heated, 169
hygroscopic quality of, 155–56
lore about, 157–59
marketing of, 133, 141–42, 145, 177
as medicine, 158
moisture in, 155–56, 167
orange blossom, 156
poisonous, 147–48, 149
price of, 26, 75, 133
in recipes, 157, 159–60
sources of, 27, 47, 63, 114–15, 118, 147–50
stores of, 6, 16, 17, 23, 46, 49, 50, 51, 66, 81, 120–22, 160
sugar vs., 157, 159
sumac, 145–47, 149, 156
temperature of, 167
tupelo, 156
types of, 156
unheated, 169
unripe, 148
uses of, 157–59
as water-soluble, 170
in wine, 158–59
Honey: A Comprehensive Survey, 58
Honey Bee Pathology (Bailey), 73
honeycomb-cell pattern, hexagonal, 9, 13
honeycombs:
building of, 8–9, 13, 20, 39, 44–46, 80, 81, 108, 134, 168
in honey, 39, 133
honeysuckle, 116
hot knives, 167–68
house bees, 65, 70, 155
How-To-Do-It Book of Beekeeping, The (Taylor), 58
Huber, François, 56–57, 92
hybrid bees, 107, 117, 118
Hymenoptera order, 67
Hymettus, 158
Hypericaceae family, 154
Hypericum spathulatum, 155
hypopharyngeal glands, 64
indigo buntings, 97, 152
insecticides, 67, 130, 136–39, 141, 148
instars, 64
iris, 90
Italian bees, 11, 107, 132
Jaycox, Elbert R., 58
Jermyn, L. A. S., 54
jigs, frame, 43–44
johnny-jump-ups, 115
Johnson, Samuel, 26
Justice, James, 150
katydids, 139
killer bees, 72–73
Ladino clover (Trifolium repens giganteum), 142
Langstroth, Lorenzo:
bee strain developed by, 107
movable frame invented by, 9–11
writings of, 11–13, 57
larvae, bee, 18, 64, 65, 71–72, 77, 112, 122, 137, 149
laying worker colonies, 110–14
leatherwood (Cyrilla racemiflora), 148
levulose, 155, 156
Lewis, C. S., 150
Lindauer, Martin, 78
Linswik, Cyula, 24–25
locoweeds (Astragalus spp.), 148
Macris, 60
maltose, 156
manuals, beekeeping, 11, 25–26, 57–58
maples, 51, 63
mastitis, 158
mating sign, 94
mead, 159
medications, 53, 70, 71–72, 73–74, 79, 82, 90
metabolism, bee, 47, 49
mice, 23, 70, 81–82
Michaelmas daisy, 6–7
migratory beekeeping, 14
mint, 27
mites, parasitic, 72
moisture levels, 7, 153, 155–56, 167
Morse, Robert, 57
mountain laurel (Kalmia latifolia), 147–48
movable frames, 9–11
moving hives, 27–29, 32–34, 132–33
Nassanoff glands, 131
nectar:
cells for, 66
characteristics of, 155
flow of, 70–71, 75, 94, no, 128, 142, 143, 145, 161
gathering of, 4, 6, 16, 17, 20, 119, 160–61
guides to, 88
sources of, 27, 149, 151, 156
needle-nose pliers, 45
nighthawks, 173
nitrogen, 156
nucleus hives (“nucs”), 99, 102, 105, 106, 107, 108, 110, 113–14, 115, 117, 118, 133–34
nuptial flight, 92, 93–94, 111–12
nurse bees, 64, 65
Oliver, Henry K., 86–87
opossums, 46
orange blossom honey, 156
organizations, beekeeping, 132, 135, 136, 138
Orpheus, 59, 60
outyards, 3, 33, 114, 165
over-covers, 39
Ozarks, beekeeping in, 6, 46, 107, 116
package bees, 37, 40, 98–99, 100–101, 108, 109–10, 117–18, 132, 133–36
pallets, super, 165–66
para-dichlorobenzene, 171–72
parasites, 72
peach trees, 66
persimmon (Diospyros virginiana), 143, 149
pesticides, 67, 130, 136–39, 141, 148
pests, 46, 82, 87, 156
pheromones, 20–22, 106, 111, 113, 144
pigs. 157
plantain (Plantago lanceolata), 149
Pliny, 53, 148
plum trees, 66
poison ivy (Rhus toxicodendron), 84, 89, 147
poison sumac (Rhus vernix), 147
pollen:
cells for, 65–66
contamination of, 137
gathering of, 3–4, 20, 65, 69, 89
as “health food,” 150
misconceptions about, 64–65
protein in, 65–66
sources of, 27, 63–64, 67–69, 89
substitutes for, 68
premature supersedure, 106–7
processors, honey, 167–69
propolis, 16, 20
protein, 64, 65–66
Proteus, 60
protozoa, 72
pupation, bee, 65, 91, 113
queen bees:
attendants for, 91, 98, 100–101
“balling” of, 100, 106, 113
care of, 20
cell for, 91–92
classification of, 56
eggs laid by, 49, 65, 78, 91, 92–93, 99, 105, 106, 108, 120–23, 132, 149
excluders for, 120–23
frames for, 100
hives without, 40, 108, 111, 112
hybrid, 107, 117, 118
inadequate, 18
killing of, 20, 80, 90–91, 106–7, 116–17, 124
location of, 78–79, 103–5
mating by, 93–97, 106, 111–12
nuptial flight of, 92, 93–94, 111–12
package, 40, 98–99, 117–18, 134, 135
pheromone secreted by, 20–22, 106
physical appearance of, 103–4, 131–32
pupation of, 91
raising of, 19, 39–40, 79, 91–92, 106–7
replacement of, 53, 72, 98–118, 124
rival queens killed by, 56–57, 92, 102
supersedure, 91, 106–7, 111
virgin, 56–57, 92, 111
“walk” of, 104
queeneries, 100–101, 106, 108
queen excluders, 120–23
queenright hives, 40, 108, 111, 112
queen substance, 111
races of bees, 11, 107, 132
radiation sickness, 158
ragweed, 65
Reagan, Ronald, 64
recipes, 157, 159–60
record books, 7, 23, 75, 76, 80, 83, 91, 114, 118
redbud (Cercis canadensis), 66
red wavelength, 88
“Reformed Commonwealth of Bees, A,” 127
Reminiscences (Langstroth), 12
requeening, 98–118
costs of, 101
difficulty of, 98, 117–18
of laying worker hives, 113–14
methods of, 53, 116–19
necessity of, 72, 82, 90–91, 124
“nucs” (nucleus hives) used in, 99, 102, 105, 106, 107, 108, 110, 113–14, 115, 117, 118, 133–34
package bees for, 98–99, 100–101, 108, 109–10
queeneries for, 100–101, 106, 108
separation of queens in, 98–99
for starter hives, 108–9
swarms and, 90–91
research, beekeeping, 153–54
rhododendron, 148
Rhododendron ponticum, 148
robber bees, 1
8, 19, 22, 72, 81
royal jelly, 91, 150
“Royal Jelly” (Dahl), 150
Rubus genus, 70, 119
rue anemone (Anemonella thalictroides), 83
St.-John’s-worts, 154–55
scheduling, 76–79, 141–42, 144–45, 151
scout bees, 129, 130
seaside arrowgrass (Triglochin maritima), 148
Sendak, Maurice, 58
Serjonia lethalis, 148
serviceberry (Amelanchier arborea), 27, 51, 66
setting up hives, 38–46
shapes, bee, 103–4, 112
shining sumac (Rhus copallina), 146–47
skunk cabbage (Symplocarpus foetidus), 64
smokers, bee, 7, 14–15, 38, 77–78, 122, 123
smooth sumac (Rhus glabra), 146
sneezeweed, 149
snow aster (Aster ericoides), 6–7
“Song of the Queen Bee” (White), 94–97
spiders, 152–53
split-bottom frames, 43
spring, beekeeping in, 63–124
spur embedders, 45–46
stings, bee:
allergic reactions to, 31
arthritis alleviated by, 30, 65
desensitization program for, 31–32
immunity to, 30, 32
normal reactions to, 29–32
position for, 31, 80
venom in, 30, 31, 65, 144, 161
Stockton, Frank R., 58
Strabo, 148
sucrose, 155, 156
sugar:
complex vs. simple, 155
concentrations of, 160–61
honey vs., 157, 159
inversion of, 155
syrup from, 74–76, 82, 115, 132, 135
sumac, 27, 145–47, 149, 156
fragrant, 47, 89–90, 145
poison, 147
shining, 146
smooth, 146
summer, beekeeping in, 6, 8, 49, 127–73
supers:
cleanup of, 170–72
depth of, 39
“full-depth,” 9
fumigation of, 120, 163, 164, 165, 171–72
honey extracted from, 165–69
medium depth Illinois, 39
pallets for, 165–66
replacement of, 18–20, 53, 120, 122, 161–65
weight of, 166
supersedure, 91, 111
premature, 106–7
supply companies, 14, 37–39, 58, 75
swarms:
bee space and, 9–11, 13, 79–80, 104, 105, 128
descriptions of, 123, 128–29
diseases from, 124, 128
hiving of, 123–24, 127–32
impulse for, 19–20, 80, 86, 128
prevention of, 19–20, 79–80, 104
primary, 128
requeening and, 90–91
tanging of, 129
sweet bees, see bees
sweet clover (Melilotus officinalis), 142
Taber, Steve, 71
tanging, 129
Tartarus, 59
Taylor, Richard, 58
telescoping covers, 14, 27, 39, 42, 43, 46, 77
temperature levels, 47–51, 75, 94, 101, 142, 167
Terramycin, 71–72, 73–74
thermoregulation, 49–51
tools for beekeeping, 7, 38–46
see also specific tools
top bars, 43
tupelo honey, 156
ulcers, 158
ultraviolet wavelength, 88
uniting hives, 20–23, 113–14, 116–19
upholsterer’s hammer, 44
Varroa jacobsoni, 72
veils, bee, 7, 38
venom, bee, 30, 31, 65, 144, 161
ventilation holes, 14, 23, 32–33, 42, 105, 115, 131, 153, 155
violets, 115
Virgil, 53–55
viruses, 72
vision, bee, 30–31, 88–89
von Frisch, Karl, 42, 58, 130, 160
warblers, 98, 119
wasps, 156, 172
water willow (Justica americana), 150–51
wax glands, 155
wax moths:
greater (Galleria mellonella), 85
larvae of, 18, 20, 86, 87–88, 120, 171
lesser (Achroia grisella), 85–86
spread of, 86–87
weak hives, 20–23
weather conditions, 14, 26, 51–52, 53, 132–33, 143–44
wedges, frame, 43, 44
weevils, alfalfa, 138
Western desert beekeeping, 132
western false hellebore (Veratrum californicum), 148
whippoorwills, 139
White, E. B., 94–97
White, Gilbert, 129
White, Jonathan, 156
white-blossomed clover (Melilotus alba), 142–43
Whittier, John Greenleaf, 82
whorled milkweed (Asclepias subverticillata), 148
wildflowers, 27, 88–89, 114–15
wind protection, 77
wine, 158–59
wings, 131, 142, 149, 153
winter, beekeeping in, 8, 23, 37–60
wire, frame, 39, 44–46
wire embedders, 45–46
women, as beekeepers, 24–26
work boots, 7
About the Author
Sue Hubbell is the author of eight books, including A Country Year and New York Times Notable Book A Book of Bees. She has written for the New Yorker, the St. Louis Post-Dispatch, Smithsonian, and Time, and was a frequent contributor to the “Hers” column of the New York Times. Hubbell lives in Maine and Washington, DC.
All rights reserved, including without limitation the right to reproduce this ebook or any portion thereof in any form or by any means, whether electronic or mechanical, now known or hereinafter invented, without the express written permission of the publisher.
Copyright © 1988 by Sue Hubbell
Cover design by Mimi Bark
ISBN: 978-1-5040-4245-1
This edition published in 2017 by Open Road Integrated Media, Inc.
180 Maiden Lane
New York, NY 10038
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