"higher beings"; "theirfirst priority . . . Empress": Author interview with Yoko Kono, Hiroshima, March 2004.
Twenty-one. "Germany Had No Atomic Bomh"
Quotes attributed to Sam Goudsmit are from his book Alsos: The Failure in German Science unless otherwise stated. Similarly, quotes from Boris Pash come from his account The Alsos Mission unless otherwise noted.
"Germany Had No Atomic . . . Bomb": Goudsmit, Alsos: The Failure in German Science, p. 71.
"our secret work on uranium": Hahn, My Life, p. 157.
"the Germans . . . troops": Groves, Now It Can Be Told, p. 207.
"would be . . . to me"; "any difficulties": Heisenberg's letter to D. Coster of 16 February 1943, quoted in Powers, Heisenberg's War, p. 326.
"By far . . . a kidnapping": V Weisskopf's letter to R. Oppenheimer of 28 October 1942, Oppenheimer Papers, Weisskopf folder, box 77, LOC.
"interesting"; "to the proper authorities"; "I doubt... matter": R. Oppenheimer's letter of 29 October 1942 to V Weisskopf, Oppenheimer Papers, Weisskopf folder, box 77, LOC.
"like an utterly exhausted swimmer . . .firm land": W Heisenberg, Physics and Beyond, p. 191.
"actively anti-Nazi . . . nationalistic": Report on interrogation of Heisenberg, 11 May 194c, Alsos papers among the Manhattan Papers, NARA.
Twenty-two. "A Profound Psychological Impression"
The records of the first, second, and third meetings of the Target Committee are contained in top-secret correspondence of the MED, file CD, roll 1, M 1109, NARA. The record of the Interim Committee is in file 100, roll 8, Harrison Bundy files, M 1108, NARA: V—Problems of Control and Inspection; VI—Russia; VIII—Effect of the Bombing on the Japanese and Their Will to Fight; and IX—Handling of Undesirable Scientists.
"A Profound Psychological Impression": Minutes of Interim Committee of 31 May 1945, file 100, roll 8, Harrison Bundy files, M1108, NARA.
"More than an end governments": Quoted in Gilbert, A History of the Twentieth Century, vol. 2, p. 711.
"the development . destructive power"; "so powerful. scale": H. S. Truman, Year of Decisions, p. 10.
"to make plans effective": Groves, Now It Can Be Told, p. 266.
"I had set... air raids": Ibid., p. 267.
"a personal representative of himself": H. Stimson's diary of 2 May 194c, CUL/S.
"ought to . . . many people": Letter from K. Darrow to E. Lawrence, 9 August 194c, UCLA/BL.
"perhaps ten minutes": Letter from E. Lawrence to K. Darrow, 17 August 1945, UCLA/BL.
"sufficiently spectacular useless": Ibid.
"The reason unfortunate"; "I was over-ruled": Groves, Now It Can Be Told, pp. 273—75.
"he could . . . in accord": J. Byrnes, quoted L. Giovannitti and F. Freed, The Decision to Drop the Bomb, p. 109.
"The subject... eccentric": Quoted in Lanouette, Genius in the Shadows, p. 249.
"I didn't suppose I was": Weart and Szilard, Leo Szilard, His Version of the Facts, p. 181.
"He was not a doer a coward": Quoted in Norris, Racing for the Bomb, p. 526.
'flabbergasted"; "assumption . . . manageable": Weart and Szilard, Leo Szilard: His Version of the Facts, p. 184.
Nevertheless when he returned . . . off the hook: The quotes in this paragraph are from file 76, roll 6, Harrison Bundy files, M1108, NARA.
Meanwhile Leo Szilard . . . to the president: The quotes in these two paragraphs come from Teller, Memoirs, pp. 204—8.
"to make out of it"; "The guys pilot": Quoted in Rees, Horror in the East, pp. 12 2—23.
"hoped .the other": Quoted in Keegan, The Second World War, p. 575.
"a royal straight flush play it"; "master card": H. Stimson's diary, 14 and 15 May 1945, CUL/S.
"didn't want to go . . . test": The proofs of his book, The Days of Their Power, Davies Papers, box 100, p. 100, quoted in G. Alperovitz, The Decision to Use the Atomic Bomb, p. 153. These files are closed to the public.
"His Majesty's .the war": Foreign Relations of the U. S., document 582, p. 876.
"under incredible pressure . . . meeting": U.S. Atomic Energy Commission transcript of 19 C4 hearing In the Matter of J. Robert Oppenheimer, p. 31.
"just standing there"; "dumbfounded""Look . . . Mowed up": Transcript of BBC TV program "The Day the Sun Blowed Up," 1975.
"be set off accidentally": Rhodes, The Making of the Atomic Bomb, p. 666.
"an unbelievable noise"; "hundreds of frogs water": Segre, Enrico Fermi, p. 146.
"Thefirst grey light. . . cracked": J. Chadwick's note of 23 July 1945 to Sir John Anderson, CAB/ 126/250, PRO.
"suddenly . . . switch"; "the impression . . . boundary"; "a pretty perfect red ball . . first one"; "a purplish blue glow"; "quite respectable"; "not quite like thunder . . . hills": Otto Frisch's eyewitness account of the Trinity test, 16 July 194c, CAB/ 126/2co, PRO. J. Chadwick praised it as "the best" description.
"To us . . . the consequences": BBC radio broadcast by R. Peierls on "Atomic Energy and Its Present Potentialities," 1948.
"a little scared . . . made": Quoted in F. M. Szasz, The Day the Sun Rose Twice, p. 89.
"I am worlds": Pharr Davis, Lawrence and Oppenheimer, p. 240.
"walk strut": Quoted in Rhodes, The Making of the Atomic Bomb, p. 676.
"only . . . nothing happened"; "dribbling"; from his hand . . . away": Groves, Now It Can Be Told, p. 296.
"Operated expectations": MED, roll 1, M. 1109, NARA.
"I hope .of it": H. S. Truman's diary is quoted in R. H. Ferrell, ed., Off the Record The Private Papers of Harry S. Truman, pp. c2 —C3 .
"Babies are satisfactorily born"; " 'Now I know same way": H. Stimson's diary for 22 July 194c, CUL/S.
"completely .the Russians": A. Danchev and D. Todman, eds., War Diary of Field Marshal LordAlanbrooke, p. 709.
"It is against fapan": J. Ehrman, Grand Strategy, vol. 6, p. 292.
"I casually mentioned .Japanese'": H. S. Truman, The Year of Decisions, p. 416.
"Stalin . . . anything": Holloway, Stalin and the Bomb, p. 12g.
"l. The 509 Composite Group . . . project staff": The directive to bomb to General C. Spaatz, 25 July 1945, is on roll 1, M 1109 CB, NARA.
"ignore it . . . the war": There is considerable debate about the precise translation of Prime Minister Suzuki's statement of 28 July 194c, cf. Alperovitz, The Decision to Use the Atomic Bomb, pp. 408—9; Rhodes, The Making of the Atomic Bomb, p. 403; and Bix, Hirohito and the Making of Modern Japan, p. coi. However, the academic consensus is that this translation fairly reflects Susuki's intentions. Japan would not pursue the peace offer.
"a laughable matter": Quoted in Kurzman, Day of the Bomb, p. 403.
Twenty-three. "An Elongated Trash Can with Fins"
Quotes from Paul Tibbets are from his book Mission Hiroshima unless otherwise attributed. Similarly, quotes from Bob Caron are from his article in Veterans of Foreign Wars Magazine, November 19C9, unless stated otherwise.
"The bathroom .the island": Leonard Cheshire quoted in R. Morris, Cheshire, p. 196.
"an elongated trash can with fins": Jacob Beser quoted in Thomas and Morgan Witts, Ruinfrom the Air, p. 266.
"straightened up very special"; "I must have looked . . . man's will": L. Cheshire quoted in Morris, Cheshire, pp. 209—10.
The main briefing . . . Truman himself": The quotes in these two paragraphs come from M. Miller and A. Spitzer, We Dropped the A-Bomb, pp. 10—18.
"They just didn't have over there": Quoted in Norris, Racing for the Bomb, p. 418.
"a militaryfuneral cortege": Quoted in Morris, Cheshire, p. 212.
"very angry": Quoted in Thomas and Morgan Witts, Ruinfrom the Air, p. 288.
"Guard . . . end": Quoted by the New York Times journalist W Laurence, who was assigned to the project and present on Tinian, in Dawn Over Zero, p. 209.
"to ask beforehand": Thomas and Morgan Witts, Ruinfrom the Air, p. 294.
One of the crew . . . accept it": The quotes in this paragraph are from Miller
and Spitzer, We Dropped the A-Bomb, p. 27.
"there was tail": Quoted in Thomas and Morgan Witts, Ruinfrom the Air, p. 300.
Twenty-four. "It's Hiroshima"
Quotes from Paul Tibbets are from his book Mission Hiroshima unless otherwise attributed. Similarly, quotes from Bob Caron are from his article in Veterans of Foreign Wars Magazine, November 19C9, unless stated otherwise.
"It's Hiroshima": Tibbets, Mission Hiroshima, p. 220.
"The bomb Knock wood": Quoted in Laurence, Dawn Over Zero, p. 221. Laurence had asked Lewis to keep the log.
"There will. our target": Ibid.
"the ring towards us": Quoted in Thomas and Morgan Witts, Ruinfrom the Air, p. 325.
"beautifully horrible": Veterans of Foreign Wars Magazine, November 1959.
"A column . . . smoke": Ibid., p. 326.
"What a relief it worked"; "My God . . . done?": Quoted in Thomas and Morgan Witts, Ruinfrom the Air, p. 326.
"Clear base": Thomas and Morgan Witts, Ruinfrom the Air, p. 328.
"a withdrawn and meditative": A. Christman, Target Hiroshima, p. 194.
"Even though warriors": Laurence, Dawn Over Zero, p. 219.
"I had surrender": Quoted in Tibbets, Mission Hiroshima, p. 229.
Twenty-five. "Mother Will Not Die"
"Mother Will Not Die" and other quotes by Futaba Kitayama are published in Bombing Eye-Witness Accounts by Hiroshima City and are available on the Hiroshima Peace Memorial Museum Web site.
"Why . . fall down?": Hersey, Hiroshima, p. 27. This book contains Mrs. Nakamura's story.
Down in the port area . . . become silent": Dr. Hiroshi Sawachika's story is taken from his account at www.inicom.com/hibakusha/hiroshi.html.
"the product of pure physics": Quoted in Kurzman, Day of the Bomb, p. 418.
"not that powerful a weapon": Quoted in Rees, Horror in the East, p. 141.
"to continue operations as planned"; "delivered on": Quoted in Giovannitti and Freed, The Decision to Drop the Bomb, p. 264.
"We tried . war effort": Ibid., p. 271.
"the colour of sulphur"; "evil kind of luminous quality": Morris, Cheshire, p. 222.
"not comprise . . . sovereign ruler": MAGIC file/1233, 10 August 1945, record group 4C7, NARA.
'from total extinction": Quoted in Bix, Hirohito and the Making of Modern Japan, p. 526.
"Havingfound . . .young Americans": Quoted in C. Clemens, ed., Truman Speaks, p. 69.
Twenty-six. "A New Fact in the World's Power Politics"
The academic study of American editorals is quoted in Alperovitz, The Decision to Use the Atomic Bomb, p. 427. PRO file CAB/ 126/ 191 provides an extensive, considered analysis of world press reaction.
"We were packing . . . six months later": Quoted in Sir M. Gilbert, The Day the War Ended, p. 401.
"When the bombs after all": P. Fussell, Kansas City Star and Times, 3 o August 1981.
"acutely depressing effect"; "it was wasted": A. Werth, Russia at War, p. 1037.
"Hiroshima destroyed": Quoted in Holloway, Stalin and the Bomb, p. 132.
"I was revered": A. Sakharov, Memoirs, p. 92.
"If a child refused": Quoted in Holloway, Stalin and the Bomb, p. 132.
"I wonder here?"; "Microphones respect": Quoted in Bernstein, Hitler's Uranium Club, p. 78.
"Hahn was incredulity": Ibid., p. i i c.
"told me . . . about it": Transcript of Hahn's interview for the BBC p r o g r am "Too Near the Sun," 1965.
Major Rittner . . . consoles me": All quotes in this paragraph are from Bernstein, Hitler's Uranium Club, pp. 116—17.
"each one said unimportant": Ibid., p. 120.
"and only tolerated margins": Ibid., p. 321.
"I believe succeeded": Ibid., p. 122.
"I don't believe . . . succeed": Ibid.
"At the bottom bomb": Ibid., p. 123.
"I thank God . . . uranium bomb"; "an inhuman weapon": Ibid., p. 125.
"sabotaged do so": Ibid., p. 127.
"At 2 am . . . to bed": Ibid., p. 322.
"a ton": Ibid., p. 129.
"mostly silent": Ibid., p. 333.
"not much moment": Quoted in Pharr Davis, Lawrence and Oppenheimer, p. 251.
"sweet technology": E. Teller, quoted in his obituary, Economist, 20 September 2003.
"gazing hell": Quoted in Herken, Brotherhood of the Bomb, p. 2gy.
"If it is . . . grant clearance": U.S. Atomic Energy Commission transcript of hearing In the Matter of J. Robert Oppenheimer, p. 726.
"would be astounded": Ibid., p. 165.
"Had I known finger!": Quoted in D. Bodanis, E —MC2, p. 218.
"had plumbed peer into": Quoted in Rowlands, 120 Years of Excellence, p. 23.
Colleagues and friends statement": The quotes in this paragraph are from Peierls, Bird of Passage, pp. 223—24.
"I have . . . reality": Williams, Klaus Fuchs, p. 177.
"very nasty": Author's i n t er v i ew with Bethe, April 2002.
"suppressing the past"; "I am part of that suppressed past": Quoted in Sime, Lise Meitner, p. x.
"Let it be understood . between nations"; "Let those . . . war": Tibbets, Mission Hiroshima, p. 6.
Epilogue
The debate about what difference it would have made had Rutherford not lived is described in Snow's Variety of Men, pp. 6-7 , from which the quotes are taken. Snow took part in the discussion.
"quietly unity": Ibid., p. yg.
"The main . . . throughout the war"; "essential": Quoted in Szasz, British Scientists and the Manhattan Project, p. 97.
"I think . . . taken their place": Quoted in transcript of interview for BBC TV program "The Building of the Bomb," 1965.
The extent of Fuchs's help to the Russians is discussed inter alia in Holloway, Stalin and the Bomb, pp. 222—23, and in Szasz, British Scientists and the Manhattan Project, p. 94-328. "catch up and overtake": Quoted in Holloway, Stalin and the Bomb, p. 133.
"just another military weapon": Quoted in Szasz, British Scientists and the Manhattan Project, p. 77
"between 1943 and 1945 . . . voted": E. Teller's introduction to Groves's account Now It Can Be Told, p. v.
"without Groves anything": Teller, Memoirs, p. 277.
"Mr. Roosevelt.. .to do it": Ermenc, Atomic Bomb Scientists, p. 252.
J. W Dower's War Without Mercy discusses racial issues in the Pacific War in great detail.
"assigned annihilated": Leatherneck, March 1945.
The issue of Life is 22 May 1944.
"yellow monkeys"; "rarin meat": Quoted in Dower, War Without Mercy, p. 8/~.
"It seemed to him bad"; "Asfar original islands": Note from an official in the British Embassy in Washington to the foreign office of 6 August 1942 in PREM 4 / 42 / 9, PRO.
"sensible and responsible women . . . than ours": Quoted in V Cronin, Paris on the Eve1900-14, p. 316.
The sidelining of Ida Noddack at the bottom: The two quotations in this paragraph are from Bryson, A Short History of Nearly Everything, p. 123.
"really absurd": Quoted in Rayner-Canham, A Devotion to Their Science, p. 223.
The decision to use the atomic bomb is the subject of a major study of that name by G. Alperovitz, which is a key reference work for all research in this area.
"The experience .Japan": Truman, Year of Decisions, p. 412.
"In the days came in": J. F. Byrnes, U.S. News EWorld Report, 1 g August 1960.
"After the atomic bomb . . . kill": Quoted in Alperovitz, The Decision to Use the Atomic Bomb, p. 274.
"Japan was . . . airblockade": W D. Leahy, I Was There, p. 304.
"to shock them into action"; "out of their determination . . . defense": Bix, Hirohito and the Making of Modern Japan, p. 525.
"There was [making peace]": Ibid., p. 751.
"in a sense . . . circumstances": Yongi Mitsumasa, quoted in ibid., p. 509.
"When one considers saved Japan": Quoted in Szasz, The Day the Sun Rose Twice, p. 150.
"The greatest obsta
cle of the Throne": J. C. Grew, Turbulent Era, vol. 2, p. 1429.
"I personally think .of acceptance": Memo included in Stimson's diary for 2 July 194 c, CUL/S.
"might not be expresssed national existence": Quoted in Ehrman, Grand Strategy, vol. 6, PP.302-3
"Subject . . . government": Foreign Relations of the U. S., Potsdam II, pp. 12 68—69.
"Ispoke put it in": Stimson's diary for 24 July 1945, CUL/S.
The available sources .to remain: The Gallup Poll is cited in Bix, Hirohito and the Making of Modern Japan, p. 544.
"like a little boy on a toboggan": Look magazine, 13 August 1963.
"At no time . . . be justified": Stimson's article in the February 1947 issue of Harper's Magazine was extensively cleared in advance with former colleagues, cf. Alperovitz, PP.450-79
"conflict... Nazis": Teller, Memoirs, p. 233.
"I could not imagine enthusiastically": Ibid., p. 231.
"the right [correct] position chose that": Bernstein, Hitler's Uranium Club, p. 155.
"this great physicist . . . we are": S. Goudsmit's letter to R. Peierls of 21 January 1977, Goudsmit papers, series 3, box 10, folder 97, AIP.
"An invention . make": Transcript of F. Houtermans's interview for the BBC TV program "The Building of the Bomb," 1965.
"In the west . . . possibilities"; "The possibility was . . . do with it": Transcript of R. Peierls's interview for ibid.
"In the first place . . . arm's length": Transcript of O. Frischs's interview for ibid.
"Though a brilliant theoretician . . . numbers": New York Review of Books, 22 April 1993.
"changed everything . . . politics": Quoted in Szasz, British Scientists and the Manhattan Project, p. 103.
"I'm afraid created": Guardian, 2 August 1986.
"If you are . . . values": Oppenheimer made these remarks in his farewell speech to the Association of Los Alamos Scientists on 2 November 194c, quoted in full in Kimball-Smith and Weiner, eds., Robert Oppenheimer—Letters and Recollections, pp. 31 c—25.
"easy for even wise men easy . about": Quoted in Szasz, British Scientists and the Manhattan Project, p. 78.
"in science persons": E. Curie, Madame Curie, p. 233.
"People are not important... people": Author's interview with Lorna Arnold 11 December 2001.
"When I was younger . . . individual": Transcript of interview for BBC TV Horizon program "To Die, To Live," 1975.
Before the Fallout Page 46
