLE
A container, usually of stone or pottery, for melting substances at high temperature in a furnace.
CULF
A Celtic word for a thick chunk of bread.
CURFEW
The closing of the city gates from dusk to dawn. Derived from couore-feu, the covering or extinction of domestic fires at night, owing to the ever-present risk of conflagration in buildings mostly made of wood.
CURRAGH
A boat like an elongated coracle, made of tarred fabric or skin stretched over a light wooden frame. Still used in the west of Ireland.
DEODAND
An object that has caused death, forfeit to the Crown after a coroner's inquest, where the jury decided its value. It could be a knife, a horse or even a mill-wheel. Sometimes, the proceeds of its value to the Treasury were given to the family of the deceased.
DESTRIER
A large warhorse, capable of carrying a man in armour. Oxen were used as draught animals, as horses were too valuable.
DISTAFF
A stick for holding raw wool or flax, from which a thread is drawn during hand spinning.
ELECTRUM
An alloy of gold and silver, known to the ancient Egyptians.
EYRE
The periodic visitation of each shire by the Royal Justices, to hear civil and criminal cases. This later became the Eyre of Assize, but there was also a much more infrequent General Eyre, which was a searching inquiry into the administration of the county. Because the eyres moved so slowly around England - often years elapsed between visits - judges of lesser rank, called the Commissoners of Gaol Delivery, came to clear the prisons.
FIRST FINDER
Whoever discovered a dead body in any but the most innocent circumstances, became the 'First Finder' and had specific legal obligations which, if not carried out to the letter, attracted a heavy fine. He had to knock up the four nearest households and initiate the 'Hue and Cry' (q.v.) and report the find at once to the village reeve or bailiff or equivalent officer in a town. These must then notify the coroner without delay and protect the body in situ until his arrival.
FLUMMERY
A bland food like blancmange, often made of oatmeal with fruit and honey.
FURLONG
From 'furrow', an eighth of a mile, originally the length of a furrow on a square field of ten acres.
HONOUR
The land held by barons and lords from the King, whether large estates or single manors.
HUE and CRY
When a crime was discovered, especially the finding of a dead body, the four nearest households must immediately turn out and raise the alarm in village or town, running through the streets to seek the offender. Failure to do so would result in an amercement (fine) levied upon the community.
HUER
A lookout on the shore or cliff, who spots shoals of herring or pilchard for the fishermen to harvest.
JUSTICIAR
One of the King's Council, a baron or bishop, who acted as a deputy when the King was abroad. In the late twelfth century, Hubert Waiter, the Chief Justiciar and Archbishop of Canterbury, was virtually the regent of England, as Richard Coeur-de-Lion never returned after 1194.
KIRTLE
A lady's dress, sleeved and of ankle length. A fashion-concious age produced innumerable variations in style.
LEMAN
A mistress or unmarried consort.
MATINS
The first of the nine religious offices (services) of the day. Matins took place soon after midnight, later in the winter.
MARK
A nominal value, not actual currency, worth two-thirds of a pound or 160 pennies, which were the only coins.
MURDRUM FINE (See 'Presentment').
MURRAIN
A disease of farm animals, especially sheep, though it covered a range of ill-defined ailments.
O
RDEAL
Though sometimes used to extract confessions, the Ordeal was an ancient ritual in which suspects were subject to painful and often fatal procedures to determine guilt or innocence by semi-magical means. These included licking a red-hot iron, picking a stone from the bottom of a vat of boiling water (or even molten lead) or walking barefoot over nine red-hot ploughshares. If (hey suffered no significant burns or their injuries healed quickly, they were judged innocent - otherwise they were hanged. Women were bound hand and foot and thrown into deep water; if they sank, they were innocent. The Ordeal was abolished by the Vatican in 1215.
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