by Thomas Penn
CWM
Collected Works of Thomas More
EETS
Early English Text Society
GC
Great Chronicle of London
HKW
History of the King’s Works
LP HVIII
Letters and Papers, Henry VIII
LP RIII/HVII
Letters and Papers, Richard III and Henry VII
ODNB
Oxford Dictionary of National Biography
PPE Elizabeth
Privy Purse Expenses of Elizabeth of York
PROME
Parliament Rolls of Medieval England
SJC
St John’s College, Cambridge
TNA
The National Archives
TRP
Tudor Royal Proclamations
WAM
Westminster Abbey Muniments
PROLOGUE
1. Bennett, Battle of Bosworth, p. 75; Davies, ‘The Wars of the Roses in European Context’, pp. 177, 244.
2. Three Books of Polydore Vergil’s English History, p. 216.
3. Ross, Edward IV, pp. 36–41.
4. Ross, Edward IV, pp. 84–101, esp. pp. 86, 97–8.
5. Ross, Edward IV, pp. 175–6.
6. Jones and Underwood, The King’s Mother, p. 58; Memorials, pp. 15–16.
7. Three Books of Polydore Vergil’s English History, pp. 184–6.
8. Horrox, Richard III, p. 112.
9. Gransden, Historical Writing in England, pp. 315–16, 470–71.
10. Davies, ‘Bishop John Morton’, pp. 4–6.
11. GC, pp. 236–7; ‘The Most Pleasant Song of the Lady Bessy’, p. 33; Jones, ‘ “For my lord of Richmond, a pourpoint … and a palfrey” ’, passim.
12. Arthurson and Kingwell, ‘The Proclamation of Henry Tudor as King of England, 3 November 1483’, passim.
13. Anglo, ‘The British History in Early Tudor propaganda’, passim; Jones, ‘The Myth of 1485’, p. 95; Horrox, ‘Henry Tudor’s Letters to England during Richard III’s Reign’, pp. 155–8; Griffiths and Thomas, The Making of the Tudor Dynasty, pp. 125–6.
14. Commynes, Memoirs, pp. 354–5, 397–8; see also Griffiths and Thomas, The Making of the Tudor Dynasty, pp. 153–4.
15. Jones, ‘The Myth of 1485’, pp. 85–93.
16. Bennett, Battle of Bosworth, pp. 205–7; GC, p. 238; Entwistle, ‘A Spanish Account of the Battle of Bosworth’, p. 35.
17. Vergil, Anglica Historia, pp. 2–5.
18. Ross, Richard III, p. 225.
19. Davies, ‘Information, Disinformation, and Political Knowledge under Henry VII and early Henry VIII’, passim; Crowland Chronicle Continuations, p. 185.
20. Horrox, ‘Introduction’, in Horrox, ed., Fifteenth-Century Attitudes, pp. 7–8; Anglo, ‘Foundation of the Tudor Dynasty’, pp. 3–11; Jones and Underwood, The King’s Mother, p. 68; Watts, Henry VI, p. 29.
21. The English Works of John Fisher, I, pp. 305–6.
1. NOT A DROP OF DOUBTFUL ROYAL BLOOD
1. Braudel, Civilization and Capitalism, I, p. 428.
2. CSPV, nos. 740, 741; CSPM, no. 525; Mattingly, Renaissance Diplomacy, p. 137.
3. CSPV, no. 748; CSPM, no. 530.
4. CSPV, nos. 743, 747, 748; CSPM, no. 530.
5. CSPV, nos. 750, 754; CSPM, nos. 536–8.
6. CSPV, no. 754; CSPM, no. 539.
7. CSPV, no. 754; CSPM, no. 539.
8. Arthurson, ‘The Rising of 1497’, passim; CSPV, no. 755; CSPM, no. 541.
9. Jones and Underwood, The King’s Mother, p. 66; Thurley, Royal Palaces, p. 102.
10. Crowland Chronicle Continuations, p. 195; PROME, XV, 1485 November, item 5.
11. Memorials, p. 39.
12. Gunn and Monckton, ‘Introduction’, in Gunn and Monckton, eds., Arthur Tudor, Prince of Wales, p. 1.
13. Leland, Collectanea, IV, p. 204; Stevens, Music and Poetry in the Early Tudor Court, pp. 364–5.
14. Chronicles of London, p. 193; The Chronicle of John Harding, p. 550; Plumpton Correspondence, p. 49.
15. Crowland Chronicle Continuations, p. 189.
16. Bennett, Lambert Simnel, pp. 7, 33–40.
17. Vergil, Anglica Historia, pp. 26–7.
18. The Reign of Henry VII, I, p. 185.
19. Currin, ‘To Traffic with War’, pp. 106–31.
20. Mattingly, Renaissance Diplomacy, p. 134.
21. Currin, ‘To Traffic with War’, pp. 106–31; Cavill, The English Parliaments of Henry VII, p. 67.
22. Sutton, Mercery, pp. 325–6; Wroe, Perkin Warbeck, p. 190.
23. TNA E 404/81/1, 1 September 1491; Leland, Collectanea, IV, pp. 179–84.
24. LP RIII/HVII, I, pp. 388–404; Hayward, Dress at the Court of Henry VII, p. 90.
25. Gunn, ‘The Courtiers of Henry VII’, pp. 23–4.
26. Cunningham, Henry VII, pp. 77–9; TNA E 154/2/5, p. 26.
27. Arthurson, The Perkin Warbeck Conspiracy, p. 112; Wroe, Perkin Warbeck, pp. 117–18.
28. GC, p. 274; PROME, XVI, 1497 January, items 12, 13; Cavill, The English Parliaments of Henry VII, pp. 68–70.
29. Arthurson, The Perkin Warbeck Conspiracy, pp. 162–7.
30. TRP, pp. 39–40; Arthurson, ‘The Rising of 1497’, pp. 1–18.
31. CSPV, no. 751; CSPM, nos. 548, 550.
32. CSPM, no. 540; CSPS, no. 210; Gunn, ‘The Courtiers of Henry VII’, pp. 36–8; Thurley, Royal Palaces, pp. 102–11.
33. CSPM, nos. 550, 552–3; Jones, ‘Alwyn Ruddock: John Cabot and the Discovery of America’, pp. 231–4; Jones, ‘Henry VII and the Bristol Expeditions’, p. 11; GC, p. 283; Chronicles of London, p. 219.
34. CSPM, no. 553.
35. CSPS, no. 210.
36. AR, I, p. 188; Starkey, ‘The King’s Privy Chamber’, pp. 18–29; The Household of Edward IV, pp. 14, 106.
37. Starkey, ‘The King’s Privy Chamber’, pp. 25–6.
38. Gunn, ‘ “New Men” ’; CSPS, no. 239.
39. CSPV, no. 743; CSPS, no. 210.
40. Arthurson, ‘The Rising of 1497’, pp. 1–18.
41. Fortescue, On the laws and governance of England, pp. 49–53.
42. Arthurson, ‘A Question of Loyalty’, p. 408.
43. Thurley, Royal Palaces, pp. 75, 139; for Braybroke, see Starkey, ‘The King’s Privy Chamber’, pp. 52–3; CSPM, no. 571; CSPV, no. 768.
44. CSPS, no. 221; Arthurson, The Perkin Warbeck Conspiracy, p. 196; Wroe, Perkin Warbeck, pp. 393–4; Vergil, Anglica Historia, p. 7; A Relation of the Island of England, p. 105.
45. Bentley, Excerpta Historica, pp. 120, 121, 123; The Book of Quinte Essence, pp. 17–19; Armstrong, ‘An Italian Astrologer’, pp. 157–78.
46. Arthurson, ‘A Question of Loyalty’, passim; Condon, ‘A Kaleidoscope of Treason’, passim.
47. Gatrell, The Hanging Tree, p. 51. I am grateful to Rosemary Horrox for this reference.
48. Chronicles of London, pp. 226–9; Chronicle of the Grey Friars of London, p. 26.
49. CSPS, no. 249.
2. RICHMOND
1. Lobel, The City of London, p. 49; Mancini, Usurpation, pp. 100–104.
2. Home, Old London Bridge, p. 84.
3. Currin, ‘Henry VII, France and the Holy League of Venice’, p. 532; Currin, ‘England’s International Relations’, p. 31.
4. Kipling, Triumph of Honour, p. 173; AR, I, p. 62.
5. Kisby, ‘Kingship and the Royal Itinerary’, pp. 30–32.
6. Sutton, Mercery, pp. 323–8.
7. Gunn, ‘Sir Thomas Lovell’, p. 143; Barron, London in the Later Middle Ages, pp. 9–10.
8. Kipling, Triumph of Honour, pp. 74, 173–4; Anglo, Spectacle, pp. 57–8; CLRO, Repertories, ff. 62, 61v; CLRO, Journals, x, 235r, 267v.
9. Barron, ‘Political Culture in Medieval London’, p. 117; English Historical Documents, p. 189; Receyt, p. 9.
10. BL Cotton MS Vitellius C xi, f. 126r.
11. Crowland Chronicle Continuations, p. 149.
12. CSPM,
no. 539.
13. STC no. 4814; Anglo, ‘London Pageants’, p. 54, n. 6.
14. LP RIII/HVII, II, pp. 87–9; Chronicle of Calais, pp. 3–4.
15. Chronicle of Calais, p. 49, CSPS, nos. 268, 282.
16. LP RIII/HVII, II, pp. 87–9.
17. PROME, XVI, 1495 October, Introduction, p. 138, item 13.
18. Ross, Richard III, p. 41; LP RIII/HVII, I, pp. 397, 400–401.
19. Gunn, ‘The Court of Henry VII’, p. 133 n. 6; Gunn, ‘Courtiers of Henry VII’, p. 43.
20. LP RIII/HVII, I, pp. 129–34; Mattingly, Renaissance Diplomacy, p. 41.
21. Receyt, p. 103; BL MS Add. 46455, ff. 4r–6r; CSPS, no. 278.
22. The Reign of Henry VII, I, pp. 215–16; Creighton, A History of Epidemics in Britain, pp. 286–91; Chronicle of the Grey Friars of London, p. 183; Vergil, Anglica Historia, p. 119.
23. Davies, ‘Bishop John Morton’, pp. 29–30; Condon, ‘Ruling Elites’, pp. 121, 128; Chrimes, Henry VII, pp. 105–6.
24. CSPS, no. 292.
25. CSPS, nos. 268, 293.
26. CSPS, nos. 296, 299, 300, 302.
27. HKW, III, p. 97; Thurley, Royal Palaces, pp. 35–6; Original Letters, 1st series, I, xxi, pp. 45–6.
28. Cunningham, Henry VII, pp. 188–9.
29. Cunningham, ‘The Establishment of the Tudor Regime’, pp. 217–19; MacCulloch, Suffolk and the Tudors, p. 54; PROME, XVI, 1495 October, item 13; CSPV, no. 794.
30. Watts, Henry VI, pp. 34–6; Morgan, ‘ “Those were the days”: A Yorkist Pedigree Roll’, pp. 112–16; Archer, ‘A Skeleton in the de la Pole Closet?’ pp. 12–26.
31. Vergil, Anglica Historia, p. 125.
32. Gunn, ‘Henry Bourchier’, p. 136; Lander, ‘Bonds, Coercion and Fear’, p. 287; Pugh, ‘Henry VII and the English Nobility’, p. 63.
33. GC, pp. 251–2; Receyt, pp. xxii–xxiii.
34. Anglo, ‘William Cornish’, p. 352; Jones and Underwood, The King’s Mother, p. 77.
35. Receyt, pp. 6–8.
36. Receyt, p. 12.
37. Receyt, pp. 12–13.
38. Receyt, pp. 9–10; Hall, Chronicle, p. 493; English Historical Documents, no. 11.
39. Receyt, pp. 15–18; Cunningham, Henry VII, p. 102.
40. A Relation of the Island of England, pp. 42–3; GC, pp. 304–5; Receyt, pp. 20–21, 26–7; Barron, in Lobel, The City of London, p. 53; Mancini, Usurpation of Richard III, Ch. 8 passim.
41. The Reign of Henry VII, I, pp. 137, 204.
42. The Reign of Henry VII, I, pp. 175–6.
43. Stow, Survey of London, pp. 240–41.
44. Receyt, pp. 10, 30–33.
45. AR, II, p. 257; GC, p. 309; Leland, Collectanea, IV, pp. 271–2; Receyt, p. 31.
46. St Thomas More, Selected Letters, pp. 2–3.
47. Receyt, pp. 28–9.
48. Barron, ‘Centres of Conspicuous Consumption’, p. 8.
49. Stow, Survey of London, pp. 61–2.
50. Receyt, pp. 37–8.
51. GC, pp. 310–11; TNA E 101/415/7, no. 56.
52. BL MS Cotton Vespasian C XIV, ff. 100–101; Kipling, Triumph of Honour, pp. 68–70.
53. Receyt, p. 39.
54. Receyt, pp. 43–5; GC, p. 310.
55. AR, I, pp. 301–2; AR, II, pp. 291–2.
56. LP HVIII, IV (iii), 5774/ 2/3.
57. LP RIII/HVII, I, pp. 405–6; Vergil, Anglica Historia, pp. 145–7; Anglo, Spectacle, p. 100.
58. Receyt, p. 53; Gunn, ‘Court of Henry VII’, pp. 141–2, citing Minutes of the Parliament of the Middle Temple, ed. C. T. Martin, 4 vols. (London, 1904), I, pp. 12, 35–6; HKW, IV, p. 287; Young, Tudor and Jacobean Tournaments, pp. 74–81.
59. Receyt, p. 54; GC, pp. 310–11.
60. College of Arms MS M 3, ff. 24v–26v; Payne, ‘Sir Thomas Wriothesley and his Heraldic Artists’, pp. 151–2.
61. Receyt, pp. xxix, xxv, 62, 65; BL Harleian MS 69, ff. 28v–32; Young, Tudor and Jacobean Tournaments, pp. 14, 92.
62. Kipling, Triumph of Honour, p. 109.
63. Receyt, pp. 56–8; Thurley, Royal Palaces, p. 73.
64. Receyt, pp. 68–70.
65. Kipling, Triumph of Honour, pp. 5–8.
66. Receyt, pp. 77–8.
67. CSPS, no. 280.
3. HE SEEKS IN ALL PLACES TO DESTROY ME
1. E. Bridson, ‘The English “sweate” (sudor Anglicus) and Hantavirus pulmonary syndrome’, British Journal of Biomedical Science, 58 (1), 2001, pp. 1–6.
2. BL Add. MS 45131, ff. 37–37v; AR, II, pp. 322–31; Leland, Collectanea, V, pp. 373–81.
3. Receyt, pp. 80–81.
4. A Fifteenth Century School Book, p. 17.
5. Machiavelli, The Prince, p. 81; CSPS, no. 585.
6. Hampton, ‘White Rose, Part 2’, p. 465.
7. Hampton, ‘White Rose, Part 1’, pp. 415–16; Hall, Chronicle, p. 463; Arthurson, Perkin Warbeck, pp. 87–92; CPR 1495–1509, pp. 131, 236, 243; Leadam, ‘An Unknown Conspiracy against Henry VII’, passim.
8. TNA C 255/8/5, no. 100i; Cunningham, ‘The Establishment of the Tudor Regime’, pp. 86–8.
9. Arthurson, Perkin Warbeck, pp. 62, 74, 88, 196, 199; Grummitt, ‘ “For the Surety of the Towne and Marches” ’, passim.
10. Materials, I, p. 270.
11. Cunningham, ‘The Establishment of the Tudor Regime’, pp. 215–16; BL Add. MS 21480, f. 61v; Grummitt, ‘ “For the Surety of the Towne and Marches” ’, p. 199.
12. Hampton, ‘White Rose, Part 1’, p. 418 n. 48; Bentley, Excerpta Historica, p. 98.
13. Wroe, Perkin Warbeck, p. 511.
14. LP RIII/HVII, I, pp. 168–77.
15. WAM 16030.
16. Cunningham, ‘The Establishment of the Tudor Regime’, pp. 125–6.
17. Arthurson, ‘Espionage and Intelligence’, p. 143; TNA C 54/376 mm. 1–6, discussed in Cunningham ‘Loyalty and the Usurper’, p. 475; TNA C 54/376 m. 31, discussed in ibid., p. 478; Horowitz, ‘Policy and Prosecution’, pp. 437–8, 441–2, 446–7; CPR 1495–1509, p. 287; CCR 1485–1500, no. 1199.
18. Nicolas, ‘Instructions given by Henry VIII to John Becket the Usher, and John Wrothe the Sewer of his Chamber’, pp. 20–25; CSPM, no. 626.
19. CPR 1495–1509, pp. 501–2; LP RIII/HVII, I, pp. 225–9.
20. LP RIII/HVII, I, pp. 225–9.
21. LP RIII/HVII, I, p. 226.
22. Hanham, ‘Edmund de la Pole, Defector’, p. 249 n. 59; Hanham, ‘Edmund de la Pole and the Spies’, p. 106 n. 14.
23. TNA DL 28/2/6, f. 47v, quoted in Grummitt, ‘ “For the Surety of the Towne and the Marches” ’, p. 197; Arthurson, ‘Espionage and Intelligence’, pp. 140–41; Gunn, ‘Sir Thomas Lovell’, passim.
24. LP RIII/HVII, I, p. 181.
25. WAM 16057; Arthurson, ‘Espionage and Intelligence’, p. 141; Bellamy, Tudor Law of Treason, pp. 94–5, 104–6, 108–10.
26. LP RIII/HVII, I, p. 180; CPR 1485–1494, p. 17; CPR 1495–1509, p. 27; Bentley, Excerpta Historica, p. 120; Arthurson, Perkin Warbeck, pp. 75, 167.
27. CSPV, no. 822; CPR 1495–1509, p. 240.
28. GC, p. 318.
29. More, The History of King Richard III, ed. R. S. Sylvester, CWM, 2 (New Haven, 1963).
30. GC, pp. 318–19.
31. BL Add. MS 59899, f. 3; BL Harleian MS 283, f. 123v.
32. CPR 1495–1509, p. 279; LP RIII/HVII, I, pp. 139, 177–89.
33. BL Add. MS 45131, ff. 38v–39; Receyt, p. 87; Houlbrooke, ‘Prince Arthur’s Funeral’, p. 72.
34. Receyt, pp. 81–5; TNA LC 2/1, ff. 24–35.
35. Receyt, pp. 92–3.
36. LP RIII/HVII, I, pp. 183–5.
37. CCR 1500–1509, no. 161; Grummitt, ‘Calais 1485–1547’, p. 114.
38. LP RIII/HVII, I, pp. 220–25; TNA E 101/413/2/3, p. 74.
39. Jonathan Hughes, ‘Somerset [formerly Beaufort], Charles, first earl of Worcester (c.1460–1526)’, ODNB; LP RIII/HVII, I, pp. 220–25.
40. Hanham, ‘Edmund de la Pole and the Spies’, p. 109 n. 32; S
tarkey, Six Wives, p. 79.
41. CSPS, no. 322; PPE Elizabeth, pp. xc, 14, 103; Emery, Greater Medieval Houses of England and Wales, III, pp. 329–33.
42. CSPS, nos. 321, 323–5, 343.
43. CSPS, no. 327.
44. CSPS, nos. 325, 327, 333.
45. CSPS, no. 315.
46. CSPS, no. 334.
4. NOW MUST YOU SUPPLY THE MOTHER’S PART ALSO
1. Kisby, ‘The Royal Household Chapel’, pp. 151–202; TNA E 101/414/16, ff. 47, 50v; BL Add. MS 71009, f. 15v; Leland, Collectanea, IV, p. 234; PPE Elizabeth, p. 83.
2. Anglo, Spectacle, pp. 309–10.
3. TNA E 101/413/2/3, f. 33; BL MS Add. 59899, ff. 9v–10.
4. BL MS Royal 12 B vi, quoted in Armstrong, ‘An Italian Astrologer’, pp. 175–6.
5. Leland, Collectanea, IV, pp. 179–84; AR, I, pp. 304–5; Laynesmith, The Last Medieval Queens, pp. 111–15; Thurley, Royal Palaces, pp. 140–41.
6. Duffy, Stripping of the Altars, pp. 15–22; GC, pp. 320–21.
7. Leland, Collectanea, IV, p. 249.
8. AR, IV, pp. 654–63; BL Add. MS 45131, ff. 43–7; BL Add. MS 45133, f. 141v; Jones and Underwood, The King’s Mother, p. 78.
9. GC, p. 321; St John Hope and Robinson, ‘Funeral Effigies’, pp. 550–51; Duffy, Stripping of the Altars, p. 362.
10. The English Works of John Fisher, pp. 292–3.
11. CSPS, no. 205; Jones and Underwood, The King’s Mother, pp. 67–70, 73–4, 86, 148, 255.
12. CSPS, no. 202.
13. Memorials, p. 37.
14. PPE Elizabeth, pp. 17, 111.
15. PPE Elizabeth, p. 84.
16. PPE Elizabeth, p. 100; Lisle Letters, I, pp. 13–21, 145–6; TNA LC 2/1, f. 63.
17. HKW, II, pp. 936–7; HKW, IV, pp. 78–9.
18. TNA E 101/414/8, f.27; PPE Elizabeth, pp. 88, 99; Starkey, Henry, pp. 67–8.
19. Orme, From Childhood to Chivalry, p. 23.
20. Gunn, ‘Prince Arthur’s Preparation for Kingship’, p. 7.
21. Orme, ‘The Education of Edward V’; Gunn, ‘Henry VII in Context’, pp. 312–13; Emden, Biographical Register, III, 1555.
22. Caxton, Prologues, no. xxxii, p. 109.
