Making of the Atomic Bomb

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Making of the Atomic Bomb Page 121

by Richard Rhodes


  Chaplin, Charlie, 186

  “Characteristics of Sound” (Fermi), 205–6

  chemical chain reactions, 28, 44

  chemistry, 114–15, 123

  Chennault, Claire, 589

  Cherwell, Lord, see Lindemann, Frederic A.

  Chevalier, Haakon, 443–44, 751

  Chiang Kai-shek, 589

  Chicago, University of, 399–401, 435, 505

  Metallurgical Laboratory of, 400, 407–11, 414–15, 422–23, 429, 431, 435, 447–48, 477, 509–10, 579, 635, 649

  Chicago Pile Number One (CP-1), 428, 432, 435–36, 439, 442, 462, 503

  China, Nationalist, 589

  chlorine gas, 91–93

  chlorpicrin, 94

  Christensen, C., 55, 63, 73

  Christian X, King of Denmark, 328, 483

  Churchill, Winston, 95–96, 98, 328, 351

  Battle of Britain and, 342

  Bohr and, 525, 527–31, 537–38

  collaboration on atomic bomb negotiated by, 500, 523, 527, 537

  Conant and, 357–58, 359, 634

  Dresden bombing and, 592–93

  Hamburg attack and, 472

  Lindemann and, 223, 246, 320, 371–72, 469–70, 529–30, 537–38

  military aspects of nuclear fission and, 371–72

  Munich crisis and, 244–46

  Polish invasion and, 309

  political implications of atomic bomb and, 500, 523, 527, 530–31, 533, 536–38, 624, 634

  on precision vs. area bombing, 469, 471, 476, 586

  Roosevelt and, 471, 500, 520–21, 527–28, 530–31, 536–38

  Snow on, 338, 529, 531, 537

  Truman and, 656

  unconditional surrender and, 521

  use of atomic bomb supported by, 697

  Weizmann and, 88–89

  on Zhukov’s counterattack, 401–2

  Clausewitz, Karl von. 98

  Clausius, Rudolf, 30

  Clayton, William L., 628, 630

  Cleveland, Grover, 426

  Clinton Engineer Works:

  electromagnetic isotope separation plants at, 487–91, 495, 500, 600–601

  gaseous-diffusion plant at, 487, 489, 493–95, 500, 550, 552–54, 601–2

  K-25 complex of, 494–95, 550, 552–54, 601–2

  S-50 thermal-diffusion plant at, 553, 602

  security at, 602

  Y-12 complex of, 490–92, 495

  cloud chamber, 160–61

  Clusius, Klaus, 319, 323, 326, 402

  cobalt, 238

  Cockcroft, John D., 329–30, 340–41, 351

  Cohn, Norman. 181–82

  Collier, J. H., 683

  Cologne, 470–71, 472

  Columbia University, 264, 268, 273, 293, 332–35, 368, 374, 394–97, 399–401, 492–94

  Combined Chiefs of Staff, 588, 629–30, 691

  Combined Development Trust, 500

  Combined Policy Committee, Anglo-American, 526, 655

  Committee of German Scientists for the Preservation of Pure Scholarship, 170

  Communist activities, 446, 448, 570–71, 606

  Compañia Hill, 653, 668–69, 672–74

  Composition B, 577, 659

  Comptes Rendus, 162, 202, 235, 247

  Compton, Arthur H., 162, 362, 366–67

  administration of atomic bomb project and, 378, 412–13, 439, 448

  Allison and, 401

  background of, 363–64

  Bohr and, 364

  Conant and, 442

  critical mass calculations of, 387

  Fermi and, 363, 379–80, 394, 399–400, 432–33, 439

  Groves and, 503

  Hanford plutonium piles and, 498, 559–60

  Interim Committee and, 643, 647, 649, 696, 751

  Kistiakowsky and, 382, 387

  Lawrence and, 374–76, 381–83, 388, 399–400

  military aspects of nuclear fission and, 362, 365–68, 374–83, 386–88, 398

  Oak Ridge pile and, 547–48

  Oppenheimer and, 383, 418–20

  Pegram and, 399

  pile studies and, 398–400, 411–12, 429, 431–33, 439, 442

  on plutonium’s fissibility, 388–89, 398

  political implications of atomic bomb and, 642

  radioactive warfare and, 510–11

  S-I program and, 397–98

  Seaborg and, 381, 389

  Szilard and, 399–400, 423–24, 503–6, 635–36

  Trinity and, 656

  Wigner and, 381

  Wilson and, 422–23

  Compton, Betty, 429

  Compton, Karl T., 307, 312, 336, 361, 363–64

  Interim Committee and, 628, 630, 644

  international control of atomic bomb and, 644–45

  Compton effect, 162, 363–64

  Conant, James B., 336–38, 360, 505, 601

  administration of atomic bomb project and, 397–98, 420–21, 423–24, 428

  ambitions of, 358–59

  on arms race, 406–7

  blockbuster program and, 589–90

  Bohr and, 538, 562

  as British liaison, 357–59

  Bush and, 561–63

  Churchill and, 357–58, 359, 634

  Compton and, 442

  electromagnetic separation of U235 and, 488–89

  Groves and, 601, 669

  hydrogen bomb and, 563, 643

  implosion experiments and, 542, 561

  Interim Committee and, 628, 630, 633–34, 643–45

  international control of atomic bomb and, 644–45

  Kistiakowsky and, 358, 376–77, 542, 661–62

  Los Alamos visited by, 561–62

  military aspects of nuclear fission and, 365–69, 372–73, 375–82, 388–89, 406–7

  NDRC and, 365–67, 369, 374

  Oppenheimer and, 454, 548, 755

  political implications of atomic bomb and, 561–62, 620, 625, 633–34

  plutonium’s fissibility and, 388–89

  radioactive warfare and, 510–11, 512–13

  S-1 program and, 397–98

  on status of atomic bomb project, 420–21, 442, 561–62, 576

  Teller and, 563

  Trinity and, 661–62, 668–69, 675

  on U235, 368–69

  concentration camps, 249, 475, 630

  Concept of Dread, The (Kierkegaard), 61

  Condon, Edward U., 189

  Groves’s conflict with, 468

  Los Alamos and, 460, 464, 468, 578

  Oppenheimer and, 468

  conflagration, 599

  Connelly, Matthew, 636

  Coolidge, Calvin, 618

  Coolidge, William D., 363, 367, 373–74

  Copenhagen, University of, 54, 58, 69, 114

  Corbino, Orso M., 207–9, 213, 219, 231, 241

  cosmic rays, 540–41

  Coster, Dirk, 115, 235–36

  Counterfeiters, The (Gide), 667

  Courant, Richard, 126

  Covey, Elwin H., 413

  Creutz, Edward, 657, 662

  Creutz test, 656–58, 661–63

  cross-section measurements, 282–83

  Cunningham, Burris, 409, 413–15

  Curie, Marie Sklodowska, 191, 200, 202, 247n, 603

  death of, 214–15

  Goldschmidt and, 579

  polonium isolated by, 118, 158, 578

  radioactivity research of, 42, 44–45, 47–48, 118, 158

  Rutherford and, 42, 44–45, 84

  Curie, Pierre, 42, 44–45, 47–48, 118, 578

  cyclotron, 259, 268–69, 344, 404

  Lawrence and, 148, 165, 240, 349, 360, 487–88

  Nishina’s building of, 580–81

  Szilard on, 21, 23

  Wilson and, 476

  Czechoslovakia, 244–46, 292

  Dagbladet, 64

  D’Agostino, Oscar, 212–13, 216, 241

  Daladier, Edouard, 245–46

  Dallet, Joe, 446

  Dalton, John, 46

  Danbara High
School field hospital, 727

  Dansk Students Eventyr, En (Møller), 58–60, 132

  Dante Alighieri, 594

  Darwin, Charles (grandfather), 82

  Darwin, Charles G. (grandson), 82–83

  Dautry, Raoul, 327

  David Copperfield (Dickens), 65

  Davis, Nuel Pharr, 125–26

  D-Day (June 6, 1944), 531

  Debye, Peter, 208, 331–32

  de Gaulle, Charles, 521, 606

  Democritus, 29

  Dempster, Arthur J., 285

  Denmark, 328–29, 481–84

  Depression, Great, 445

  Derby, Edward George Villiers, Earl of, 99

  de Silva, Peer, 571

  deuterium, 270, 311

  in hydrogen bomb, 563–64

  thermonuclear reaction in, 416–19, 466, 540, 543–44

  deuterons, 354

  Dialogues from Hell Between Montesquieu and Machiavelli (Joly), 183

  Dickens, Charles, 65

  Diebner, Kurt, 296, 311, 344, 517, 607

  Dirac, Paul A. M., 149

  “Disintegration of uranium by neutrons: a new type of nuclear reaction” (Meitner and Frisch), 264

  Dõmei, 745

  Donne, John, 571–72

  Doolittle, James, 407, 588

  Doré, Gustave, 595

  Dragon experiment, 611–12, 651

  Dresden, bombing of, 592–93, 599, 601

  DuBridge, Lee A., 416

  Dudley, John H., 450

  Duisberg, Carl, 85, 93

  Dunning, John R.:

  Fermi and, 268–70, 273, 289n

  isotope separation and, 289n, 297–98, 332–33, 380–81, 492, 500

  Urey and, 380–81

  Duzenbury, Wyatt, 704–5

  Ecce Homo (Grosz), 17

  Eddington, Arthur S., 169, 370

  Eden, Anthony, 530–31

  Edict of Tolerance (1782), 179

  Edison, Charles, 293

  Edward I, King of England, 178

  Ehrenfest, Paul, 54, 127, 168, 187, 193, 206

  Eichmann, Adolf, 475

  E. I. du Pont de Nemours, 431–32, 439, 496–99, 503, 546, 557–60, 603, 649

  Eighth Air Force, U.S., 513

  VIIIth Bomber Command, U.S., 471

  Einstein, Albert, 17, 107, 130, 192, 293, 297

  background of, 168–73

  Bohr and, 54, 84, 115, 132–33, 170, 173

  Born and, 132, 170, 173

  on Brownian motion, 19

  Bush’s criticism of, 635–36

  on electron theory, 76

  emigration of, 185–87, 195–96

  German citizenship renounced by, 170, 171, 187

  on home refrigeration, 20–21, 174

  as international celebrity, 168–70

  inventions of, 14, 20–21

  Marie Curie eulogized by, 215

  Meitner and, 80, 259–60

  nuclear chain reactions and, 297, 305–8, 312–13

  Pais and, 113, 152, 173

  on photoelectric effect, 70–71, 128, 363–64

  Planck and, 168, 172–73, 174

  on quantum mechanics, 132

  relativity theory of, 152, 168–73, 185–86, 260

  Roosevelt and, 303–4, 305–9, 312–14, 331–32, 635–36

  Snow on, 168–69, 304–5

  Szilard and, 14, 16, 20–21, 169, 174, 303–4, 305–8, 312–14, 331–32, 635–36

  on uncertainty principle, 132–33

  Wigner and, 303–4, 305

  Zionism of, 173–74, 636

  Einstein, Elsa, 174, 186, 195, 307

  Eisenhower, Dwight D., 531, 629–30, 688

  Eisenstein, Sergei, 186

  “eka-osmium,” 347

  electromagnetic isotope separation plants, 405–6, 487–91, 495, 500, 600–601

  electromagnetism, Maxwell on, 30

  electron theory:

  Bohr’s studies on, 63–64, 67–69, 73–76, 83–85, 113–14, 116–17, 128–29

  Einstein on, 76

  ground state in, 74

  radiochemistry and, 67–68

  Rutherford’s studies on, 40–41, 51

  Thomson’s studies on, 38–39, 65, 72

  Elektron bomb, 100

  elementary quantum of action, 70

  Eliot, George, 120

  Eliot, T. S., 123

  Elizabeth, Queen of Belgium, 196, 303–4, 305

  Elliot, Gil, 102–3, 746

  Elsasser, Walter, 18, 188

  Elugelab:

  “emission of protons of high velocity from hydrogenous materials irradiated with very penetrating gamma rays, The” (I. and F. Joliot-Curie), 162

  Engles, Friedrich, 446

  Enola Gay, 703–5, 707–9

  Ent, Uzal, 583–84, 652

  entropy, 30

  Eötvös Prize, 15

  Erikson, Erik, 169, 172

  Erzgebirge, 118

  Esau, Abraham, 402, 513

  “Estimate of the size of an actual separation plant” (Simon), 343

  Ethiopia, 240–41

  Eucken, Arnold, 190

  European theater, 601

  casualties in, 593, 629–30

  Pacific theater vs., 517–20, 602

  Eve, A. S., 53, 54, 159, 230

  Ewald, Paul, 416

  “Explosion of an inhomogeneous uranium-heavy water pile” (Bethe and Teller), 524

  Falkenhorst, Nikolaus von, 457

  Farrell, Thomas F., 626, 699, 736

  Trinity and, 659–60, 663–64, 667–69, 676, 687

  Fat Man (implosion bomb), 577–79, 582, 590, 680

  arming of, 665, 667

  assembling of, 659–61, 663, 681, 700, 737–39

  casing for, 658

  castings for, 656–58

  combat delivery of, 737–40

  core assembly of, 658–59

  designs of, 589–90, 655

  detonation of, 740

  detonators for, 654–55, 661, 665

  dummy tests of, 586, 588–89, 639, 656–57

  explosive yield of, 643, 656, 669, 677

  initiator for, 578–80, 655

  jettisoning of, 631

  Pacific shipping arrangements for, 692, 693, 699, 743, 745

  testing of, see Trinity

  Faust (Goethe), 166–67

  Feather, Norman, 159, 161–63

  Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI), 571

  Feis, Herbert, 690, 698

  Feld, Bernard, 396

  Ferebee, Thomas, 704, 707, 708–10

  Fergusson, Francis, 122, 124–25

  Fermi, Enrico, 126, 190, 275, 373

  administration of atomic bomb project and, 422, 423

  Herbert Anderson and, 280–81, 288, 291, 298–301, 333–34, 395, 397, 433, 436–37

  assimilation of, 351–52

  awards and honors of, 243–44, 248–50, 293

  background of, 204–9

  Bainbridge and, 664–65

  beta-decay theory of, 208–9, 230–32, 444

  Bethe and, 206, 219–20, 568

  Bohr and, 243–44, 265, 289n, 568

  Compton and, 363, 379–80, 394, 399–400, 432–33, 439

  critical-mass calculations of, 379–80, 382

  Dunning and, 268–70, 273, 289n

  emigration of, 240–42, 248–50, 264, 429

  Fat Man’s initiator and, 579

  hobbies enjoyed by, 567–68

  Interim Committee and, 630, 696

  Libby and, 231–32, 363, 428, 436, 499, 568

  Los Alamos and, 465, 565–68

  John Marshall and, 428, 499, 557–58

  neutron-bombardment experiments of, 209–13, 217–20, 226–27, 231

  nuclear chain reactions and, 280–81, 289n, 290–91, 295–96, 298–303, 317, 331, 333–34, 338, 345, 365, 394

  nuclear fission and, 267–69, 271, 280–81, 288, 291, 293–96

  Oak Ridge pile and, 547–48

  Oppenheimer and, 206–7, 444, 468, 510–11, 565
r />   ordnance and, 467

  patents of, 504–5, 508

  Pegram and, 293, 344, 396–97

  pile studies of, 395–97, 400–401, 416, 428–29, 432–42, 462

  radioactive warfare and, 510–11

  Segré and, 205–6, 208, 210–12, 240–42, 352, 395, 434, 444, 567–68, 674

  Szilard and, 280–81, 290–91, 298–303, 317, 331, 334, 338, 344–45, 374, 394–95, 442, 504–5, 508, 509

  Teller and, 231–32, 374–75, 565

  Trinity and, 652–53, 655, 664–65, 674, 677

  Wigner and, 206, 440–42

  Wilson and, 437

  Fermi, Giulio, 205, 207, 242

  Fermi, Laura Capon, 205, 207, 209, 212–13, 218–19, 294–95, 351–52

  emigration of, 240–42, 248–50, 264–65, 429

  Hanford piles and, 500, 556–59

  Los Alamos and, 451, 455, 468, 564–66

  on pile studies by husband, 400–401, 428–29

  Trinity and, 674

  Fermi, Maria, 205

  Fermi, Nella, 213, 565–66

  Fermi constant, 208

  Feuerbach, Ludwig, 446

  Feynman, Richard, 32–33, 35, 479, 611, 668

  “field equations of gravitation, The” (Einstein), 169

  Fifth Air Force, U.S., 596

  Final Solution to the Jewish Question, 475, 482

  fireball, 671–75

  firebombing, 591–92, 596–97, 599–600, 627, 648

  firestorms:

  in Dresden, 593, 599

  in Hamburg, 473–74

  in Hiroshima, 719–27

  Fischer, Emil, 78–80

  509th Composite Group, U.S., 584–85, 589–90, 638–39, 679–81, 687

  flamethrowers, 520, 699

  Flanders, Donald (Moll), 566

  Fleming, John A., 273

  Flerov, George, 501

  Flexner, Abraham, 186

  Folkestone, bombing of, 97–98

  Forager, Operation, 544

  Forrestal, James, 742–43

  Fowler, Eileen Rutherford, 158–59

  Fowler, Ralph H., 158–59, 360

  fractionation, 247

  France, 179–80

  Franck, James, 93, 126, 172, 191–92, 225, 329

  Frankfurt, University of, 188

  Frankfurter, Felix, 525–27, 531–32, 536–38, 562, 620

  Franz Josef I, King of Hungary, 104, 106

  Free French, 359, 521, 606

  Fribourg, University of, 87

  Frisch, Otto, 106, 185, 194, 204, 228, 243, 323–25, 330

  Bohr and, 54, 114, 152, 190, 194, 225, 261–62, 264–66, 270, 612

  Chadwick and, 155, 345, 346, 356, 522

  critical-assembly studies of, 610–12, 613, 651

  emigration of, 318–19, 522–23

  Hiroshima atomic bombing and, 735–36

  Houtermans and, 370–71

  isotope-separation experiments of, 319, 322, 330, 339, 345, 580–81

  at Los Alamos, 569, 610–12

  Meitner and, 233–34, 257–65, 286, 318, 612

  nuclear chain reactions and, 320, 322–24

  on nuclear fission, 258–65, 269–71, 273, 286

 

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