Negroes and the Gun

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Negroes and the Gun Page 49

by Nicholas Johnson


  ———. We Will Shoot Back : Armed Resistance in the Mississippi Freedom Movement (2013).

  ———. “We Will Shoot Back: The Natchez Model and Paramilitary Organization in the Mississippi Freedom Movement.” Journal of Black Studies (2002).

  Vandiver, Margaret. Lethal Punishment: Lynchings and Legal Executions in the South (2006).

  Vincent, Theodore G. Black Power and the Garvey Movement (1971).

  Vine, Phyllis. One Man’s Castle: Clarence Darrow in Defense of the American Dream (2004).

  Von Hoffman, Nicholas. Mississippi Notebook (1964).

  Wagner, Tricia Martineau. African American Women of the Old West (2007).

  Waldrep, Christopher. Roots of Disorder: Race and Criminal Justice in the American South 1817–80 (1998).

  Waldrep, Christopher, and Donald Nieman. Local Matters: Race Crime and Justice in the Nineteenth-Century South (2011).

  Warren, Robert Penn. Who Speaks for the Negro (1965).

  Wells Barnett, Ida B. Crusade for Justice: The Autobiography of Ida B. Wells (1970).

  ———. On Lynchings ( 2002).

  ———. Selected Works (1991).

  ———. Southern Horrors (2002).

  Wendt, Simon. “The New Black Power History, Protection or Path toward Revolution? Black Power and Self-Defense.” Souls (2007).

  ———. The Spirit and the Shotgun: Armed Resistance and the Struggle for Civil Rights (2007).

  ———. “Urge People Not to Carry Guns: Armed Self Defense in the Louisiana Civil Rights Movement and the Radicalization of the Congress of Racial Equality.” Journal of the Louisiana Historical Association (2004).

  West, Robin L. “The Nature of the Right to an Abortion.” Hastings Law Journal (1994).

  Westermeier, Clifford P. Trailing the Cowboy: His Life and Lore as Told by Frontier Journalists (1955).

  White, Walter. “‘The Eruption of Tulsa’: An NAACP Official Investigates the Tulsa Race Riot of 1921.” Nation (1921).

  ———. A Man Called White (1969).

  ———. Rope and Faggot: A Biography of Judge Lynch (1929).

  Wilkins, Roy Standing Fast: The Autobiography of Roy Wilkins (1982).

  Williams, Juan. Thurgood Marshall: American Revolutionary (1998).

  Williams, Robert F. Negroes with Guns (1962).

  Williamson, Joel. A Rage for Order: Black-White Relations in the American South since Emancipation (1986).

  Wilson, R. L. The Winchester: An American Legend (1991).

  Wishart, David. Encyclopedia of the Great Plains (2004).

  Wolfgang, Marvin. Patterns in Criminal Homicide (1958).

  Wood, Peter H. Black Majority: Negroes in Colonial South Carolina from 1670 through the Stono Rebellion (1974).

  Wright, George C. Racial Violence in Kentucky 1865–1940: Lynchings, Mob Rule and “Legal Lynchings” (1990).

  Wright, James, Peter Rossi, Kathleen Daley. Under the Gun: Weapons, Crime and Violence in America (1983).

  Wright, James, and Peter Rossi. Armed and Considered Dangerous: A Survey of Felons and Their Firearms (1994).

  Wright, Richard, and Scott Decker. Burglars on the Job: Street Life and Residential Break-Ins (1994).

  Youth of the Rural Organizing Cultural Center. Their Minds Stayed on Freedom: The Civil Rights Struggle in the Rural South, an Oral History (1991).

  Zhang, David. Fleet Walker’s Divided Heart: The Life of Baseball’s First Black Major Leaguer (1995).

  Zirpursky, Benjamin C. “Self-Defense, Domination and the Social Contract.” University of Pittsburgh Law Review (1996).

  .22 caliber firearm, 111, 233, 236, 276

  .25 caliber firearm, 262

  .357 Magnum firearm, 218

  .38 firearm, 115, 117, 146, 194, 237, 239–240, 262, 266, 276, 278, 281

  .45 caliber firearm, 21, 188, 218, 229, 230, 240, 253, 257

  30.06 caliber firearm or ammunition, 265, 276

  44/40 Winchester Carbine, 240

  1845 Colored Suffrage Convention, 59

  1854 National Emigration Convention of Colored People, 58

  1934 National Firearms Act, 218

  1966 Atlanta Project, 287

  1968 Gun Control Act, 293

  Abbott, Robert, 202

  Abernathy, Rev. Ralph, 262

  Abilene, 136

  Abyssinian Baptist Church, 202

  Achenson, Meldon, 269

  Adams, Dock, 98–99

  Addams, Jane, 250

  African Methodist Church, 91, 193

  Afro American Council, 127, 152

  Afro-American League, 119, 127

  Afro-American Press Association, 122, 124

  Agnew, Samuel, 78

  Aiken, South Carolina, 183

  Alabama Christian Movement, 222

  Albright, George Washington, 88

  Alexander, Shana, 280

  Allen, Benjamin, 101

  Allen, “Turnip Green,” 294

  amalgamation, 20, 23, 69

  American Bar Association, 165

  American Revolution, 61, 63, 66

  Americus, Georgia, 91

  Ames, A’Delbert, 98

  AME Zion Church, 124

  Amsterdam News, 143, 202, 268

  Anderson, Charles W., 183

  Anderson, Henry, 156

  Anheuser-Busch, 111

  Anniston, Alabama, 172

  “Appeal to the Colored Citizens of the World,” 58

  AR-15 rifle, 111

  Arcola, Mississippi, 185

  Arizona Times, 202

  Arkansas Conference of NAACP Branches, 227

  Arkansas State Press, 28, 230

  Armstrong, Louis, 117–118

  Ashworth, Aaron, 135

  Ashworth, Clark, 134

  Ashworth, Sam, 134

  Association of Local Black Elected Officials, 285

  Association of Sleeping Car Porters, 177, 261

  Atlanta Age, 122, 124

  Atlanta Project, 287

  Atlanta Race Riot (1906), 151, 182

  Atlanta University, 151, 158, 193

  Auld, Hugh, 32

  Auld, Sophia, 32

  Auld, Thomas, 32, 33

  Austin, Henry, 280, 281

  Bailey, Fred, 31–33, 63. See also Douglass, Frederick

  Bailey, Gamaliel, 54

  Bailey, Lillie, 109

  Baker, Wilson, 224

  Balltown Riot, 163

  Baltimore Afro-American, 258

  Barnett, Ferdinand, 168, 170

  Barnett, Gov. Ross, 249

  Barrett, W. H., 106, 107

  Bastrop, Texas, 28

  Bates, Daisy, 28, 227–231, 243

  Bates, L. C., 28, 227, 230

  Battle of Big Bethel, 72

  Battle of Shiloh, 134

  Baxter, Elisha, 93

  Beasley, Hiram, 36

  Beckwith, Jim, 132

  Bell, Derek, 248

  Belzoni, Mississippi, 28, 219, 230

  Benjamin, Rev. C. O., 124

  Bennie, Montgomery, 18–20, 24

  Benson, John, 76

  Berkshire County, Massachusetts, 151

  Bibb, Henry, 43

  Bilbo, Theodore, 237

  Billy the Kid, 137

  Birmingham, Alabama, 19, 165, 221–223, 239, 286, 306

  Birth of a Nation, The, 86, 193

  “Black Bottom”(Detroit), 175, 194–195, 198–199

  Black Codes, 78–81, 92, 163, 171, 298, 309

  Black Fox, The, 141

  Black Liberation Army, 287

  Blackmon, Leola, 243–244

  Black Mary. See Fields, Mary

  Black Panthers, 287–288

  Black Power, 268, 284, 287–289, 291, 293

  Black Star Line, 178

  Black Wall Street, 187, 189

  Bland, George, 159

  Bloody Sunday, 224

  Bobb, John, 75

  Bogalusa, Louisiana, 243, 274–276, 278, 280–282

  Bolden, Ruth, 243, 246

 
Boley, Oklahoma Territory, 132

  Bolivar County, Mississippi, 216

  Bond, Julian, 247, 251

  Boone County, Missouri, 36

  Boston, Massachusetts, 59–61, 73

  bowie knife, 43, 46, 56, 71, 79

  Boyd, Clarence, 216

  Boyd, Rube, 308

  Braden, Anne, 28

  Bradley, Gov. William, 160

  Bradley, Maime, 220

  Bratton, William, 303

  Brazos, Texas, 89

  Briar, J. A., 217

  Brindle-Tails (Republican faction), 93

  Bristol, Vollington, 200

  “Broken Windows” theory of crime control, 316

  Brooklyn Branch, NAACP, 28

  Brooks, Ben, 155

  Brooks, Joseph, 93

  Brooks, Rev. George, 89

  Brooks-Baxter War, 93

  Brotherhood of Sleeping Car Porters, 177, 261

  Browder, Rufus, 166

  Brown, H. Rap, 287

  Brown, John, 58, 62

  Brownlow, Gov. William, 105

  Brown v. Board of Education, 231

  Bruce, John Edward, 125

  Bryant, Claude, 225–226

  Bryant, Ora, 226

  Buck, Rufus, 139–140

  Bucks County, Pennsylvania, 49

  Buffalo Soldiers, 138, 140, 142–143

  Bundy, Leroy, 169–170

  Burkett, Hugh M., 155

  Butler, Benjamin, 71

  Butler, Edna, 198

  Byrd, Jack, 186

  Byrd, Wes, 186

  Byrd v. State, 186

  C&O Railroad, 106

  Cainhoy, South Carolina, 99

  Caldwell, Edgar, 172–173

  Calhoun, John C., 5

  Calhoun, Willie, 100–101

  Calhoun’s Landing, Louisiana (renamed Colfax), 100

  Calloway County, Kentucky, 215

  Cambridge, Maryland, 226

  Camilla, Georgia, 90

  Camilla Riot, 90

  Camp Bettens, Wyoming, 142

  Camp Hill, Arkansas, 213

  Camp Pendleton, 19

  Canaan, New Hampshire, 69

  Canada, 46, 48, 55, 60–61, 66–67, 172, 175, 260

  Canton, Mississippi, 269

  Cape Fear, North Carolina, 88

  Carlisle, Pennsylvania, 138

  Carmichael, Stokely, 232, 252, 265, 268, 287–288

  Carolina Times, 26

  Carrier, Aaron, 190, 191

  Carrier, James, 191

  Carrier, Sarah, 191

  Carrier, Sylvester. See “Man” (Sylvester Carrier)

  Carson, Col. Perry, 123

  Carter, Cato, 83

  Carter, Sam, 190

  Cascade, Montana, 144, 146

  Castro, Fidel, 260

  Cates, Sam, 156

  Centers for Disease Control (CDC), 314

  Central High School, 227

  Centreville, Mississippi, 283

  Chaney, James, 240

  Chaplin, William, 54

  Chapman, Maria W., 60

  Charles, Robert, 114–117

  Charleston, South Carolina, 77, 96

  Cheat River Valley, Maryland, 46

  “Cherokee Bill” (Crawford Goldsby), 138–139

  Cherokee Indians, 129, 138

  Chester County, Pennsylvania, 53

  Cheyenne, Wyoming, 137

  Chicago, Illinois, 29, 55, 65, 89, 154, 168, 192, 202, 206, 235, 239, 282, 285, 295, 299, 300, 302–302, 305–307, 309

  Chicago Defender, 202

  Chickasaw Indians, 129

  Childress, Smith, 161

  China Grove, Georgia, 91

  Chinn, C. O. (a.k.a. “Bad-ass C. O. Chinn”), 269

  Choctaw Indians, 129, 134

  Christiana (Pennsylvania) Resistance, Uprising, Tragedy, 49, 61, 63–67

  Cincinnati, Ohio, 52, 56, 121

  Cincinnati Afro-American, 121

  Civilian Marksmanship Program, 21, 276

  Civil Rights Act of 1866, 82

  Civil Rights Cases, The, 118

  Clark, Charles, 89

  Clark, Shrf. Jim, 228

  Clark, John, 137

  Clarksdale, Mississippi, 242

  Clay, Henry, 50

  Clayton, George, 155

  Cleaver, Eldridge, 287

  Cleveland, Mississippi, 241, 256

  Cleveland, Ohio, 58

  Cleveland Call, 220

  Cleveland Gazette, 119, 124

  Coalition to Stop Gun Violence, 285

  Coatesville, Pennsylvania, 56

  Coke, Richard, 93

  Cole, Carolyn, 23

  Cole, Howard, 238–239

  Cole, James “Catfish,” 20, 23–24, 146

  Colfax, Louisiana, 100–103

  Colfax, Schuyler, 100

  Collins, Shrf. Ben, 242

  Colored Suffrage Convention, 59

  Colored Waifs Home for Boys, 117

  Columbia, Tennessee, 27, 213

  Comanche Indians, 141-142

  Committee of Twelve, 127

  Compromise of 1850, 39, 50

  Confederate, 72–73, 75, 77–78, 87, 93–94, 101, 121, 135, 142, 152, 157, 171, 189, 216, 237, 242

  Connor, “Bull,” 223

  Constitution League, 152

  Constitution of the United States, 39, 51, 62, 104, 118, 171, 206, 221

  Fugitive Slave Clause, 39, 49–50

  right to arms, 9, 14, 50–51, 79–83, 206, 223, 270, 276, 285, 299, 302–303, 308

  separate but equal, 20, 106

  convict labor system, 104, 114, 157

  Cook, Philip, 351

  Cook Gang, 138

  Cooper, Gary, 146

  Cooper, Robert, 246, 299

  CORE (Congress of Racial Equality), 243, 247, 251, 265, 269–276, 278, 280, 282–283, 285–286, 288–289, 291, 293

  Cottenham, Green, 168

  Courts, Gus, 219

  Covey, Edward. See “Covey the Nigger-breaker”

  “Covey the Nigger-breaker” (Edward Covey), 31–35, 37

  Covington, Jay Vann, 257

  Creek Indians, 129, 136, 139

  Crisis (magazine), 151, 153–155, 157–159, 161, 163, 165, 167, 169, 171, 173, 175, 177–179, 182, 194, 202, 209–210, 212, 214, 217

  Crosby, Peter, 97

  Crow Indians, 129, 132

  Crowe, Alton, 281

  Cruickshank, Bill, 102

  Crumley, Robert, 91

  Crummell, Alexander, 69

  Crusader, 22, 256–258

  Current, Gloster, 235, 239

  Dahmer, Vernon, 254–256

  Dallas, Georgia, 243

  Dana, Charles, 70

  Danville, Kentucky, 84, 159

  Danville, Virginia, 113

  Darien, Georgia, 112

  Darien Insurrection, 112

  Darrow, Clarence, 202, 203–205

  Dauphin County, Pennsylvania, 53

  Davis, Gov. Edmund, 93

  Davis, Jefferson (Confederate president), 87

  Davis, Joseph, 87, 216

  Davis, Sidney Fant, 307

  Dayton, Ohio, 39

  Deacons for Defense and Justice, 225, 265–266, 268, 270–284

  Decatur, Mississippi, 19, 235–236

  “Decatur Street Dives,” 151

  Deering, Col. James, 72

  Defensive Gun Use (DGU), 311–312, 315, 317

  DeGrasse, Lt. John V., 73

  Delaine, Rev. J. A., 244

  Delaney, Martin, 58, 61, 99

  Democrats, 93, 96–100, 102–104, 113, 116, 118, 123, 169, 193, 247, 303–304

  Deslandes, Charles, 32

  Detroit Urban League, 195

  DeVane, Cornelius, 43

  Dexter Avenue Baptist Church, 219, 221, 261–262

  Dick, Deadwood. See Nat Love

  Diggs, Rep. Charles, 218, 220

  Dinning, George, 159–160, 162

  “Disturb Me If You Dare” (maroon settlement), 128

  D’Lo, Mississippi, 186

>   Dodge City, 136

  Dorsey, Gov. Hugh, 183

  Douglass, Frederick, 13, 31, 34–35, 34–38, 40, 49, 59, 62–63, 67, 69, 75, 110, 123, 126, 143

  Douglass Memorial Literary Society of Buffalo Soldiers, 143

  Du Bois, W. E. B., 13, 108, 143, 151–154, 156–158, 170–171, 173, 175, 177, 178, 181–182, 194, 202, 209, 214, 229–230, 295, 306

  Dunbar Memorial Hospital, Detroit, 195–197, 206

  Durham, North Carolina, 19

  Durr, Clifford, 261

  Durrett, Luther, 164

  Dyer Anti-Lynching Bill, 183

  “Dynamite Hill,” 223–224

  East Bartow, Florida, 193–194

  Eastland, Sen. James O., 162

  East St. Louis, Illinois, 168, 170

  East St. Louis Riot, 175

  Ebony (magazine), 218

  Eckford, Elizabeth, 230

  Edmund Pettus Bridge, 224

  Eisenhower, Dwight (president), 20, 21

  El Paso, Texas, 142

  Emancipation Day, 88

  Emancipation Proclamation, 148, 206

  Emelle, Alabama, 216

  Enfield Rifle, 85

  Eubanks, Goldie, 227

  Evers, Charles, 235–240, 242, 266, 294

  Evers, Jim, 235–238

  Evers, Medgar, 19, 235–237, 240–242, 246–248

  Evers, Myrlie, 216

  Fairfax, Virginia, 48

  Fairly, J. C., 226

  Falls, Mae Catherine, 255–256

  Farmer, James, 268–270, 278, 282

  Fatal Gun Accidents (FGAs), 34, 305–306, 333

  Fellowship of Reconciliation, 263

  Fenton, Charles (Charlie), 271–273

  Ferriday, Louisiana, 243, 283

  Fields, Mary (a.k.a. Black Mary or Stagecoach Mary), 144–147, 149

  Fillmore, Millard (president), 61

  Fire in the Flint, The, 182

  Firmin, Otis, 283

  First Freedom (magazine), 299

  Fisk University, 108, 152, 194

  Five Civilized Tribes, 128–130

  Fleckenstein, Christian, 42

  Flemingsburg, Kentucky, 160

  Flemister, George, 89

  Fletcher, John, 200

  Foggy Bottom, District of Columbia, 176

  Forman, James, 247

  Forrest County, Mississippi, 254

  Fort Concho, Texas, 138

  Fort Dix, New Jersey, 213

  Fort Griffin, Texas, 141

  Fort Mose, 128

  Fort Pillow, Battle of, 73, 74

  Fort Smith, Arkansas, 138, 140

  Fortune, Emanuel, 118–119

  Fortune, T. Thomas, 104, 109, 118–119, 120–123, 126–127, 193, 205, 295

  Fort Wagner, South Carolina, 70

  Fourteenth Amendment (US Constitution), 81–83, 118, 178, 318

  Fox, O. S., 130

  Fox, Thomas, 51

  Franklin, John Hope, 163, 189

  Franklin, Pink, 171–172

  Frederick Douglass Paper, 62

  Freedman’s Bureau, 79, 81–82, 86, 92, 94, 11, 118

 

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