by G. J. Meyer
“The head of a department”: PWW, 41:547.
Part Two: The Price
The author has found four works to be particularly valuable as sources of information about how the United States began creating an army in 1917 and used it to help win the war in 1918.
To Raise an Army: The Draft Comes to Modern America, by John Whiteclay Chambers II.
The War to End All Wars: The American Military Experience in World War I, by Edward M. Coffman.
Yanks: The Epic Story of the American Army in World War I, by John S. D. Eisenhower.
The Doughboys: America and the First World War, by Gary Mead.
The military climax of the Great War is dealt with in detail in:
The Greatest Day in History, by Nicholas Best.
Hundred Days: The End of the Great War, by Nick Lloyd.
Seward W. Livermore’s Politics Is Adjourned: Woodrow Wilson and the War Congress 1916–1918, is an excellent account of national political combat during the year and a half when the United States was at war.
Absolutely invaluable, because unrivaled in the thoroughness with which it explores dissent and the suppression of dissent during the war years, is Opponents of War, 1917–1918, by H. C. Peterson and Gilbert C. Fite.
Part Two
“The object of this war”: PWW, 41:591.
Chapter 10: Taking Charge
“Congress will not permit”: Coffman, War to End, 8.
They had contributed to making: Chambers, Raise an Army, 13.
Roosevelt’s plan for a force: Livermore, Politics Is Adjourned, 18.
“a great big boy”: Cooper, Warrior, 325.
“If any other man talked to me”: Tumulty, Woodrow Wilson, 73.
Both chambers had immediately: PWW, 42:25, 42:126.
“The French only asked for all”: Mead, Doughboys, 12.
“We want men, men, men!”: Coffman, War to End, 8.
“before what we would call”: Mead, Doughboys, 16.
“respectfully ask permission”: PWW, 42:324.
The extent to which Congress: Thomas, Unsafe for Democracy, 35.
“I told Balfour I hoped England”: PWW, 42:120.
“tacit understanding”: PWW, 42:155.
“this country and Britain will”: IPH, 3:38.
“Great Britain and America, I thought”: IPH, 3:39.
“I said to him what I once said to Grey”: IPH, 3:45.
“tremendously”: Devlin, Too Proud, 463.
“I am grateful to you all the time”: PWW, 42:433.
“I devour and profit”: IPH, 3:15.
“to get enormous quantities”: IPH, 3:31.
“I can imagine no greater”: PWW, 42:304.
“absolutely necessary to the public”: Fleming, Illusion of Victory, 98.
Senator Hiram Johnson: Kennedy, Over Here, 25.
Background: Going Dry
The campaign to free the people: Hofstadter, Age of Reform, 289.
“a means by which the reforming”: Ibid.
By 1917 dozens of states had passed: Kennedy, Over Here, 185.
In the Congress elected in 1916: Fleming, Illusion of Victory, 281.
This, and congressional eagerness: Ibid., 120.
Eventually he would claim to have put: Ibid.
Chapter 11: “Skin-Deep Dollar Patriotism”
“a flying corps of 4,500”: Mead, Doughboys, 93.
“When the war is over we can”: PWW, 43:238.
A grand total of fifteen hundred: Mead, Doughboys, 97.
“quite fluently”: Eisenhower, Yanks, 30.
Georgia became the home: Livermore, Politics Is Adjourned, 46.
“The cost in most cases”: Coffman, War to End, 30.
Two hundred thousand men: Ibid.
That the cantonments cost $199 million: Ibid., 31.
“a great day of patriotic devotion”: Fleming, Illusion of Victory, 96.
“a very happy day, because”: PWW, 42:453.
“Death for Treason Awaits”: Fleming, Illusion of Victory, 96.
Many thousands of men, by some: Chambers, Raise an Army, 211.
In August, in probably the largest: Peterson and Fite, Opponents, 40.
The magnitude of the challenge: Coffman, War to End, 55.
“There are political and commercial”: Kennedy, Over Here, 39.
“it is too late to put the [food]”: Livermore, Politics Is Adjourned, 50.
A bloc of progressive senators: Ibid., 59.
“brought into sharp relief”: Kennedy, Over Here, 108.
“all making more money”: Ibid., 135.
Postwar congressional inquiries: Ibid., 139.
Secretary McAdoo informed: Livermore, Politics Is Adjourned, 59
General Pershing, who shortly: Coffman, War to End, 127.
Background: Destiny’s Child
It was assumed, rather, that: Eisenhower, Yanks, 26.
“I personally have strung up”: Miller, Benevolent Assimilation, 98.
“What now, Newton?”: Eisenhower, Yanks, 27.
Born in small-town Missouri: Mead, Doughboys, 116.
“inspired confidence but not”: Ibid., 118.
(A decade later, these rumors would): Fleming, Illusion of Victory, 102.
“As an officer of the army, may I not”: Coffman, War to End, 46.
First Senator Warren switched: Livermore, Politics Is Adjourned, 56.
With impressive speed Pershing: Fleming, Illusion of Victory, 153.
Chapter 12: Cracking Down
“Whoever, when the United States is”: Peterson and Fite, Opponents, 16.
Shortly after taking office, he introduced: Berg, Wilson, 306.
When challenged about his administration’s: Ibid., 309.
“unsealed matter, newspapers, etc.”: Schaffer, America, 14.
The American Socialist Party, founded: Peterson and Fite, Opponents, 26.
“didn’t know socialism from”: Kennedy, Over Here, 76.
“a crime against the people”: Ibid., 26.
By one count, Burleson’s first: Peterson and Fite, Opponents, 47.
“men have already been sent to jail”: Ibid., 97.
Wilson asked the postmaster general: Kennedy, Over Here, 77.
“the mediocre monarch now”: Peterson and Fite, Opponents, 96.
It happened to The Public: Ross, Propaganda, 267.
The new requirements were: Kennedy, Over Here, 74.
His biggest target was Appeal: Ibid., 27.
“We are at war with the most”: Thomas, Unsafe for Democracy, 52.
“May God have mercy”: Fleming, Illusion of Victory, 189.
“No Conscription, No Servitude”: Peterson and Fite, Opponents, 22.
When two New Yorkers were sent: Ibid., 26.
“Are We Facing”: Ibid., 30.
A New Yorker was given ninety days: Ibid., 31.
Legal Opinion and Advice: Ibid., 33.
When twenty-seven German-American: Ibid., 36.
“all foolishness”: Fleming, Illusion of Victory, 191.
The Espionage Act served: Thomas, Unsafe for Democracy, 49.
Robert Goldstein, the producer: Ross, Propaganda, 265.
“a language that disseminates”: Kennedy, Over Here, 54.
“ninety percent of all the men”: Ibid.
“dividing the body of public”: Ibid., 88.
“his enemies in office”: Ibid., 89.
“the strange thing about World War I”: Unger, Fighting Bob, 250.
“we must have no criticism”: Peterson and Fite, Opponents, 14.
“There are men walking about the streets”: Ibid.
“Woe be to the man or group of men”: PWW, 45:498.
“an immediate, general”: Peterson and Fite, Opponents, 165.
“one must have a very judicial”: Ibid., 182.
“expression rather than”: Ross, Propaganda, 218.
By the end of the war: Ibid., 245.
“I prefer not to all
y myself”: Grubbs, Struggle for Labor, 25.
American Alliance for Labor: Kennedy, Over Here, 29.
“traitors and fools”: Peterson and Fite, Opponents, 76.
Some state councils became: Livermore, Politics Is Adjourned, 42.
Many became weapons with: Ibid., 42, 82; Kennedy, Over Here, 68.
By the end of the war, the APL: Peterson and Fite, Opponents, 19; Kennedy, Over Here, 82.
The main qualification: Peterson and Fite, Opponents, 19.
Boy Spies of America: Cooper, Reconsidering, 197.
One historian has found that: Thomas, Unsafe for Democracy, 62.
“read nothing but German”: Ibid., 61.
“could tell him how a man”: Ibid., 69.
“very harmful possibilities”: PWW, 45:440.
“The American Protective League”: PWW, 45:509.
“There have been days when”: PWW, 45:510.
The department was scorned: Ackerman, Young J. Edgar, 24.
Months before the end: Ross, Propaganda, 210.
Background: Three Faces of Labor
“a combination and conspiracy”: Boyer, Labor’s Untold Story, 16.
“slavery is the natural”: Ibid., 13.
(In 1912 socialist candidates): Ferguson, Pity of War, 29.
Even in 1914, by which time: Wright, Chronology of Labor, 114.
A magazine of the time reported: Lens, The Labor Wars, 112.
“I can hire one-half”: Ibid., 6.
“the rights and interests”: Ibid., 141.
“There may have lived”: Ibid., 80.
“look with gratitude from”: Ibid., 184.
“preliminary skirmish”: Ibid.
Chapter 13: Welcome to France
Before the end of September: Mead, Doughboys, 147.
“was much struck with [Pershing’s]”: Coffman, War to End, 130.
“the fumier—the heap”: Mead, Doughboys, 194.
Eight hundred million pounds: Ibid., 197.
“Our officers head the list”: Ibid., 192.
Pneumonia and other respiratory: Fleming, Illusion of Victory, 307.
“For God’s sake, Raymond”: Coffman, War to End, 133.
“Ordinarily we get acquainted only”: Mead, Doughboys, 203.
Though 57,195 cases were recorded: Ibid., 205.
The War Department, having made: Kennedy, Over Here, 169.
“to relieve the combatant field”: Coffman, War to End, 129.
“Our allies seem to hate one another”: Ibid., 130.
AEF headquarters naturally took all this: Mead, Doughboys, 157.
Then, in the predawn hours: Eisenhower, Yanks, 83.
“the Valley Forge of the AEF”: Coffman, War to End, 141.
The Selective Service System had met: Chambers, Raise an Army, 78.
Background: Buffalo Soldiers
It began on the first day of July: Peterson and Fite, Opponents, 87.
It took place in the racial tinderbox: Chambers, Raise an Army, 222.
By the time the fight ended: Schaffer, America, 76.
Sixty-four of the arrested soldiers: Peterson and Fite, Opponents, 89; Chambers, Raise an Army, 223.
“we would rather see you shot”: Schaffer, America, 79.
White America had for centuries: Chambers, Raise an Army, 16.
It is estimated that a third: Schaffer, America, 75.
At the time of the U.S. declaration: Coffman, War to End, 69.
“Our drilling,” one conscript would: Ibid., 71.
And that was largely correct: Chambers, Raise an Army, 223.
And they could have offered evidence: Kennedy, Over Here, 188.
The average black draftee had: Ibid.
“a breed of mongrels”: Ibid., 161.
“arrogant strutting representatives”: Ibid., 159.
“Negro activities”: Fleming, Illusion of Victory, 108.
The War Department, when it: Kennedy, Over Here, 160.
“how completely the Bible”: Berg, Wilson, 32.
“who had no special”: Ibid., 104.
“the best narrator of darky”: Schaffer, America, 76.
“their relations with their”: Berg, Wilson, 32.
Chapter 14: “A Moblike Madness”
“Everything here is war”: Kennedy, Over Here, 41.
“a curious mixture of acuteness”: Fleming, Illusion of Victory, 92.
“the tool and ally of German”: Chambers, Raise an Army, 209.
“What I am opposed to is”: PWW, 45:14.
“common”: Fleming, Illusion of Victory, 22.
“having been associated so closely”: Ibid.
“Every heart that has not been”: PWW, 44:57.
“the most remarkable document”: PWW, 44:149.
“punitive damages”: PWW, 44:35.
“we cannot take the word”: IPH, 3:163.
In the month of America’s declaration: Eisenhower, Yanks, 60.
“The death rate among old people”: Fleming, Illusion of Victory, 194.
The whole German nation was on: Vincent, Politics of Hunger, 49.
After the war, doctors would estimate: Healy, Vienna, 41.
More than 90 percent of Vienna’s: Ibid., 31.
Instances of lynching, the ultimate: Kennedy, Over Here, 283.
“Denunciation of Lynching”: PWW, 45:381.
“The war is dividing men along”: PWW, 45:381.
“criminal syndicalism”: Peterson and Fite, Opponents, 51.
Fully 95 percent of IWW: Thomas, Unsafe for Democracy, 97.
In the six months following: Feuerlicht, Reign of Terror, 49.
“detestable”: Peterson and Fite, Opponents, 55.
“but I knew that money”: Ibid., 52.
Early on the morning of July 2: Ibid., 53.
President Wilson sent a warning: PWW, 43:156.
“a lesson that the whole”: Peterson and Fite, Opponents, 55.
That most of the alleged violations: Ibid., 62.
In an act as unprecedented: Livermore, Politics Is Adjourned, 78.
Background: “Disgusting Creatures”
“universal suffrage is at”: Levin, Edith and Woodrow, 181.
He said it would make no difference: Berg, Wilson, 488.
“disgusting creatures”: Levin, Edith and Woodrow, 180.
“American women of wealth, education”: Griffith, In Her Own Right, 124.
“Every slacker has a vote”: Schaffer, America, 91.
But Catt, who had originally: Ibid., 92.
National Women’s Trade Union: Kennedy, Over Here, 285.
“bent on making their cause”: Fleming, Illusion of Victory, 128; Schaffer, America, 93.
Dudley Field Malone: Berg, Wilson, 490.
Chapter 15: The Law of Selfishness
“if we enter this war”: Schaffer, America, 59.
The picture continued: Coffman, War to End, 143.
“war welfare”: Schaffer, America, 58.
“one of the inexplicable”: Ibid., 61.
An FTC report showed: Ibid., 56.
In 1918 the American steel: Ibid.
In that same year, in a foreshadowing: Ibid.
In 1917 the after-tax profits: Ibid., 55.
One contractor was found: Ibid., 49.
Some fifteen months after: Ibid., 52.
By May 1918 federal spending: Kennedy, Over Here, 110.
“darken the skies over Germany”: Livermore, Politics Is Adjourned, 115.
Airframes had to be made: Coffman, War to End, 192.
“had the Postmaster General”: Peterson and Fite, Opponents, 99.
“liberty of circulation may”: Ibid., 97.
Of the 180 persons tried: Ibid., 210.
Some had misgivings about: Gaston, Nonpartisan League, 208.
“where we made a mistake”: Peterson and Fite, Opponents, 190.
“discussing, arguing”: Ibid., 116.
“the men at the head”: Ibid., 38.
“had done grave injury”: Ibid., 103.
“fatuous dreamers”: PWW, 45:11.
The night of their conviction: Peterson and Fite, Opponents, 173.
“there is no excuse”: Ibid., 155.
“a clear mandate for open”: Thomas, Unsafe for Democracy, 162.
“Mayor reveals Hylan as”: Peterson and Fite, Opponents, 160.
Background: The War, Too, Changes
That Hutier invented these: Eisenhower, Yanks, 104.
Chapter 16: The Last Roll of the Iron Dice
“If the iron dice roll”: Tuchman, Guns of August, 74.
Nine months after a battalion: Eisenhower, Yanks, 87.
“to put the weight”: Ibid., 113.
“I have come to tell you”: Ibid., 114.
“There may not be an American”: Ibid., 116.
“Force, Force to the utmost”: PWW, 47:267.
It stripped Russia of Finland: Asprey, German High Command, 360.
But in 1917 he had been: Margulies, Senator Lenroot, 245.
“the acid test”: Fleming, Illusion of Victory, 238.
“Your state of Wisconsin”: Livermore, Politics Is Adjourned, 120.
“bidding for the votes”: Margulies, Senator Lenroot, 245.
“higher up”: Ibid., 247.
Across the country, starting: Livermore, Politics Is Adjourned, 115.
“registered enemy alien”: Schaffer, America, 23.
“Well…I guess nobody”: Kennedy, Over Here, 68.
“it is a healthful and wholesome”: Ibid.
“not heartily in support”: Peterson and Fite, Opponents, 209.
“crimes committed by German”: Ibid., 210.
Background: The War of the Air—and of the Future
Of the 681 members of the U.S.: Morrow, Great War, 340.
A grand total of forty-nine: Mead, Doughboys, 92.
The Committee on Public: Livermore, Politics Is Adjourned, 125.
