2489. “the statement . . . Japan”: quoted in Giovannitti and Freed (1965), p. 185.
2490. “The foreign . . . concerned”: quoted in Feis (1966), p. 67.
2491. “It is . . . homeland”: quoted in ibid., p. 68.
2492. “terrible political . . . war?”: quoted in Giovannitti and Freed (1965), p. 203.
2493. “Operated on . . . posted”: MED 5E, Terminal cables.
2494. “Well . . . Leavenworth”: quoted in Bundy (1957), p. 57.
2495. “The following . . . Emperor”: quoted in Giovannitti and Freed (1965), p. 203.
2496. “Neither the . . . test”: quoted in ibid.
2497. a year’s supply of ammunition: production, that is, “which is estimated to equal 350 division months of defensive fighting from fixed positions.” Effects of Strategic Bombing (n.d.), cover memorandum dated July 25, 1945, p. 5. MED 319.2, Misc.
2498. “Subject to . . . government”: quoted in Feis (1966), p. 81.
2499. “all your . . . city”: MED 5E.
2500. “aware of . . . it”: ibid.
2501. “If any . . . rapidly”: ibid.
2502. “the imminence . . . August”: ibid.
2503. Groves’ narrative: cf. Groves (1962), p. 433ff.
2504. “tremendously pepped . . . confidence”: quoted in Feis (1966), p. 85.
2505. October 1: Arnold (1949), p. 564.
2506. “In order . . . cities”: ibid.
2507. fifty-eight cities: Overy (1980), p. 100.
2508. “practically identical . . . out”: quoted in Wölk (1975), p. 60.
2509. “We regarded . . . lives”: quoted in Mosley (1982), p. 337ff.
2510. “We’d had . . . dropped”: quoted in “Ike on Ike,” Newsweek, Nov. 11, 1963, p. 108.
2511. “Doctor has . . . farm”: MED 5E.
2512. “The cable . . . problem”: “Ike on Ike.”
2513. “Believe Japs . . . homeland”: Ferrell (1980), p. 42.
2514. “Operation may . . . 10”: MED 5E.
2515. “always . . . authority”: ibid.
2516. “Hiroshima . . . here”: ibid.
2517. Official Air Force historians: i.e., Craven and Cate (1958), V; cf. p. 710.
2518. “First one . . . sound”: MED 5E.
2519. “As a . . . once”: Feis (1966), p. 101.
2520. Stalin knew of Trinity: according to a secret U.S. intelligence agency history of the Soviet atomic bomb program reported in Szulc (1984), p. 3.
2521. “I casually . . . Japanese”: Truman (1955), p. 416.
2522. “That . . . far”: Oppenheimer (1963), III (Los Alamos version), p. 16.
2523. “We have . . . useful”: Ferrell (1980), p. 42.
2524. the historic directive: WAR 37683, MED 5E.
2525. “in order . . . possible”: ibid.
2526. C-54’s: cf. J. A. Derry to Adm. W.S. DeLany, Aug. 17, 1945. MED 5C.
2527. Potsdam Declaration: cf. Truman (1955), p. 390ff.
2528. “We faced . . . Declaration”: Byrnes (1947), p. 262.
2529. Japanese response: this discussion follows Feis (1966), p. 107ff.
2530. “I believe . . . war”: quoted in ibid., p. 109ff.
2531. “In the . . . weapon”: Stimson and Bundy (1948), p. 625.
2532. three B-29’s: J. A. Derry to Adm. W. S. DeLany, Aug. 17, 1945.
2533. Indianapolis: cf. esp. Ethridge (1982).
2534. “I took . . . more”: Hashimoto (1954), p. 224.
2535. “Those who . . . drowned”: quoted in Ethridge (1982), p. 89.
2536. “We . . . men”: quoted in ibid.
2537. “so sweet . . . life”: quoted in ibid., p. 92.
2538. “at length . . . tinned)”: Hashimoto (1954), p. 226.
2539. HIROSHIMA . . . THEM: MED 5B.
2540. “My chief . . . face”: Stimson and Bundy (1948), p. 632.
2541. “our obligation . . . use”: cf. report at MED 76.
2542. “badly . . . equalizer”: quoted in Giovannitti and Freed (1965), p. 237.
2543. “First of . . . thing”: ET to LS, July 2, 1945. MED 201, Leo Szilard.
2544. “To avert . . . deliverance”: Churchill (1953), p. 639.
2545. “It was . . . end”: Anscombe (1981), p. 64.
2546. “It was . . . people”: Moyers (1984).
2547. “impatience to . . . ordeal”: Feis (1966), p. 120.
2548. A JAP BURNS: Life, Aug. 13, 1945, p. 34. This issue appeared on Aug. 6, postdated as is customary to extend newsstand life. Luis Alvarez suggested to me this exercise in examining the popular mood.
2549. cordite charge: not, as some have written mistakenly, its bullet. Cf. “Check list for loading charge in plane . . . .” MED 5B.
2550. precaution prepared at Los Alamos: cf. Hawkins (1947), p. 225.
2551. orders to bring bomb back: Craven and Cate (1958), V, p. 716.
2552. “With the . . . completed”: Ramsey (1946), p. 149.
2553. Farrell telexed Groves: Feis (1966), p. 114.
2554. August 2: J. A. Derry to Adm. W. S. DeLany, Aug. 7, 1945.
2555. one Fat Man for drop test: cf. Ramsey (1946), p. 150.
2556. “By August . . . busy”: Tibbets (1973), p. 55.
2557. Spitzer diary: quoted in Thomas and Witts (1977).
2558. “At 1400 . . . 6”: Ramsey (1946), p. 151.
2559. bomb-loading procedure: cf. Harold S. Gladwin, Jr., to Boeing Service Dept., Eng. Div., Aug. 20, 1945. MED 5B.
2560. “an elongated . . . fins”: Jacob Beser, quoted in Thomas and Witts (1977), p. 216.
2561. “This radar . . . altitude”: Hawkins (1947), p. 225ff.
2562. “The operation . . . it”: H. S. Gladwin, Jr., to Boeing Service Dept., Aug. 20, 1945.
2563. “Through the . . . paper”: quoted in Marx (1967), p. 98ff.
2564. “paint that . . . big”: quoted in Thomas and Witts (1977), p. 232.
2565. “What . . . plane?”; quoted in ibid., p. 233.
2566. “By dinnertime . . . poker”: Tibbets (1946), p. 135.
2567. “Final . . . 6”: Ramsey (1946), p. 151.
2568. “to be . . . enemies”: quoted in Thomas and Witts (1977), p. 237.
2569. “amid . . . premiere)”: Ramsey (1946), p. 151.
2570. “It was . . . ready”: Tibbets (1946), p. 135.
2571. “The B-29 . . . airborne”: ibid.
2572. course, altitude, etc.: cf. navigator’s charts printed as end papers to Marx (1967).
2573. cordite loading: cf. “Check list for loading charge in plane . . . .” MED 5B. For times cf. Parson’s log at Cave Brown and MacDonald (1977), p. 522ff.
2574. “At forty- . . . runs”: quoted in Lawrence (1946), p. 220.
2575. “The colonel . . . ‘George’ ”: quoted in variant forms in Marx (1967), p. 78, and Lawrence (1946), p. 220.
2576. “A chemist’s . . . guess”: quoted in Marx (1967), p. 106, and Lawrence (1946), p. 220ff.
2577. “Attention! . . . puzzle”: quoted in Talk of the Town (1946), p. 16.
2578. “At 4:30 . . . spell”: quoted in Lawrence (1946), p. 220.
2579. “After leaving . . . Away”: quoted in ibid. and in Marx (1967), p. 135ff.
2580. “The bomb . . . Tinian”: quoted in Marx (1967), p. 136.
2581. “Well . . . now”: quoted in Lawrence (1946), p. 221.
2582. “Our primary . . . Hiroshima”: quoted in ibid.
2583. “It’s Hiroshima”: quoted in Marx (1967), p. 143.
2584. “As we . . . target”: quoted ibid., p. 157.
2585. “Twelve miles . . . plane”: Tibbets (1946), p. 136.
2586. perfect aiming point: Thomas and Witts (1977), p. 220.
2587. “Ferebee had . . . goes”: Tibbets (1946), p. 136.
2588. “The radio . . . lead”: ibid.
2589. “Fellows . . . history”: according to Jacob Beser, quoted in Marx (1967), p. 173.
2590. “[It was] . . . pla
ne”: quoted in Giovannitti and Freed (1965), p. 250.
2591. “I don’t . . . mountains”: quoted in ibid.
2592. “If you . . . home”: quoted in ibid.
2593. “I kept . . . smoke”: quoted in Marx (1967), p. 171 ff.
2594. “That city . . . me”: quoted in ibid., p. 174.
2595. 8:16:02: cf. The Committee for the Compilation of Materials on Damage Caused by the Atomic Bombs in Hiroshima and Nagasaki (1981)—hereafter cited as Committee—p. 21. All statistics from this source unless otherwise indicated. The official time according to Hiroshima City is 8:15.
2596. “It . . . impersonal”: Tibbets (1973), p. 55.
2597. “If I . . . mind”: quoted in Marx (1967), p. 221.
2598. Hiroshima: cf. in particular Cave Brown and MacDonald (1977); Committee (1981); Hachiya (1955); Liebow et al. (1949); Liebow (1965); Lifton (1967); NHK (1977); Osada (1982); USSBS (1976), X.
2599. Hiroshima history: cf. Kosaki (1980).
2600. “Hiroshima was . . . harbor”: Cave Brown and MacDonald (1977), p. 554.
2601. “The hour . . . garden”: Hachiya (1955), p. 1.
2602. “Just as . . . leaves”: Osada (1982), p. 8.
2603. “Shortly after . . . delirium”: ibid., p. 305.
2604. “Accompanying the . . . explosion”: Liebow (1965), p. 68.
2605. “Because the . . . miles]”: Cave Brown and MacDonald (1977), p. 570.
2606. “The temperature . . . life”: Committee (1977), p. 119.
2607. “severe thermal . . . viscerae”: ibid.
2608. “Doctor . . . he?”: Hachiya (1955), p. 92.
2609. “The inundation . . . fatalities”: Lifton (1967), p. 21.
2610. “There was . . . dead”: quoted in ibid., p. 27.
2611. “I asked . . . impossible”: Hachiya (1955), p. 114.
2612. “Father Kopp . . . hand”: Cave Brown and MacDonald (1977), p. 542.
2613. “Ah, that . . . around”: Osada (1982), p. 352.
2614. “The vicinity . . . arms”: ibid., p. 305.
2615. “That boy . . . that”: ibid., p. 194.
2616. “My body . . . ending’ ”: quoted in Lifton (1967), p. 22.
2617. “I just . . . world”: quoted in ibid., p. 23.
2618. “Within the . . . sound”: Hachiya (1955), p. 164.
2619. “When I . . . ruins”: Osada (1982), p. 224.
2620. “The shortest . . . hysterically”: Hachiya (1955), p. 2.
2621. “The appearance . . . them”: quoted in Lifton (1967), p. 27.
2622. “I heard . . . burned”: NHK (1977), p. 12ff.
2623. “On both . . . sleepwalkers”: Osada (1982), p. 313.
2624. “Everything I . . . about”: quoted in Lifton (1967), p. 29.
2625. “That day . . . rags”: Osada (1982), p. 10.
2626. “The people . . . them”: ibid., p. 258.
2627. “People came . . . sight”: ibid., p. 97.
2628. “The flames . . . looks”: ibid., p. 234.
2629. “Screaming children . . . blood”: ibid., p. 305.
2630. “It was . . . flames”: Liebow et al. (1949), p. 856ff.
2631. “The whole . . . alive”: Osada (1982), p. 8ff.
2632. “I really . . . walking”: ibid., p. 65ff.
2633. “I was . . . her”: ibid., p. 122ff.
2634. “I left . . . her”: quoted in Lifton (1967), p. 40.
2635. “Beneath the . . . flames”: Cave Brown and MacDonald (1977), p. 544.
2636. “I was . . . thing”: Osada (1982), p. 137ff.
2637. “A woman . . . help”: NHK (1977), p. 49.
2638. “There were . . . up”: Osada (1982), p. 43.
2639. “Nearby . . . trousers”: ibid., p. 364.
2640. “I walked . . . felt”: quoted in Lifton (1967), p. 50.
2641. “I was . . . striking”: NHK (1977), p. 39.
2642. “a man . . . ankles”: quoted in Mary McGrory, “Hiroshima Horrors Relived,” Kansas City Times, March 24, 1982. p. A13.
2643. “A man . . . up”: quoted in Lifton (1967), p. 42.
2644. “In front . . . blackness”: quoted in ibid., p. 49ff.
2645. “The corpse . . . hand”: NHK (1977), p. 96.
2646. “There was . . . blindly”: Osada (1982), p. 154.
2647. “I saw . . . be?”: NHK (1977), p. 52.
2648. “A streetcar . . . tremble”: Osada (1982), p. 55.
2649. “The more . . . get”: ibid., p. 77.
2650. “Since just . . . having”: ibid., p. 83.
2651. “I went . . . eyes”: quoted in Lifton (1967), p. 36.
2652. “I and . . . agonies”: Osada (1982), p. 230.
2653. “At the . . . help”: ibid., p. 352ff.
2654. “Near the . . . Hell”: ibid., p. 79ff.
2655. “We came . . . flame”: ibid., p. 62.
2656. “The fire . . . heads”: ibid., p. 72.
2657. “I had . . . faces”: ibid., p. 237.
2658. “Between the . . . water”: Hachiya (1955), p. 19.
2659. “While taking . . . him”: NHK (1977), p. 48.
2660. “There were . . . me”: Hachiya (1955), p. 101.
2661. “Men whose . . . sea”: Osada (1982), p. 178.
2662. “We . . . around”: ibid., p. 94.
2663. “Bloated corpses . . . earth”: ibid., p. 334.
2664. “I had . . . shore”: quoted in Trumbull (1957), p. 76.
2665. “I got . . . place”: Osada (1982), p. 173.
2666. “The river . . . terrible”: ibid., p. 219.
2667. “There was . . . back”: Hachiya (1955), p. 15.
2668. “Hundreds of . . . drowned”: ibid., p. 77ff.
2669. “Along the . . . walk”: ibid., p. 184.
2670. “Night came . . . heaven”: NHK (1977), p. 44.
2671. “Everybody in . . . legs”: Osada (1982), p. 280.
2672. “If you . . . burns”: ibid., p. 99ff.
2673. “Hiroshima . . . land”: ibid., p. 54.
2674. “The bright . . . collapse”: Cave Brown and MacDonald (1977), p. 546.
2675. “The streets . . . height”: Hachiya (1955), p. 8.
2676. “Nothing . . . view”: ibid., p. 31.
2677. “I climbed . . . exist”: quoted in Lifton (1967), p. 29.
2678. “I reached . . . heart”: quoted in ibid., p. 86.
2679. “It is . . . instantaneously”: Committee (1977), p. 61.
2680. “In Hiroshima . . . destroyed”: ibid., p. 379.
2681. “[She was] . . . child”: NHK (1977), p. 70.
2682. “We gathered . . . out”: interview with Sakae Itoh, Hiroshima, Aug. 5, 1982.
2683. “After a . . . mouths”: Hachiya (1955), p. 164.
2684. “On the . . . mountain”: Osada (1982), p. 72ff.
2685. “Towards evening . . . Hiroshima”: Hachiya (1955), p. 32.
2686. “Survivors began . . . death”: Lifton (1967), p. 57.
2687. “atomic bomb . . . irradiation”: Committee (1977), p. 115.
2688. “Following the . . . recover”: Hachiya (1955), p. 97.
2689. gamma radiation: cf. Hempelmann et al. (1952), p. 286ff.
2690. anti-clotting factor: cf. Liebow et al. (1949), p. 927.
2691. “Hemorrhage was . . . cases”: Hachiya (1955), p. 147ff.
2692. “found . . . autopsied”: ibid., p. 145.
2693. “evidence of . . . eye”: Liebow et al. (1949), p. 923.
2694. “the bodies . . . living”: quoted in Lifton (1967), p. 66.
2695. “We were . . . cancer”: quoted in ibid., p. 61.
2696. “Mother was . . . cry”: Osada (1982), p. 227.
2697. “in the . . . instant”: Committee (1977), p. 6.
2698. “The whole . . . foundations”: ibid., p. 336.
2699. “Such a . . . nothing”: quoted in Lifton (1967), p. 79.
2700. “the total . . . dead”: quoted in Liebow (19
65), p. 82.
2701. “How many . . . explosion”: Cave Brown and MacDonald (1977), p. 549.
2702. Standardized Casualty Rate: cf. Liebow (1965), p. 235.
2703. “Those scientists . . . it?”: Osada (1982), p. 264.
2704. “This is . . . home”: Truman (1955), p. 421.
2705. “Gen G . . . time”: Aug. 6, 1945, transcript, MED 201, Groves, L. R., telephone conversations.
2706. “The greatest . . . earth”: quoted in Truman (1955), p. 422.
2707. “I suppose . . . on”: LS to GW, Aug. 6, 1945. Egon Weiss, personal communication.
2708. “At first . . . asleep”: Hahn (1970), p. 170.
2709. “Then one . . . enemies”: Frisch (1979), p. 176.
2710. “the importance . . . all”: “From the Rubble of Okinawa: A Different View of Hiroshima.” Kansas City Star, Aug. 30, 1981, p. II.
2711. propaganda effort: cf. J. F. Moynahan to L. R. Groves, May 23, 1946. MED 314.7, History.
2712. “What we . . . longer”: quoted in Mosley (1982), p. 340.
2713. “a certain . . . airplane”: J. F. Moynahan to L. R. Groves, May 23, 1946.
2714. “the equivalent . . . weapons”: ibid.
2715. Nagasaki leaflets: ibid.
2716. “was originally . . . schedule”: Ramsey (1946), p. 153.
2717. “With the . . . orders”: O’Keefe (1983), p. 97.
2718. “When I . . . backward”: ibid., p. 98.
2719. “nothing that . . . resolder them”: ibid., p. 99.
2720. “My mind . . . finished”: ibid., p. 100ff.
2721. 0347: Ramsey (1946), p. 154.
2722. “The night . . . us”: Cave Brown and MacDonald (1977), p. 557.
2723. Ashworth changed plugs: cf. his log at Ramsey (1946), p. 154.
2724. “Two . . . seen”: quoted in ibid., p. 155.
2725. “the Japs . . . ocean”: quoted in Marx (1967), p. 202.
2726. “A smell . . . gates”: William C. Bryson, Capt., USN, Sept. 14, 1945. Bul. Atom. Sci. Dec. 82, p. 35.
2727. surrender offer: this discussion relies in part on Bernstein (1977).
2728. “does not . . . Ruler”: quoted in Butow (1954), p. 244.
2729. “taking a . . . hands”: quoted in Bernstein (1977), p. 5.
2730. “I cannot . . . war”: quoted in ibid., p. 6.
2731. “crucifixion . . . President”: quoted in ibid., p. 5.
2732. “willingness to . . . accomplished”: quoted in ibid., p. 6ff.
2733. “From the . . . people”: quoted in Feis (1966), p. 134.
2734. “We would . . . bomb”: quoted in Bernstein (1977), p. 9.
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