by Oliver Stone
121 Douglas A. Borer, Superpowers Defeated: Vietnam and Afghanistan Compared (New York: Frank Cass Publishers, 1999), 102.
122 Halberstam, The Best and the Brightest, 135.
123 Schlesinger, A Thousand Days, 547.
124 Despite having a seventeen-to-one advantage in nuclear weaponry during the Cuban Missile Crisis, Kennedy considered the possibility of even one or two Soviet bombs striking U.S. cities too high a price to pay even if the United States could obliterate the Soviet Union in retaliation.
125 Maddock, Nuclear Apartheid, 197.
126 Blight and Brenner, Sad & Luminous Days, 36. We are grateful to Phil Brenner for clarifying the reference to Khrushchev’s planned “December” visit.
127 Weiner, Legacy of Ashes, 201.
128 Richard Rhodes, Dark Sun: The Making of the Hydrogen Bomb (New York: Simon & Schuster, 1995), 574.
129 O’Donnell and Powers, “Johnny, We Hardly Knew Ye,” 318.
130 Ernest R. May and Philip D. Zelikow, The Kennedy Tapes: Inside the White House During the Cuban Missile Crisis (Cambridge, MA: Belknap Press, 1997), 178.
131 “Text of Kennedy’s Address on Moves to Meet the Soviet Build-up in Cuba,” New York Times, October 23, 1962.
132 Robert S. McNamara, Blundering into Disaster: Surviving the First Century of the Nuclear Age (New York: Pantheon, 1987), 10; Dobbs, One Minute to Midnight, 163.
133 Marion Lloyd, “Soviets Close to Using A-Bomb in 1962 Crisis, Forum Is Told,” Boston Globe, October 13, 2002.
134 Alexander Mozgovoi, “The Cuban Samba of the Quartet of Foxtrots: Soviet Submarines in the Caribbean Crisis of 1962,” Military Parade, Moscow, 2002, National Security Archive, www.gwu.edu/~nsarchiv/nsa/cuba_mis_cri/020000%20Recollections;%20of%20Vadim%20Orlov.pdf.
135 “Khrushchev Note,” Los Angeles Times, November 2, 1962.
136 Mimi Alford, Once Upon a Secret: My Affair with President John F. Kennedy and Its Aftermath (New York: Random House, 2012), 94; Andreas Wegner, Living with Peril: Eisenhower, Kennedy, and Nuclear Weapons (Lanham, MD: Rowman & Littlefield, 1997), 201; J. Anthony Lukas, “Class Reunion,” New York Times, August 30, 1987.
137 William Taubman, Khrushchev: The Man and His Era (New York: W. W. Norton, 2003), 347.
138 Nikita S. Khrushchev, Khrushchev Remembers (Boston: Little, Brown, 1970), 552.
139 Aleksandr Fursenko and Timothy Naftali, Khrushchev’s Cold War: The Inside Story of an American Adversary (New York: W. W. Norton, 2006), 500.
140 On October 25, Kennedy learned that the Soviets had installed Luna missiles, which could be used as tactical nuclear weapons or as conventional weapons. Kennedy and his advisors assumed that the Lunas were conventional. When Admiral George Anderson asked permission to load equivalent nuclear missiles on U.S. ships, Kennedy refused because he believed that the Soviet Lunas were not nuclear.
141 Robert S. McNamara, In Retrospect: The Tragedy and Lessons of Vietnam (New York: Vintage, 1996), 338–342; Jon Mitchell, “Okinawa’s First Nuclear Missile Men Break Silence,” Japan Times, July 8, 2012.
142 J. Anthony Lukas, “Class Reunion,” New York Times, August 30, 1987.
143 Maddock, Nuclear Apartheid, 198.
144 Ibid.
145 Message from Chairman Khrushchev to President Kennedy, October 30, 1962, Foreign Relations of the United States, 1961–1963, vol. 11 (Washington, DC: U.S. Government Printing Office, 1997), 309–317.
146 Wittner, Resisting the Bomb, 416.
147 Leffler, For the Soul of Mankind, 161.
148 Arthur M. Schlesinger, Jr., Robert Kennedy and His Times (New York: Houghton Mifflin Harcourt, 2002), 596.
149 Leffler, For the Soul of Mankind, 184.
150 Beschloss, The Crisis Years, 624.
151 For a discussion of the Atmospheric Test Ban Treaty, see Wittner, Resisting the Bomb, 416–421.
152 Gareth Porter, Perils of Dominance: Imbalance of Power and the Road to War in Vietnam (Berkeley: University of California Press, 2005), 169–170.
153 John M. Newman, JFK and Vietnam: Deception, Intrigue, and the Struggle for Power (New York: Warner Books, 1992), 319–320.
154 James W. Douglass, JFK and the Unspeakable: Why He Died and Why It Matters (Maryknoll, NY: Orbis, 2008), 181.
155 For a fuller discussion of McNamara and Kennedy’s maneuvering, see Porter, Perils of Dominance, 165–179.
156 Tad Szulc, “Crisis in Vietnam: Repercussions Are Felt Throughout Asia,” New York Times, August 25, 1963.
157 Kai Bird, The Color of Truth: McGeorge and William Bundy: Brothers in Arms (New York: Touchstone, 1988), 261.
158 Ellsberg, Secrets, 195–196.
159 Douglass, JFK and the Unspeakable, 182.
160 John F. Kennedy, Public Papers of the Presidents of the United States: John F. Kennedy, 1963 (Washington, DC: U.S. Government Printing Office, 1964), 459–464.
161 Talbot, Brothers, 206.
162 Wittner, Resisting the Bomb, 421–422.
163 Memorandum from the Joint Chiefs of Staff to Secretary of Defense McNamara: Nuclear Test Ban Issue, April 20, 1963, Foreign Relations of the United States, 1961–1963, vol. 7 (Washington, DC: U.S. Government Printing Office, 1995), 684.
164 “Transcript of President Kennedy’s News Conference,” Washington Post, March 22, 1963.
165 Beschloss, The Crisis Years, 632.
166 Talbot, Brothers, 213.
167 Andrei Gromyko, Memoirs (New York: Doubleday, 1989), 137.
168 Walter A. McDougall, The Heavens and the Earth: A Political History of the Space Age (New York: Basic Books, 1985), 221–222.
169 “Transcript of Kennedy Address to Congress on U.S. Role in Struggle for Freedom,” New York Times, May 26, 1961.
170 “Excerpts from the Speech of President John F. Kennedy Before the United Nations General Assembly, September 20,” Bulletin of the Atomic Scientists, November 1963, 45.
171 Douglass, JFK and the Unspeakable, 69–70; William Attwood, The Twilight Struggle: Tales of the Cold War (New York: Harper & Row, 1987), 257–262.
172 Jean Daniel, “Unofficial Envoy: An Historic Report from Two Capitals,” New Republic, December 14, 1963, 16.
173 Douglass, JFK and the Unspeakable, 84–89.
174 Jules Dubois, “Kennedy Soft on Reds: Rocky,” Chicago Tribune, November 14, 1963; Donald Janson, “Rockefeller Says Kennedy’s Policy Imperils Peace,” New York Times, November 17, 1963; Foster Hailey, “Governor Scores U.S. on Atom Use,” New York Times, November 21, 1963.
175 Talbot, Brothers, 151.
CHAPTER 8: LBJ: EMPIRE DERAILED
1 Jean Daniel, “When Castro Heard the News,” New Republic, December 7, 1963, 7–8.
2 David Talbot, Brothers: The Hidden History of the Kennedy Years (New York: Free Press, 2007), 33.
3 James W. Douglass, JFK and the Unspeakable: Why He Died and Why It Matters (Maryknoll, NY: Orbis, 2008), 381.
4 Melvyn P. Leffler, For the Soul of Mankind: The United States, the Soviet Union and the Cold War (New York: Hill and Wang, 2007), 192; Michael Dobbs, One Minute to Midnight: Kennedy, Khrushchev, and Castro on the Brink of Nuclear War (New York: Random House, 2009), 350.
5 Jim F. Heath, Decades of Disillusionment: The Kennedy-Johnson Years (Bloomington, IN: Indiana University Press, 1975), 36.
6 Doris Kearns Goodwin, Lyndon Johnson and the American Dream (New York: Harper & Row, 1976), 95.
7 David Halberstam, The Best and the Brightest (New York: Random House, 1972), 298.
8 Goodwin, Lyndon Johnson and the American Dream, 230, 251.
9 John McCone, Memorandum, November 24, 1963, http://www.presidency.ucsb.edu/vietnam/showdoc.php?docid=7.
10 Gareth Porter, Perils of Dominance: Imbalance of Power and the Road to War in Vietnam (Berkeley: University of California Press, 2005), 182–183.
11 Tim Weiner, Legacy of Ashes: The History of the CIA (New York: Doubleday, 2007), 237–239.
12 Leffler, For the Soul of Mankind, 213.
1
3 John Prados, The Hidden History of the Vietnam War (New York: Ivan R. Dee, 1995), 15.
14 Sidney Lens and Howard Zinn, The Forging of the American Empire (London: Pluto Press, 2003), 422.
15 Carl Oglesby and Richard Shaull, Containment and Change (New York: Macmillan, 1967), 116.
16 Jeffrey P. Kimball, ed. To Reason Why: The Debate About the Cause of U.S. Involvement in the Vietnam War (Philadelphia: Temple University Press, 1990), 271.
17 Lloyd Gardner, Pay Any Price: Lyndon Johnson and the Wars for Vietnam (New York: Ivan R. Dee, 1995), 233.
18 Marilyn B. Young, The Vietnam Wars, 1945–1990 (New York: HarperPerennial, 1991), 120.
19 John Prados, Vietnam: The History of an Unwinnable War, 1945–1975 (Lawrence: University Press of Kansas, 2009), 114.
20 Young, The Vietnam Wars, 129.
21 Fredrik Logevall, Choosing War: The Lost Chance for Peace and the Escalation of War in Vietnam (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1999), 357.
22 Loren Baritz, Backfire: A History of How American Culture Led Us into Vietnam and Made Us Fight the Way We Did (Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1998), 156.
23 Prados, The Hidden History of the Vietnam War, 296.
24 Halberstam, The Best and the Brightest, 533.
25 Gardner, Pay Any Price, 203.
26 Robert M. Gates, From the Shadows: The Ultimate Insider’s Story of Five Presidents and How They Won the Cold War (New York: Simon & Schuster, 1996), 566.
27 Daniel Ellsberg, Secrets: A Memoir of Vietnam and the Pentagon Papers (New York: Viking, 2002), 92.
28 “Russia Says U.S. Claims Right to Start A-War,” Washington Post, April 27, 1965.
29 “Red Raps U.S. in U.N.,” Chicago Daily Defender, April 27, 1965.
30 Rupert Cornwell, “Obituary: William Bundy,” Independent, October 12, 2000; “Ky Warns of Fight If ‘Reds’ Win Vote,” New York Times, May 14, 1967; “Ky Is Said to Consider Hitler a Hero,” Washington Post, July 10, 1965; James Reston, “Saigon: The Politics of Texas and Asia,” New York Times, September 1, 1965.
31 Neil Sheehan, A Bright Shining Lie: John Paul Vann and America in Vietnam (New York: Random House, 1988), 524.
32 Ellsberg, Secrets, 96.
33 Ibid., 97.
34 Christian G. Appy, Patriots: The Vietnam War Remembered from All Sides (New York: Viking, 2003), 122–123.
35 Rowland Evans and Robert D. Novak, Lyndon B. Johnson: The Exercise of Power (New York: New American Library, 1966), 539.
36 Young, The Vietnam Wars, 141.
37 Weiner, Legacy of Ashes, 285.
38 David J. Garrow, Bearing the Cross: Martin Luther King, Jr., and the Southern Christian Leadership Council (New York: William Morrow, 1986), 560.
39 Halberstam, The Best and the Brightest, 633.
40 Ibid., 434.
41 John Dumbrell, President Lyndon Johnson and Soviet Communism (Manchester, England: Manchester University Press, 2004), 12.
42 Overall, the 1967 ghetto uprisings left 88 dead, 1,397 injured, 16,389 arrested, and 2,157 convicted and resulted in almost $665 million in damage; see Weiner, Legacy of Ashes, 286.
43 Walter Lippmann, “Today and Tomorrow: The CIA Affair,” Washington Post, February 21, 1967.
44 Weiner, Legacy of Ashes, 278–280; Tim Weiner, “Angleton’s Secret Policy,” New York Times, June 26, 2007.
45 Nhu Tang Truong, David Chanoff, and Van Toai Doan, A Vietcong Memoir: An Inside Account of the Vietnam War and Its Aftermath (New York: Harcourt Brace Jovanovich, 1985), 167.
46 “Wilson Warns Against Use of Nuclear Arms,” Los Angeles Times, February 12, 1968.
47 General William C. Westmoreland, A Soldier Reports (New York: Doubleday, 1976), 338.
48 Jules Boykoff, The Suppression of Dissent: How the State and Mass Media Squelch USAmerican Social Movements (New York: Routledge, 2006), 202.
49 Jules Boykoff, Beyond Bullets: The Suppression of Dissent in the United States (Oakland, CA: AK Press, 2007), 180–181.
50 Walter LaFeber, The Deadly Bet: LBJ, Vietnam and the 1968 Election (Lanham, MD: Rowman & Littlefield, 2005), 60.
51 Robert D. Schulzinger, A Time for War: The United States and Vietnam, 1941–1975 (New York: Oxford University Press, 1997), 266.
52 John Gerassi, The Great Fear in Latin America (New York: Collier, 1965),19–20, 129.
53 Britta H. Crandall, Hemispheric Giants: The Misunderstood History of U.S.-Brazilian Relations (Lanham, MD: Rowman & Littlefield, 211), 98; David F. Schmitz, Thank God They’re on Our Side: The United States and Right-Wing Dictatorships, 1921–1965 (Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 1999), 272–273.
54 Schmitz, Thank God They’re on Our Side, 265.
55 Joseph Smith, Brazil and the United States: Convergence and Divergence (Athens: University of Georgia Press, 2010), 161.
56 Noam Chomsky, Hegemony or Survival: America’s Quest for Global Dominance (New York: Henry Holt, 2003), 92.
57 William Blum, Killing Hope: U.S. Military and CIA Interventions Since World War II (Monroe, ME: Common Courage Books, 1995), 168.
58 James N. Green, We Cannot Remain Silent: Opposition to the Brazilian Military Dictatorship in the United States (Durham, NC: Duke University Press, 2010), 22.
59 H. W. Brands, The Wages of Globalism: Lyndon Johnson and the Limits of American Power (New York: Oxford University Press, 1995), 49.
60 Guian A. McKee, ed. The Presidential Recordings: Lyndon B. Johnson, vols. 4–6 (New York: W. W. Norton, 2007), 18.
61 Ronald G. Hellman and H. Jon Rosenbaum, Latin America: The Search for a New International Role (New York: Wiley, 1975), 80.
62 Michael Wines, “William F. Raborn Is Dead at 84; Led Production of Polaris Missile,” New York Times, March 13, 1990.
63 Weiner, Legacy of Ashes, 250–251.
64 Schmitz, Thank God They’re on Our Side, 284.
65 “Text of Johnson’s Address on U.S. Moves in the Conflict in the Dominican Republic,” New York Times, May 3, 1965.
66 Thomas J. Hamilton, “Sharp U.N. Clash,” New York Times, May 4, 1965.
67 “Dominican Issues,” New York Times, May 9, 1965.
68 Homer Bigart, “Bosch Gives His Version of Revolt,” New York Times, May 8, 1965.
69 Odd Arne Westad, The Global Cold War: Third World Interventions and the Making of Our Times (New York: Cambridge University Press, 2005), 152.
70 Melvyn P. Leffler, A Preponderance of Power: National Security, the Truman Administration, and the Cold War (Stanford, CA: Stanford University Press, 1992), 260.
71 Blum, Killing Hope, 102.
72 Weiner, Legacy of Ashes, 151.
73 Blum, Killing Hope, 103; “Aid to Indonesian Rebels,” New York Times, May 9, 1958.
74 Weiner, Legacy of Ashes, 142–154.
75 Douglass, JFK and the Unspeakable, 259; Evan Thomas, The Very Best Men: Four Who Dared: The Early Years of the CIA (New York: Touchstone, 1995), 232–233.
76 Douglass, JFK and the Unspeakable, 257–259, 376.
77 Westad, The Global Cold War, 186.
78 Samuel B. Griffith, The Chinese People’s Liberation Army (New York: McGraw-Hill, 1967), 286.
79 David F. Schmitz, The United States and Right-Wing Dictatorships, 1965–1989 (New York: Cambridge University Press, 2006), 45.
80 Blum, Killing Hope, 193–196.
81 Schmitz, The United States and Right-Wing Dictatorships, 48.
82 Bradley R. Simpson, Economists with Guns: Authoritarian Development and U.S.-Indonesian Relations, 1960–1968 (Stanford, CA: Stanford University Press, 2008), 171.
83 Edward C. Keefer, ed. Foreign Relations of the United States, 1964–1968: Indonesia, Malaysia-Singapore, Philippines (Washington, DC: U.S. Government Printing Office, 2001), 571.
84 Schmitz, The United States and Right-Wing Dictatorships, 1965–1989, 48.
85 Weiner, Legacy of Ashes, 261.
86 Philip Shenon, “Indonesia Improves Life for Many but the Political Sh
adows Remain,” New York Times, August 27, 1993.
87 Young, The Vietnam Wars, 106.
88 Goodwin, Lyndon Johnson and the American Dream, 251–252, 259–260.
CHAPTER 9: NIXON AND KISSINGER: THE “MADMAN” AND THE “PSYCHOPATH”
1 Stephen E. Ambrose, Nixon: Ruin and Recovery, 1973–1990 (New York: Simon & Schuster, 1991), 488; Lawrence Martin, The Presidents and the Prime Ministers: Washington and Ottawa Face to Face (Toronto: Doubleday, 1982), 259.
2 H. R. Haldeman with Joseph Dimona, The Ends of Power (New York: Dell Books, 1978), 108, 111.
3 Robert Dallek, Nixon and Kissinger: Partners in Power (New York: HarperCollins, 2007), 93, 250.
4 Walter LaFeber, The American Age: United States Foreign Policy at Home and Abroad Since 1750 (New York: W. W. Norton, 1989), 602; Henry A. Kissinger, American Foreign Policy, exp. ed. (New York: W. W. Norton, 1974), 183.
5 Walter Isaacson, Kissinger: A Biography (New York: Simon & Schuster, 2005), 764.
6 “Dr. Kirk Urges U.S. to Leave Vietnam,” New York Times, April 13, 1968.
7 Rick Perlstein, Nixonland: The Rise of a President and the Fracturing of America (New York: Scribner, 2008), 265.
8 Dallek, Nixon and Kissinger, 68.
9 John Prados, Vietnam: The History of an Unwinnable War, 1945–1975 (Lawrence: University Press of Kansas, 2009), 288.
10 Joseph A. Califano, Jr., The Triumph and Tragedy of Lyndon Johnson (New York: Simon & Schuster, 1992), 328; Jules Witcover, The Making of an Ink-Stained Wretch: Half a Century Pounding the Political Beat (Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 2005), 131.
11 Isaacson, Kissinger, 127–128.
12 Seymour M. Hersh, The Price of Power: Kissinger in the Nixon White House (New York: Summit Books, 1983), 20.
13 Ibid, 14.
14 Dallek, Nixon and Kissinger, 99.
15 Carolyn Eisenberg, “Remembering Nixon’s War,” in A Companion to the Vietnam War, ed. Marilyn B. Young and Robert Buzzanco (Maiden, MA: Blackwell, 2002), 263.
16 Anne Hessing Cahn, Killing Détente: The Right Attacks the CIA (University Park: Pennsylvania State University Press, 1998), 21.
17 Henry Kissinger, White House Years (Boston: Little, Brown, 1979), 26.
