Private letters and papers are reproduced by permission of the many individuals who have kindly made them available.
I am grateful to the London Mathematical Society, and to Harvester Press, for permission to reproduce long extracts. The authors and publishers of other quotations are acknowledged in the Notes above.
Index
A
Abbotsholme School, Staffordshire 480
Abdication (of Edward VIII) 154–6, 178, 387
Abel, Niels Henrik 153
Aberdeenshire, Scotland 3
Abyssinia see Ethiopia
accumulator (of computers) 405, 442, 492, 513
ACE (Automatic Computing Engine) 398–433, 436–63, 468, 512–14, 532, 666, 671
arithmetical circuits 412–13
building of 462–3
delay lines 403, 404–5, 408, 412
instruction tables 406–12, 433, 453
intelligence 449–58
logical control 404–5, 406, 412–13
storage 395–6, 399–401, 403–4, 420
Version H 459–60
acoustic delay line 395
active machinery 482–3
Ada, Countess of Lovelace 373, 450
Adcock, F. E. 188, 202, 586
Adelphi Theatre, London 443, 444
Admiralty 185, 208, 235–9, 241, 245, 253, 254, 275, 300, 328, 396, 412
Computing Service 396
Signals Establishment 412
Adrian, R. H. 468
aerodynamics 376, 382, 419, 432, 438, 602
Afrika Korps 304
after-life 88
Aiken, Howard Hathaway 376, 377, 384, 385, 410, 444
Albania 612
alcohol 24, 42
alcohol (used by computer) 412
Aldrich, Richard xxiii
Alec Pryce (short story character) 564–5, 654
Alexander, A. V. 300
Alexander, Harold Rupert Leofric George, 1st Earl Alexander of Tunis 304
Alexander, Hugh 249, 256, 257, 279, 295, 337, 625, 635
and AMT’s trial xxiii–xxiv, 594, 595, 635
as chess master 249, 260, 286, 603
and GCHQ 584
and naval Enigma 287, 329, 337
algebra 16, 39, 101, 104, 120, 419, 602; see also groups; word problem; Boolean algebra
Algeria 304
algorithms xvi, xviii
Allen, Clifford 580
almost periodic functions 121–2, 167
Alton, Jeannine 674
America see United States
analogue computer 371; see also differential analyser; zeta-function machine
Analytical Engine 373–6, 379, 450
Andersen, Hans Christian 604
androgen 589–90
Anglo-American Loan Agreement 465
Anna Karenina 598
Annan, Noel 499
Annapolis, Maryland 180
anti-intellectualism 90
Anti-War movement xxxi, 90, 92–3, 112, 153–4, 642
Apostles (Cambridge society) 96, 467, 469, 534, 642
apples
forbidden fruit 14
death from xxv–xxvi, 189, 615, 616, 655, 672
Appleton, Edward 427
applied mathematics 79, 102, 153, 415
Argentina 286
arithmetic 106–7, 118–20, 373–4
Armistice Day 112, 190
Army Radio School 342
Army, British 208, 241, 383
Army, US 208, 376, 661
Artificial Intelligence see intelligent machinery
Ashby, William Ross 452, 457, 518
Design for a Brain 591
Asquith, Herbert Henry, 1st Earl of Oxford and Asquith 95
Association of Scientific Workers (ASW) 150, 458
Astaire, Fred 162
astrology 567
astronomy 52–3, 58–9, 72, 567, 572
Astronomy and Cosmogony 66
Atanasoff, John Vincent 378
atheism 150, 334
Atkins, James 96–7, 98, 112, 164, 343, 464, 471, 616, 655
Atlantic, Battle of 236, 244–6, 249–54, 273–83, 296, 303, 305, 327–31
Atlantic Charter 279
ATLAS (computer) 520
atomic bomb 317, 328, 376, 464, 656
in Britain 494, 554, 629, 633, 643
in Soviet Union 520, 642
in USA (Los Alamos) 379, 382, 392, 520, 643, 656
Atomic Energy Authority 637
Atomic Energy Bill 637
Atomic Weapons Research Establishment 551
Attlee, Clement Richard, 1st Earl Attlee 391, 456, 478
audio-frequency oscillator 359
Augenfeld, Robert ‘Bob’ 191, 199, 243, 260, 302, 490, 498, 539, 585
Austen, Jane 536
Australia 338
Austria 113
Anschluss 183
Vienna 190, 331
AUTOCODE 602
automata, theory of 489
automatic machines 125–9
autumn crocus xxvii
B
Babbage, Charles 139, 373–6, 379, 381, 398, 406, 407, 450
On the Economy of Machinery and Manufactures 374
Back to Methuselah 92, 95, 101, 161, 164, 182, 201, 334, 455, 525, 535
Baer, Reinhold 165
Balchin, Nigel
The Small Back Room 359–60, 531
Baldwin, Stanley 155, 156
Ball, Rouse
Mathematical Recreations and Essays 208, 211, 557
Ballad of Reading Gaol, The 272
ballistics 376
Banburismus method xxii
Bandwidth theorem 345
base-32 arithmetic 502, 504
Bates, Audrey xxxi, 505
Bates, John 518
Baudot–Murray code 288, 340, 354, 502
Bayes, Thomas 246–7
Bayley, Donald
as Delilah assistant 342–3, 345, 347, 351–3, 355, 358, 360, 363
takes over Delilah 364
wartime colleague 373, 386
and ACE plans 394–6, 403, 426
post-war contact 434, 435, 460, 469, 498, 552, 603, 625, 650, 655
Bayly, Professor 318, 340
BBC (British Broadcasting Corporation) 449, 661
Secret War, The 671
Third Programme 556, 567–9
Beale, Dorothea 7
Bedford, Bedfordshire 4, 5
behaviourism 137, 365, 480, 593
Belgium 240
Bell Laboratories, New York 309–18, 338, 359, 376
Belliss and Morcom 50
Bennett, Alan
The History Boys xxv
Bennett, Christopher 561, 610
Bennett, John 61
Bensly, W. J. 42
Beobachter Dienst 238, 300, 319, 325, 326, 328, 329
Berengaria 147
Berkeley, Busby 162
Bernal, John Desmond 178, 509, 661
Bernays, Paul Isaac 149, 151, 169
Bessel functions 415
Bethnal Green, London 94
Beuttell, Alfred xxxi, 73, 88–9, 173
Beuttell, Gerard 173
Beuttell, Victor 72–4, 76, 88, 89, 145–6, 173, 342, 480
Beveridge Report 383, 387
Bevin, Ernest 391, 456
big bang 646
Bikini atomic experiments 456
BINAC (Binary Automatic Computer) 520
binary numbers 175–8, 371, 402–3
Birch, Frank 203
Birkbeck College, London 495
Birkhoff, George David 157
Birmingham University 343
bishops 35, 155–6, 162, 190, 360, 597, 636
Bismarck 251–2, 253
Black, Gordon 617
Blackett, Patrick Maynard Stuart 291, 428–30, 439, 458, 459, 473, 489, 495, 586, 642, 659
Blackpool, Lancashire 625
Blamey, Matthew 41, 47, 59, 60, 63, 67, 89
Bletchley Park see Government Code
and Cypher School
‘Bob’ see Augenfeld, Robert
Bodyguard of Lies 668, 671
Bohnenblust, H. F. 184
Bombes
American xxiii, 297–8, 331
British xxii, 226–32, 227, 229, 237, 240, 249, 253, 266, 278–80, 297–304, 318, 329, 368, 371, 406, 413, 678
Polish xxii, 220, 221–2, 368
Bondi, Hermann 646
Boole, George 176
Boolean Algebra 176, 316, 317, 515
Booth, A. 495
Boothby, Robert 636
Borel, Émile 268
Born, Max 111
Bosham, West Sussex 200, 464
botany 261; see also morphogenesis
Boughey, C. L. F. 40, 41–2, 76
bovine tuberculosis 60, 72
Bowdler, Thomas 533
Boyd, Fanny see Turing, Fanny 4
Brabazon, Lord see Moore-Brabazon, John Theodore Cuthbert
brain 449, 481, 483, 489, 578
childhood reading about 18, 37, 137, 366, 435
neurons 486–8, 548–50
and free will 297
AMT wants to build 297, 316, 364–70, 381–2, 401, 412, 428, 481
Turing machine and ‘states of mind’ 333–4, 364–70
and cybernetics 508–11
and discrete-state machines 527–31
and morphogenesis 541
Brains Trust 535, 567
Braithwaite, Richard 110, 117, 139, 157, 567–8, 607, 608
Brave New World 94, 554, 588
Breaking the Code xix
Brewster, Edwin Tenney see Natural Wonders Every Child Should Know
British Central Scientific Mission in Washington 383
British Empire 3, 4, 6, 458
British Flora 547
British Mathematical Colloquia 556, 601
British Security Coordination (BSC) 318
British Tabulating Company, Letchworth xxii, 228, 278
Britten, Benjamin 654
Broadhurst, S. W. 285, 336
Brooker, Ralph Anthony ‘Tony’ 552, 562, 585, 602, 611, 624, 626
Brookes, Victor 54
Broster, L. R. 591
Brown, Gordon xx
Brunsviga calculator 483, 485
Brunt, David 494
Buckinghamshire 202–3, 240
Bunyan, John The Pilgrim’s Progress 13, 649
Burden Neurological Institute, Bristol 591
Burgess, Guy 631–2, 638, 639, 642
Burnett, Piers 677
Bush, Vannevar 197, 199
Bushy Park, London 383
Buss, Frances Mary 7
Butler, Samuel 261, 489, 534, 596, 656
Erewhon 95, 455, 480
butterfly effect xxiv
Byers Brown, William 601
C
Cable and Wireless Ltd 340, 341
calculators 373, 377, 396, 410
Brunsviga 483, 485
Zuse calculators 375
calculus 56, 79
Cambridge University 77–81, 90–3, 95–7, 98–101, 110–11, 121–2, 143, 144, 150, 151–2, 165–6, 660
Apostles 96, 467, 469, 534, 642
Clare College 143
differential analyser 197
Downing College 203
King’s College xxvii, xxix, 74–5, 77–81, 90–3, 95–7, 98–101, 110–11, 116, 121–2, 143, 182–3, 189, 234, 466–70, 667, 674
Mathematical Laboratory 197, 430, 472
Newnham College 189
Pembroke College 67
Smith’s Prize 145
Trinity College 4, 50, 54–7, 92, 117, 160
Tripos (mathematics degree course) 78, 79, 86, 113–14
University Church 190
Campbell, Archibald 21
Canada 4
Cantor, Georg 108, 129–32, 139, 144, 181, 655
Carnegie Lake, Princeton 148, 162, 167
Carnegie, Dale
How to Win Friends and Influence People 398
Carpenter, Edward 100, 387–90, 455, 467, 480, 527, 570, 577, 651, 656, 662, 663
England Arise! 390
Carroll, Lewis xxxii, 649
Through the Looking Glass 85, 93–4
Casabianca 19, 319, 524–5
Casablanca Conference 308, 325
castration 590–1, 637
cat (Timothy) 350
cathode ray tubes 404, 461, 485, 492, 495, 500, 503, 520
Catholicism 332, 511
Catshill, Worcestershire 50, 65, 81, 193
Cave Brown, Anthony
Bodyguard of Lies 668, 671
Central Intelligence Agency (CIA) 627, 631, 639–40, 661
Central Limit Theorem 113, 121, 139, 145
Chadwick, Peter 677
Challenger, HMS 620
Chamberlain, Neville 190, 201
Champernowne, David
at Cambridge 79–80, 90, 114, 121, 139, 178, 189, 191, 263
and normal numbers xxxi
and silver speculation 243, 433
other contacts 302, 337, 444, 488, 567, 597, 608, 617, 619
Chandler, W. W. 285, 336, 398
Charnwood Forest, Leicester 623
Checking a Large Routine 512
Cheltenham Ladies College 7, 606
chemistry 23–6, 51–2, 83, 139
Cheshire, England 537, 469, 497–8, 537, 569, 593
chess 117, 249, 260, 266–7, 332, 412, 453, 488, 517, 530, 555
Chess Olympiad 249
Chicago, Illinois 317
Children’s Encyclopedia 24–5, 366
Children’s Hour 553
China 661
Chorley, Robert Samuel Theodore, 1st Baron Chorley 637
Christianity 35–6, 84, 88, 89, 95, 101, 146, 265, 388, 511, 658
‘Christopher’ see Morcom, Christopher
Christopher Morcom Prize 66, 67, 71, 72, 75
Church of England 35–6, 95, 164
Church, Alonzo xxxi, 141, 142, 143, 144, 149, 151, 156, 157, 159, 166, 169, 184, 266, 271–2, 313, 446, 504
Journal of Symbolic Logic 159
Churchill, Winston xv, 8, 28, 91, 239, 243, 244, 279–80, 296, 299, 300, 303–4, 308, 312, 321, 325, 336, 362, 382, 386, 391, 532, 573, 640, 643, 645, 660, 661, 662
meets AMT 258–9
AMT writes to 276–9
speech enciphered 360–1
ciphers 72, 105, 139, 152–3, 175–8, 185–8, 200, 203–42, 245–59, 274–304, 306–8
Delilah (speech encipherment project) xxiii
Lorenz cipher xxii
speech encipherment xxiii
Baudot–Murray code 288, 340, 354, 502
Delilah (speech encipherment project) 343–64, 369, 370, 372, 413, 426, 435, 460, 475, 517
Merchant Navy Code 206–7, 208
modular addition 204–5
RCA speech cipher 309, 310, 313, 318
Rockex 340, 354, 369, 503
speech encipherment 309–18, 338, 343–64
substitution 206
teleprinter signals 288–95, 310, 340
Vernam cipher 288, 310, 340
X-system 311–14, 338, 344, 357, 358, 369, 372
City College, New York 159
Civil War, American 314
Civil War, English 3
Clare College, Cambridge 143
Clarke, Arthur Charles 670
Clarke, Joan 245–6, 259, 262, 264, 266, 272–3, 295, 298, 331, 332, 386, 466, 585, 622, 651
Clarke, Martin 466
class 11–12
Clayton, Fred 98–9, 114, 121, 190–1, 200, 302, 319, 464, 465–6, 497, 567, 572, 585, 613, 617–18, 629
The Cloven Pine 331–2, 464, 466, 577, 579, 613
Clayton, George 331
Clayton, S. (AMT’s housekeeper) xxviii–xxix
Clock House, Worcestershire 50, 64–5, 81, 97–8, 146–7, 193, 262, 463
Cloven Pine, The 331–2, 464, 466, 577, 579, 613
Club Mediterranée 612
coal industry 64
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br /> Cockles and Mussels 582
codes 185–8, 200
colchicum autumnale xxvii
Cold War xxiii, 522, 627–45
Cole, E. A. 639
Colebrook, F. M. 512, 513
Collège de France 144
Colossus 336, 348–9, 368–9, 376, 378–80, 402, 412, 416, 421, 428, 447, 515
comet 58
Cominform 486
Common Entrance examination 19, 25
communication, theory of 434
communism xv, 92–4, 139, 234, 351, 643
complex numbers 170, 179, 314, 349, 352
Comptes Rendus 141, 144
computable numbers xxi, 128, 130–40, 143
Computable Numbers 137–9, 167, 169, 172, 175, 193, 266, 315, 332–3, 369–70, 373, 375, 381, 463, 519–20, 554, 603, 669
publication and initial impact 157–9, 164
known to von Neumann 184, 382
and EDVAC 382
known to Womersley 385, 513
and ACE 399, 411, 428, 439, 452–3, 513
computing 364–86, 391, 394–433, 449–58, 474–86, 488–9, 508–11, 522–37, 540–1, 558–9, 567–9
active machinery 482–3
analogue 371
Analytical Engine 373–6, 379
AUTOCODE 602
Automatic Computing Engine (ACE) 398–433, 436–63, 468, 512–14, 532, 541, 551, 557, 559
controlling machinery 482–3, 489, 527, 530
cybernetics movement 507–9, 518, 661
digital 371
discrete-state machinery 365, 483, 509, 526–8, 530, 533, 534
EDVAC (Electronic Discrete Variable Calculator) 380, 382–3, 385, 398, 399, 402, 403, 405, 410, 430, 431, 442, 446
ENIAC (Electronic Numerical Integrator and Calculator) 377–85, 398, 407, 410, 417, 421, 430, 436, 437, 444, 459
FLOATCODE 602
FORTRAN 602
human 133–40
intelligent machinery 449–58, 474–86, 488–9, 508–11, 522–37, 540–1, 558–9, 567–9
mechanical 196–9
operating systems 561
programmers 416
states of mind 134, 136, 137, 145, 333, 364, 367, 382, 451
storage 335–6, 370–1, 380, 395–6, 399–401, 403–4, 420, 485
sub-routines 503–4, 512
Universal Turing Machine xvi, 368–73, 380–3, 394–5, 404, 405, 406, 407, 452, 514
Zuse calculators 375
Computing Machinery and Intelligence 522
Concept of Mind, The 526
confirmation 35–6
Congress for Cultural Freedom 596
Conservative party 478
constant of gravitation 624
controlling machinery 482–3, 489, 527, 530
convoys (World War II) 325–6
Coonoor, Tamil Nadu 7, 606
Corfu 612–13
Cork, Ireland 87
Cornell University, New York 169
Cornwall 63
Corpus Christi College, Oxford 5
Alan Turing: The Enigma: The Book That Inspired the Film The Imitation Game Page 90
