by Oliver Stone
76 Mary McGrory, “Vance Departs Knowing the Full Implications,” Baltimore Sun, April 30, 1980.
77 “The Vance Resignation,” Washington Post, April 29, 1980.
78 “Leaving Well,” Wall Street Journal, April 29, 1980.
79 “Vance Says National Security Adviser Should Stop Making Foreign Policy,” Washington Post, May 5, 1980.
80 Steven R. Weisman, “Carter Sees Muskie as ‘Much Stronger’ in the Job than Vance,” New York Times, May 10, 1980.
81 Robert Parry, “The Crazy October Surprise Debunking,” November 6, 2009, www.consortiumnews.com/2009/110609.html.
CHAPTER 11: THE REAGAN YEARS: DEATH SQUADS FOR DEMOCRACY
1 Anatoly Dobrynin, In Confidence: Moscow’s Ambassador to America’s Six Cold War Presidents (1962–1986) (New York: Times Books, 1995), 530.
2 Melvyn P. Leffler, For the Soul of Mankind: The United States, the Soviet Union and the Cold War (New York: Hill and Wang, 2007), 349; Tim Weiner, Legacy of Ashes: The History of the CIA (New York: Doubleday, 2007), 388.
3 Bob Schieffer and Gary Paul Gates, The Acting President (New York: E. P. Dutton, 1989), 91.
4 Lou Cannon, “Latin Trip an Eye-Opener for Reagan,” Washington Post, December 6, 1982.
5 William E. Pemberton, Exit with Honor: The Life and Presidency of Ronald Reagan (Armonk, NY: M. E. Sharpe, 1997), 150.
6 Schieffer and Gates, The Acting President, 175.
7 Ronald Reagan, An American Life (New York: Simon & Schuster, 1990), 588.
8 Joanne Omang, “President, Nazi Hunter Discuss the Holocaust,” Washington Post, February 17, 1984; Lou Cannon, “Dramatic Account About Film of Nazi Death Camps Questioned,” Washington Post, March 5, 1984.
9 Mike Royko, “What Prez Says Ain’t Necessarily So,” Chicago Tribune, April 6, 1984.
10 James M. Perry, “. . . While Candidate Stays True to Form by Spreading the Word, and the Words,” Wall Street Journal, January 15, 1988; Carl P. Leubsdorf, “Cornerstone of Reagan Election Appeal Is Promised Return to ‘Good Old Days,’ ” Baltimore Sun, April 30, 1980.
11 Larry Speakes, Speaking Out: The Reagan Presidency from Inside the White House (New York: Scribner, 1988), 136.
12 Lou Cannon, President Reagan: The Role of a Lifetime (New York: Simon & Schuster, 1991), 156–157.
13 “Wrong Turn on Human Rights,” New York Times, February 6, 1981; John M. Goshko, “Ultraconservative May Get Human Rights Post at State,” Washington Post, February 5, 1981; Jack Anderson, “U.S. Human Rights Post Goes to a Foe,” Washington Post, February 28, 1981; “The Case Against Mr. Lafever,” New York Times, March 2, 1981.
14 Pemberton, Exit with Honor, 151.
15 Cannon, President Reagan, 241.
16 Robert M. Gates, From the Shadows: The Ultimate Insider’s Story of Five Presidents and How They Won the Cold War (New York: Simon & Schuster, 1996), 191, 199.
17 Melvin Goodman, Failure of Intelligence: The Decline and Fall of the CIA (Lanham, MD: Rowman & Littlefield, 2008), 303.
18 Robert Parry, Secrecy & Privilege: Rise of the Bush Dynasty from Watergate to Iraq (Arlington, VA: Media Consortium, 2004), 192–193.
19 Colman McCarthy, “They Are Less than Freedom Fighters,” Washington Post, March 2, 1985.
20 George Skelton, “Reagan Pledges to Back Guatemala,” Los Angeles Times, December 5, 1982; Greg Grandin, Empire’s Workshop: Latin America, the United States, and the Rise of the New Imperialism (New York: Holt Paperbacks, 2006), 101.
21 Mary McGrory, “Learning Diplomacy from Movies,” Chicago Tribune, December 9, 1982.
22 Walter LaFeber, Inevitable Revolutions: The United States in Central America (New York: W. W. Norton, 1993), 322.
23 Skelton, “Reagan Pledges to Back Guatemala”; Lou Cannon, “Reagan Praises Guatemalan Military Leader,” Washington Post, December 5, 1982.
24 Steven R. Weisman, “Reagan Criticized by Colombia Chief on Visit to Bogota,” New York Times, December 4, 1982; Anthony Lewis, “Howdy, Genghis,” New York Times, December 6, 1982.
25 Lou Cannon, “ ‘Unseemly Pressure’ from Nofziger Reported to Annoy Reagan,” Washington Post, December 6, 1982.
26 Lewis, “Howdy, Genghis.”
27 Frank P. L. Somerville, “Guatemala Atrocities Reported by a Jesuit,” Baltimore Sun, December 8, 1982.
28 Eric Alterman, When Presidents Lie: A History of Official Deception and Its Consequences (New York: Penguin Books, 2004), 246.
29 “Secret Guatemala’s Disappeared,” Department of State, 1986, Kate Doyle and Jesse Franzblau, “Historical Archives Lead to Arrest of Police Officers in Guatemalan Disappearance,” March 17, 2009, National Security Archive Electronic Briefing Book No. 273, http://www.gwu.edu/~nsarchiv/NSAEBB/NSAEBB273/index.htm.
30 Gates, From the Shadows, 213.
31 George P. Shultz, Turmoil and Triumph: My Years as Secretary of State (New York: Scribner, 1993), 864.
32 Ronald Reagan, “Remarks to an Outreach Working Group on United States Policy in Central America,” July 18, 1984, www.reagan.utexas.edu/archives/speeches/1984/71884d.htm.
33 Grandin, Empire’s Workshop, 115, n. 75.
34 Harry E. Bergold, Jr., to United States, “Ex-FDN Mondragon Tells His Story,” May 8, 1985, Department of State, http://gateway.proquest.com/openurl?url_ver=Z39.88-2004&res_dat=xri:dnsa&rft_dat=xri:dnsa:article:CNI02471.
35 Robert S. Leiken and Barry Ruin, ed. The Central American Crisis Reader (New York: Summit Books, 1987), 562–563.
36 Walter LaFeber, “Salvador,” in Oliver Stone’s USA: Film, History, and Controversy, ed. Robert Brent Toplin (Lawrence: University Press of Kansas, 2000), 101.
37 “Research Group Calls Salvador, Guatemala Worst Rights Violators,” Baltimore Sun, December 30, 1982.
38 Sean Wilentz, The Age of Reagan: A History, 1974–2008 (New York: HarperCollins, 2008), 156.
39 John M. Goshko, “Catholic Aid to Marxists Puzzles Bush,” Washington Post, March 3, 1983.
40 Ronald Reagan, “Peace: Restoring the Margin of Safety,” delivered at the Veterans of Foreign Wars Convention, Chicago, IL, August 18, 1980, www.reagan.utexas.edu/archives/reference/8.18.80.html.
41 Stephen Kinzer, Overthrow: America’s Century of Regime Change from Hawaii to Iraq (New York: Times Books, 2006), 227.
42 Dick Cheney, “What Bonker Missed,” Washington Post, November 14, 1983.
43 Ronald V. Dellums, “And Then I Said . . . ,” Washington Post, November 15, 1983.
44 Richard Bernstein, “U.N. Assembly Adopts Measure ‘Deeply Deploring’ Invasion of Isle,” New York Times, November 3, 1983.
45 “Grenada Act a ‘Liberation,’ Not Invasion, Reagan Insists,” Los Angeles Times, November 3, 1983.
46 Ronald Reagan, “Address to the Nation on Events in Lebanon and Grenada,” October 27, 1983, www.reagan.utexas.edu/archives/speeches/1983/102783b.htm.
47 Robert Timberg, “ ‘Days of Weakness Over,’ Reagan Tells War Heroes,” Baltimore Sun, December 13, 1983.
48 Marilyn B. Young, The Vietnam Wars, 1945–1990 (New York: HarperPerennial, 1991), 316.
49 Bob Woodward, “CIA Told to Do ‘Whatever Necessary’ to Kill Bin Laden,” Washington Post, October 21, 2001.
50 Martin F. Nolan, “American Defense: Spending,” New York Times, June 28, 1981.
51 Michael Kramer, “When Reagan Spoke from the Heart,” New York, July 21, 1980, 18.
52 Wilentz, The Age of Reagan, 274.
53 Pemberton, Exit with Honor, 140.
54 Anthony Lewis, “Abroad and at Home: Nuclear News in Moscow,” New York Times, June 4, 1981.
55 Colin S. Gray and Keith Payne, “Victory Is Possible,” Foreign Policy, Summer 1980, 18, 21, 25.
56 Richard Halloran, “Special U.S. Force for Persian Gulf Is Growing Swiftly,” New York Times, October 25, 1982.
57 Joyce Battle, ed. “Shaking Hands with Saddam Hussein: The U.S. Tilts Toward Iraq, 1980–1984,” National Security Archive, www.gwu.edu/~nsarchiv/NSAEBB/NSAEB
B82/.
58 Declaration of Howard Teicher before the United States District Court, Southern District of Florida, January 31, 1995, National Security Archive, www.gwu.edu/~nsarchiv/NSAEBB/NSAEBB82/iraq61.pdf.
59 Jonathan B. Tucker, War of Nerves: Chemical Warfare from World War I to Al-Qaeda (New York: Pantheon, 2006), 256.
60 “Excerpts from President’s Speech to National Association of Evangelicals,” New York Times, March 9, 1983.
61 Robert Jay Lifton and Eric Markusen, The Genocidal Mentality: Nazi Holocaust and Nuclear Threat (New York: Basic Books, 1990), 272.
62 Cannon, President Reagan, 290.
63 Robert Timberg, “Reagan Condemns ‘Massacre’ by Soviets, Spells Out Sanctions,” Baltimore Sun, September 6, 1983.
64 David E. Hoffman, The Dead Hand: The Untold Story of the Cold War Arms Race and Its Dangerous Legacy (New York: Doubleday, 2009), 86.
65 Ronald Reagan, The Reagan Diaries, ed. Douglas Brinkley (New York: HarperCollins, 2007), 186.
66 Edmund Morris, Dutch: A Memoir of Ronald Reagan (New York: Random House, 1999), 498–499.
67 Reagan, The Reagan Diaries, 199.
68 Reagan, An American Life, 588; Hoffman, The Dead Hand, 96.
69 Reagan, An American Life, 586; Hoffman, The Dead Hand, 92.
70 Hoffman, The Dead Hand, 152–153.
71 Ibid., 153–154.
72 Reagan, An American Life, 550.
73 “Reagan in Radio Test, Jokes About Bombing Russia,” Baltimore Sun, August 13, 1984.
74 Fay S. Joyce, “Mondale Chides Reagan on Soviet-Bombing Joke,” New York Times, August 14, 1984.
75 “President’s Joke About Bombing Leaves Press in Europe Unamused,” New York Times, August 14, 1984; “European Reaction Is Uniformly Grim,” Baltimore Sun, August 14, 1984.
76 Dusko Doder, “Moscow Calls Reagan’s Quip ‘Self-Revealing,’ ” Washington Post, August 15, 1984; “Soviets Hit ‘Hostility’ of Reagan Joke,” Los Angeles Times, August 15, 1984.
77 John B. Oakes, “Mr. Reagan Bombs,” New York Times, August 18, 1984.
78 Jerome B. Wiesner, “Should a Jokester Control Our Fate?,” Los Angeles Times, August 30, 1984.
79 Robert Scheer, “White House Successfully Limits News,” Los Angeles Times, August 20, 1984.
80 “Transcript of President’s Address on Nuclear Strategy Toward Soviet Union,” New York Times, November 23, 1982.
81 Gerard J. DeGroot, The Bomb: A Life (Cambridge, MA, Harvard University Press, 2005), 308–309.
82 Hoffman, The Dead Hand, 207–208.
83 Richard Rhodes, Arsenals of Folly: The Making of the Nuclear Arms Race (New York: Alfred A. Knopf, 2007), 205.
84 Wilentz, The Age of Reagan, 247.
85 Leffler, For the Soul of Mankind, 377.
86 Ibid., 380.
87 Wilentz, The Age of Reagan, 151.
88 Vladislav M. Zubok, A Failed Empire: The Soviet Union in the Cold War from Stalin to Gorbachev (Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 2007), 284; Leffler, For the Soul of Mankind, 380.
89 Leffler, For the Soul of Mankind, 385.
90 Rhodes, Arsenals of Folly, 129.
91 Ibid., 4.
92 Zubok, A Failed Empire, 288.
93 Rhodes, Arsenals of Folly, 26.
94 Shultz, Turmoil and Triumph, 716–717.
95 Rhodes, Arsenals of Folly, 242.
96 Ibid., 248.
97 Jack F. Matlock, Reagan and Gorbachev: How the Cold War Ended (New York: Random House, 2004), 222.
98 Kenneth L. Adelman, The Great Universal Embrace: Arms Summitry—a Skeptic’s Account (New York: Simon & Schuster, 1989), 53.
99 Rhodes, Arsenals of Folly, 257–258.
100 Jay Winik, On the Brink: The Dramatic, Behind-the-Scenes of the Saga of the Reagan Era and the Men and Women Who Won the Cold War (New York: Simon & Schuster, 1996), 515.
101 Russian transcript of Reagan-Gorbachev Summit in Reykjavík, October 12, 1986 (afternoon), in FBIS-USR-93-121, September 20, 1993, “The Reykjavik File,” National Security Archive, www.gwu.edu/~nsarchiv/NSAEBB/NSAEBB203/index.htm.
102 Rhodes, Arsenals of Folly, 266–269.
103 Mikhail Gorbachev, Alone with Myself (Reminiscences and Reflections) (Moscow, 2010), unpublished memoir without page numbers.
104 “Session of the Politburo of the CC CPSU,” October 14, 1986, National Security Archive, www.gwu.edu/~nsarchiv/NSAEBB/NSAEBB203/Document21.pdf.
105 Philip Geyelin, “And CIA Comics,” Washington Post, August 12, 1984; Weiner, Legacy of Ashes, 399.
106 Wilentz, The Age of Reagan, 167.
107 Ibid., 212, 214–215.
108 Pemberton, Exit with Honor, 173.
109 Lloyd C. Gardner, The Long Road to Baghdad: A History of U.S. Foreign Policy from the 1970s to the Present (New York: New Press, 2008), 67.
110 Doyle McManus and Michael Wines, “Schultz Said to Seek Ouster of Poindexter,” Los Angeles Times, November 21, 1986.
111 Weiner, Legacy of Ashes, 403–408.
112 Wilentz, The Age of Reagan, 228; “Reagan: I Was Not Fully Informed,” Washington Post, November 26, 1986.
113 Pemberton, Exit with Honor, 191–192.
114 Robert Parry, “The Mysterious Robert Gates,” May 31, 2011, http://consortiumnews.com/2011/05/31/the-mysterious-robert-gates.
115 Pemberton, Exit with Honor, 174; Lawrence E. Walsh, Firewall: The Iran-Contra Conspiracy and Cover-up (New York: W. W. Norton, 1998), 120.
116 Gorbachev, Alone with Myself.
117 James J. F. Forest, ed. Countering Terrorism and Insurgency in the 21st Century: International Perspectives, vol. 2 (Westport, CT: Greenwood Publishing Group), 468.
118 Robert Dreyfuss, Devil’s Game: How the United States Helped Unleash Fundamentalist Islam (New York: Henry Holt, 2005), 267.
119 Stephen Buttry and Jake Thompson, “UNO’s Connection to Taliban Centers on Education UNO Program,” Omaha World-Herald, September 16, 2001, 1.
120 Weiner, Legacy of Ashes, 384.
121 Leffler, For the Soul of Mankind, 405.
122 Alfred W. McCoy, “Can Anyone Pacify the World’s Number One Narco-State? The Opium Wars in Afghanistan,” March 30, 2010, www.tomdispatch.com/blog/175225; Weiner, Legacy of Ashes, 384.
123 Leffler, For the Soul of Mankind, 411.
124 Steve Coll, Ghost Wars: The Secret History of the CIA, Afghanistan, and Bin Laden, from the Soviet Invasion to September 10, 2001 (New York: Penguin, 2004), 104; Thomas L. Friedman, “Bad Bargains,” Washington Post, May 10, 2011.
125 Dreyfuss, Devil’s Game, 290.
126 Ibid., 291.
127 Wilentz, The Age of Reagan, 173.
CHAPTER 12: THE COLD WAR ENDS: SQUANDERED OPPORTUNITIES
1 “Stirrings of Peace,” New York Times, July 31, 1988.
2 “Excerpts from Speech to U.N. on Major Soviet Military Cuts,” New York Times, December 8, 1988.
3 Robert G. Kaiser, “An Offer to Scrap the Postwar Rules,” Washington Post, December 8, 1988.
4 Jennifer Lowe, “Whither the Wimp?,” Washington Post, November 30, 1987.
5 Curt Suplee, “Sorry, George, But the Image Needs Work,” Washington Post, July 10, 1988.
6 Margaret Garrard Warner, “Bush Battles the ‘Wimp Factor,’ ” Newsweek, October 19, 1987, 28.
7 Sidney Blumenthal, “George Bush: A Question of Upbringing,” Washington Post, February 10, 1988.
8 Sean Wilentz, The Age of Reagan: A History, 1974–2008 (New York: HarperCollins, 2009), 265.
9 Thomas Hardy, “ ‘Wimp Factor,’ Joins Poor George Bush at the Starting Line,” Chicago Tribune, October 18, 1987.
10 Wilentz, The Age of Reagan, 266.
11 Suplee, “Sorry, George, But the Image Needs Work.”
12 “Transcript of the Keynote Address by Ann Richards, the Texas Treasurer,” New York Times, July 19, 1988.
13 Tom Shales, “Rather, Bush and the Nine-Minute War,” Washington Post, January 26, 1988; Richard Cohe
n, “The ‘Wimp’ Becomes a Bully,” Washington Post, November 1, 1988.
14 Tim Weiner, Legacy of Ashes: The History of the CIA (New York: Doubleday, 2007), 408.
15 Robert M. Gates, From the Shadows: The Ultimate Insider’s Story of Five Presidents and How They Won the Cold War (New York: Simon & Schuster, 1996), 449.
16 Odd Arne Westad, The Global Cold War: Third World Interventions and the Making of Our Times (New York: Cambridge University Press, 2007), 386–387.
17 Richard Rhodes, Arsenals of Folly: The Making of the Nuclear Arms Race (New York: Alfred A. Knopf, 2007), 287.
18 Leffler, For the Soul of Mankind, 436; Clifford Krauss, “U.S. Officials Satisfied with Soviets’ Gulf Role,” New York Times, September 20, 1990; Daniel T. Rogers, Age of Fracture (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 2011), 246.
19 Leffler, For the Soul of Mankind, 450.
20 Mary Elise Sarotte, “Enlarging NATO, Expanding Confusion,” New York Times, November 30, 2009, 31; Uwe Klussman, Matthias Schepp, and Klaus Wiegrefe, “NATO’s Eastward Expansion: Did the West Break Its Promise to Moscow?,” www.spiegel.de/international/world/0,1518,druck-663315,00.html; Noam Chomsky, Hopes and Prospects (Chicago: Haymarket Books, 2010), 278–280.
21 Stephen Kinzer, Overthrow: America’s Century of Regime Change from Hawaii to Iraq (New York: Times Books, 2006), 253.
22 “A Transcript of Bush’s Address on the Decision to Use Force in Panama,” New York Times, December 21, 1989.
23 “Cheney’s Reasons for Why the U.S. Struck Now,” New York Times, December 21, 1989.
24 R. W. Apple, “War: Bush’s Presidential Rite of Passage,” New York Times, December 21, 1989.
25 James Brooke, “U.S. Denounced by Nations Touchy About Intervention,” New York Times, December 21, 1989.
26 John B. Quigley, The Invasion of Panama and International Law (Vienna: International Progress Organization, 1990), 3.
27 Noam Chomsky, Hegemony or Survival: America’s Quest for Global Dominance (New York: Owl Books, 2004), 107.
28 Gary J. Dorrien, Imperial Designs: Neoconservatism and the New Pax Americana (New York: Routledge, 2004), 26.
29 Elliott Abrams, “Better Earlier,” Washington Post, December 22, 1989.
