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George Washington Page 55

by Stephen Brumwell


  Augusta County 49, 103

  Baker, Lieutenant James 114

  Ball, Joseph (grandfather) 17

  Ball, Joseph (uncle) 29

  Ball, Mary see Washington, Mary

  Ball, Major William (great-grandfather) 13–14, 15, 17

  Baltimore 268, 271, 307

  Barbados 32–34

  Barras, Admiral 381, 382, 385, 389, 390, 392, 395

  Barré, Major Isaac 169, 179

  Barton, Rev. Thomas 129, 136, 137, 139, 144

  Bastille, storming of the 426

  Beaujeu, Daniel de 78

  Belvoir 28, 46, 66, 69, 83, 119, 182, 185, 377, 429, 430

  Bemis Heights 308, 313, 316

  Bennington 303, 308

  Bergen 299

  Berkeley, Sir William 16

  Berkeley County 184

  Bermuda 34, 207

  Berthier, Louis-Alexandre 376

  Biddle, Ensign Edward 150

  Birmingham 280

  Bishop, Thomas 217

  Black Horse 277

  Black Watch 171, 248, 311

  Bladen, Colonel Martin 28

  Blair, John (acting governor of Virginia) 126

  Blakeney, Colonel William 22–23

  Bland, Humphrey 93–94, 159, 219–20, 319

  Blenheim, Battle of 121

  Blue Jacket 424, 425

  Blue Ridge Mountains 28, 29–30, 86, 99, 173

  Board of Trade 37

  Board of War 331, 332

  Bolingbroke, Henry St. John, Viscount 182

  Bonaparte, Napoleon 376, 417, 426

  Bonhamtown 299

  Boone, Daniel 77

  Bordentown 272, 274, 275, 277, 287, 289

  Boston 77, 92–93, 159, 203, 271, 346, 347

  radicals in 187

  siege of 188, 191, 193, 203, 206, 208, 211, 214, 215, 218, 222, 223–25, 229, 232, 252, 385, 401

  troops from 197, 230

  Boston Gazette 92

  Boston Massacre (1770) 181, 223

  Boston Tea Party (1773) 181, 184

  Bostwick, Elisha 10–11, 223, 279–80

  Boswell, James 354

  Botetourt, Norborne Berkeley, Lord, lieutenant governor of Virginia 176, 181

  Boudinot, Elias 416

  bounties 249, 250, 285, 325, 327, 371, 372, 373, 394, 419

  bounty lands 174–75, 176, 177–78, 185, 249, 419

  Bouquet, Lieutenant Colonel Henri 128, 129, 131–32, 133, 136, 137, 140, 142, 145, 146, 149, 150–51, 152, 158, 172, 261–62, 353, 424

  Bouquet’s Camp 150, 151

  Bowling Green (New York) 232, 233

  Braddock, Major General Edward 85, 89, 91, 103, 106, 123, 125, 128, 134, 136, 163, 169, 178, 195, 217, 222, 398

  defeat of 81–82, 83, 84, 101, 113, 141, 158, 172, 176, 183, 422

  expedition of 67–82

  Braddock’s Road 73, 127, 130, 131, 132, 142–43, 149, 152

  Bradstreet, Colonel John 148

  Bragg, Private William 327

  Brandywine, Battle of 1, 4, 304–7, 314, 316, 320, 361, 408

  Brant, Joseph 351, 353–55, 406

  Breed’s Hill 197, 223

  Briers Creek, Battle of 408

  Brigham, Jonathan 198

  Bristol 277

  Britain

  administration of American empire 170

  American colonies move toward war with 179–89

  American declaration of independence (1776) 232

  assault on Canada 112–13

  attitude to colonial troops 57–58, 66, 124–25

  Braddock’s defeat a watershed in colonial relations 81

  Caribbean campaigns 164, 168, 169, 183–84, 339

  conflict with France in Ohio Valley 35–36

  conquest of Canada 162–63, 164, 166, 167, 169

  convict transports from 20

  emigration from 13, 15, 19–20

  Florida ceded to 170

  French and Indian War 49–82, 83–117, 122–53

  inciting Indians on western frontier 424

  Jacobite rebellions 183

  meets costs of provincial forces 123

  North American colonies at time of Washington’s birth 18–19

  outbreak of rebellion against (1775) 188

  outbreak of war with France (1793) 424

  pledges cash and arms for colonial defense 64

  Pontiac’s War 171–72

  proclamation bans settlement west of Appalachians 172–73, 174, 175

  relationship with American colonies 102, 134, 168–69, 170, 174

  Revolutionary War

  abandon Philadelphia 339–40

  amnesty offered in exchange for oaths of loyalty 265

  chances of rapprochement dwindle 196

  end of attempt to deny American independence 410

  evacuation of Boston 224, 227

  final stages 411–18

  Fort Washington 259–61

  France enters hostilities with 316, 339

  hopes for negotiated settlement 213, 228, 233–35, 241, 245–46, 255, 260

  Loyalists continued support for 213

  Monmouth Court House 342–45

  New York and New Jersey 227–70

  Peace of Paris 418

  Pennsylvania campaign 297–313, 316–21

  political and military support for curbing rebellion 212

  Princeton defeat leaves little chance of victory in 296

  southern campaign 359–62, 378–79, 380, 386–410

  surrender at Yorktown 403–9

  trade blockade 212

  Trenton-Princeton campaign 272–96

  victory at Brooklyn Heights 239–40

  war at sea 212, 215, 225, 227, 231, 233, 255, 299, 344, 359, 377, 392, 395, 402

  taxation of colonies 170, 179–81, 186, 213, 324

  trade interests 19, 36, 181, 186

  victory over French in Seven Years’ War 169–70

  War of Jenkins’s Ear 21–26

  British Army

  Americanization of tactics 169

  Articles of War 111, 251

  blueprint for Continental Army 408

  discipline 205

  drill regulations 198

  impact of defeat at Princeton on 296

  Loyalists in 213

  manpower (Revolutionary War) 199, 214, 228–29, 235–36, 309, 318, 327

  reinforced 212

  British Empire 163, 164, 174

  Bronx River 256

  Brooklyn Heights, Battle of 228, 237, 238, 239–40, 241

  Brown, Lieutenant Philip 234

  Brunswick (German state) 225, 303

  Brunswick (New Jersey) 264, 266, 269, 272, 289, 293, 294, 295, 297, 299, 300, 340

  Brunswick, Charles, Prince of 238

  Bull, William, lieutenant governor of South Carolina 166

  Bullen, Captain 136

  Bullitt, Captain Thomas 141, 147

  Bunker Hill, Battle of 197, 198, 199, 201, 212, 222, 224, 232, 240, 260, 276

  Burd, Colonel James 145

  Burgoyne, Major General John 197, 229, 254, 298, 302, 303, 308, 313, 316, 318, 328, 351

  Burlington 272

  Burlington Gazette 397

  Burton, Lieutenant Colonel Ralph 79, 163

  Burwell, Carter 68

  bush-fighting 72, 85, 100, 140, 167, 220–21

  Bushnell, Captain David 418

  Bushy Run, Battle of 171–72, 262, 353, 424

  Butler, Jane 17

  Butler, Colonel John 351, 353

  Byrd III, Colonel William 68, 123, 128, 130, 139, 142, 166, 167, 187

  Cacapon River 96

  Cadwalader, Colonel/Brigadier General John 267, 277, 278, 282, 284, 285, 287, 290, 292, 318–19, 320, 333

  Caesar, Julius 165, 196, 231, 424, 428

  Callender, Captain John 200–201

  Cambridge 199, 204, 212, 217

  Camden 380

  Battle of 360, 408, 423

  Cameron, Private Duncan 79

  camisards 140 />
  Campbell, Lieutenant Colonel Archibald 349

  Canada

  American invasions of 212, 217–18, 221, 229, 333, 348, 362

  Americans withdraw from 229, 231

  British administration of 170

  British assaults on 112, 123, 134, 162–63

  British conquest of 162–63, 164, 166, 167, 169

  British offensives from 253–54, 271, 272, 297, 298, 307

  French settlements in 18, 35

  militiamen 59, 74, 78, 102

  prisoners of war 235

  supply of Indian trade goods from 148

  veterans settle in 177

  Cape Breton Island 112, 134

  Cape François (Haiti) 389

  Cape Henry 377, 396

  Capes of Delaware 302

  capital punishment 143–44, 183, 205, 252, 366

  Caribbean 164, 168, 169, 171, 183, 213, 269, 339, 349, 355, 381, 382, 389, 390

  Carleton, Sir Guy 212, 254

  Carlisle 109, 114, 127

  Carlisle, Earl of 339

  Cartagena, siege of 23–25, 79, 121, 326

  Carter, Landon 94–95, 317

  Carter, Ensign Thomas 96

  Cary, Robert 165, 174

  Cary, Sarah see Fairfax, Sally

  Castle William Island 224

  Catawbas 69, 104, 114, 125, 136, 167

  Catherine the Great, Empress of Russia 229

  Cato 138, 218, 336

  Cato 182

  Cavaliers and Roundheads 13

  Chadds Ford 304, 305

  Chambly 217

  Champlain, Lake 66, 254

  Champlain Valley 113, 123, 162, 212, 217

  Charles I, King 13, 14, 186

  Charles II, King 13, 28

  Charles XII, King of Sweden 165, 319

  Charleston 120, 126, 166, 230, 267, 359, 390, 393, 396, 401, 407, 408, 418

  Charlestown Peninsula 197

  Charlotte 361, 378

  HMS Charon 402

  Chastellux, Major General François Jean le Beauvoir, Chevalier de 381–82, 394, 429

  Chatterton Hill 256, 399

  Cherokees 69, 110, 114–16, 125–26, 135, 166–68, 171, 208, 354, 422

  Chesapeake Bay 15, 19, 20, 28, 69, 302, 375, 377, 383, 384, 388, 389, 390, 392, 393, 394, 395, 411

  Chester 392

  Chestnut Ridge 149

  Chew, Joseph 148

  Chew House (Germantown) 310, 312

  Chickasaws 43, 167, 168, 424

  Chippewas 422

  Choctaws 424

  Cincinnatus, Lucius Quinctius 4, 421

  citizen soldiers 231

  Claiborne’s Ferry 71

  Clarke, Major Gedney 33

  Clermont-Crèvecoeur, Jean François Louis, Comte de 384

  Clinton, Major General Henry 197, 230, 231, 271, 313, 314, 315, 338, 372, 374, 377, 382, 385, 395, 399

  and Arnold’s treason 363–64, 365–66

  evacuation of Philadelphia 339–40, 341

  Monmouth Court House 342, 344

  New York 238, 239, 240, 246, 247, 301, 303

  proposes attacking Boston 347

  replaces Howe as commander in chief 336, 340

  returns to New York 345, 346, 362

  southern campaigns 3, 51–52, 359, 386, 387, 390

  tries to force decisive engagement with Washington 350–51

  Closen, Baron Ludwig von 376, 384, 390, 391, 392, 393, 394–95, 401, 411

  Cocks, Captain William 89

  Coercive Acts 181

  Coldstream Guards 67

  colonies

  governors 19

  as independent states 229

  rivalry between 236

  Committees of Observation and Inspection 186

  Conciliatory Proposition 213

  Concord 188, 191, 196, 217

  Concorde (French frigate) 381

  Congress

  abandons Philadelphia for Baltimore 268, 271

  appoints Washington commander in chief of Continental Army 194–95

  Articles of Confederation 413

  authorizes expansion and reorganization of Continental Army 249–52

  and blockade of Hudson 258

  British peace proposals to 245

  declaration of American independence 232, 233–34

  expects New York to be maintained 243

  and formation of Continental Army 193–94

  grants Washington full power over operation of war 268

  increases military establishment 423

  issues new Articles of War 251–52

  lacks power to tax states to fund war effort 324

  moves to York 307

  Olive Branch Petition 213

  raises a New Army (1798) 427

  relationship with Washington 210, 328–33, 334

  resolves to invade Canada 212

  returns to Philadelphia 307, 372

  and status of colonies 229

  support for Washington 279

  supports attack on Boston 191, 210–12

  taxation 423

  treatment of officers 334–35

  treatment of troops 358, 371, 372–73, 412–15

  Washington a delegate at First Continental Congress 186–87

  Washington a delegate at Second Continental Congress 188, 191

  Washington delivers formal resignation to 420

  Connecticut 92, 348, 350, 395

  militia 220, 246

  troops from 209, 216, 218, 223, 279, 285, 326, 358, 371

  Conococheague Creek 127

  conscription 325, 328

  Constitution, US 420

  Continental Army

  African American soldiers in 218, 262, 384–85, 397

  after Yorktown 410–14

  ammunition and supplies 193, 206, 221–22, 314, 323–25, 356–58

  Articles of War 251, 333, 335, 358, 418

  badges and ribbons 202

  bounties 249, 285, 325, 371–72, 373, 394, 419

  colonial rivalry in 236

  condition and composition of (1781) 384–85, 391, 394, 409–10

  Congress authorizes expansion and reorganization of 249–50

  contenders for commander in chief 191

  disbandment and back pay 412–15, 416–17, 418–19, 420

  discipline and training 199, 200–201, 204–6, 218, 221, 251–52, 311, 337–39, 343, 357–58, 373–74, 398, 417–18

  following end of Revolutionary War 420–21

  foreigners and mercenaries in 315–16, 337

  four administrative “Departments” 232

  health and disease in 202, 297, 323, 328

  manpower 199, 209, 214, 216, 218, 221, 228, 232, 236, 241–42, 249, 252–53, 257, 261–62, 263, 282, 284–85, 286, 287, 309, 317, 318, 325–28, 371, 379–80, 396

  military protocol 202

  motivation of average soldier in 410

  officer corps starts to reflect Washington’s vision 334–36

  pensions 335, 380, 428

  problem of amateur part-timers in 209, 241–42

  recruitment 193, 214, 218, 249, 269, 325–28

  reorganization of 214, 218, 249–51, 268, 337–38, 340

  resemblance to British Army 398, 409–10

  senior officers 199, 201, 319–20

  uniform 202–3, 323, 384, 409–10, 427–28

  unrest in 358–59, 371–74, 394, 412–18

  Washington as commander in chief 2, 3, 4, 50, 156, 191–92, 193, 199–203, 216, 253

  Washington seeks reform of officer corps 250–51

  Washington’s farewell address to 419

  Washington’s vision of 220

  winter sufferings of 356–59, 371–72

  Continental Light Infantry 403

  Contrecoeur, Claude Pierre Pécaudy, sieur de 51, 64

  convict transports 20

  Conway, Brigadier General/Major General Thomas 329–31, 332–33, 335, 337, 414

  Copley, John Singleton 7

  corn 160

  Cor
nplater, Chief 355

  Cornwallis, Major General Charles 230, 239, 262, 264, 266, 304, 342, 411

  southern campaign 359, 360, 361, 374, 378–79, 380, 386

  surrender 405–7, 408

  Trenton-Princeton campaign 286, 287, 288, 289, 291, 295

  Yorktown 387–90, 391, 392, 393, 395, 396, 400

  Cornwallis, Jemima 286

  Coryell’s Ferry 302

  councils of war 195, 210, 222, 244, 255, 257, 261, 274, 276, 287, 289, 299, 308, 328–29, 341

  Country Party 182

  courts-martial 143, 150, 200, 205, 252, 312, 344

  Cowpens, Battle of 378, 379, 399

  Craik, James 50, 117, 127, 176, 177, 331, 430

  Crawford, Captain/Colonel William 175, 176, 412

  Cresap, Colonel Thomas 30

  Croghan, George 58

  Cromot du Bourg, Baron 377, 391, 392

  Cromwell, Oliver 13, 186, 196, 268, 417

  Cromwell, Oliver (black soldier) 397

  Crosswicks 285, 287

  Crown Point 66, 162, 215, 254

  Cuba 164, 169, 187

  Culloden, Battle of 79, 152, 183

  Culpepper, John 28

  Cumberland, William Augustus, Duke of 65, 67, 113, 219

  Cunningham, Captain James 106, 108

  Cunningham’s Fort 96

  Custis, Daniel Parke 121, 182

  Custis, John (Jacky) (step-son) 122, 160, 217

  Custis, Martha Dandridge see Washington, Martha

  Custis, Martha (“Patsy”) (stepdaughter) 122, 160

  Custis, Nelly 217

  Dagworthy, Captain John 88–89, 91, 94, 99

  Dan River 378–79

  Danbury 298, 348

  Dandridge, Francis 180

  Dandridge, William 121

  Davies, Revd Samuel 81

  de Grasse, Rear Admiral François Joseph Paul, Comte 381, 382, 383–84, 385, 386, 389, 390, 391–92, 393, 395–96, 411

  De Keyser, Ensign Leehaynsious 93

  Deane, Silas 337

  declaration of American independence (1776) 232

  Delaware, troops from 123, 149, 239, 249, 290, 294

  Delaware River 92, 265, 266, 270, 271, 272, 273, 275, 276, 277, 278–79, 280, 282, 284, 287, 289, 297, 301, 302, 312, 316, 318, 340, 392

  Delawares 3, 36, 39, 40, 58, 73, 135, 148, 161–62, 171, 352, 412, 422

  Demeré, Captain Paul 57

  Denny, William, Governor of Pennsylvania 135

  desertion 143, 144, 216, 241–42, 252

  Destouches, Chevalier 375–77

  Detroit 161

  Dettingen, Battle of 56, 79

  Dickinson, John 186

  Digby, Vice Admiral Robert 400

  Dinwiddie, Robert, lieutenant governor of Virginia 35, 37, 38, 40, 42, 43, 44, 45, 46, 49, 50, 52, 54, 55, 56, 60, 64, 66, 68, 71, 78, 80, 87, 89, 91, 94, 95, 97, 98, 99, 100, 104, 107, 110–11, 116–17, 157, 159–60, 175, 185, 209, 325

  Dismal Swamp 174

  Dobbs, Arthur, lieutenant governor of North Carolina 66

  Dobbs Ferry 262

  Doeg Indians 15

 

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